我们通过补充每个图像的弱点将内扫描（iOS）和牙科锥形电脑层析术（CBCT）图像集成到一个图像中的完全自动化方法。单独的牙科CBCT可能无法通过有限的图像分辨率和各种CBCT伪像（包括金属诱导的伪像）来描绘牙齿表面的精确细节。 iOS非常准确地扫描窄区域，但它在全拱扫描过程中产生累积缝合误差。该方法不仅要补偿具有iOS的CBCT衍生的牙齿表面的低质量，而且还要校正整个牙弓的IOS的累积拼接误差。此外，整合提供了一种图像中CBCT的IOS和齿根的牙龈结构。所提出的全自动方法包括四个部分; （i）iOS数据（TSIM-iOS）的单个牙齿分割和识别模块; （ii）CBCT数据（TSIM-CBCT）的个体齿分割和识别模块; （iii）IOS和CBCT之间的全球到局部牙齿登记; （iv）全拱ios的缝合纠错。实验结果表明，该方法分别达到了0.11mm和0.30mm的地标和表面距离误差。

由于锥形光束计算机断层扫描（CBCT）图像的三维（3D）单个齿的准确和自动分割是一个具有挑战性的问题，因为难以将个体齿与相邻齿和周围的肺泡骨分开。因此，本文提出了一种从牙科CBCT图像识别和分割3D个体齿的全自动方法。所提出的方法通过开发基于深度学习的分层多步模型来解决上述难度。首先，它自动生成上下钳口全景图像，以克服由高维数据和与有限训练数据集相关的维度的诅咒引起的计算复杂度。然后使用所获得的2D全景图像来识别2D单独的牙齿并捕获3D个体齿的兴趣和紧密区域（ROIS）。最后，使用松动和紧密的ROI实现了精确的3D个体齿分割。实验结果表明，牙齿识别的牙齿识别的F1分数为93.35％，对于各个3D齿分割，骰子相似度系数为94.79％。结果表明，该方法为数字牙科提供了有效的临床和实用框架。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

深度神经网络（DNN）的训练过程通常是用阶段进行管道的，用于在CPU上进行数据制备，然后对GPU等加速器进行梯度计算。在理想的管道中，端到端训练吞吐量最终受到加速器的吞吐量的限制，而不是数据准备。过去，DNN训练管道通过使用使用轻巧，有损的图像格式（如JPEG）编码的数据集实现了近乎最佳的吞吐量。但是，随着高分辨率，无损编码的数据集变得越来越流行，对于需要高精度的应用程序，由于CPU上的低通量图像解码，在数据准备阶段出现了性能问题。因此，我们提出了L3，这是一种用于高分辨率，高通量DNN训练的定制轻巧，无损的图像格式。 L3的解码过程在加速器上有效平行，从而最大程度地减少了在DNN培训期间进行数据制备的CPU干预。 L3比最流行的无损图像格式PNG获得了9.29倍的数据准备吞吐量，用于NVIDIA A100 GPU上的CityScapes数据集，该数据集可导致1.71倍更高的端到端训练吞吐量。与JPEG和WebP相比，两种流行的有损图像格式，L3分别以同等的度量性能为Imagenet提供高达1.77倍和2.87倍的端到端训练吞吐量。

实际数据集中不可避免地有许多错误标记的数据。由于深度神经网络（DNNS）具有记忆标签的巨大能力，因此需要强大的训练方案来防止标签错误降低DNN的概括性能。当前的最新方法提出了一种共同训练方案，该方案使用与小损失相关的样本训练双网络。但是，实际上，培训两个网络可以同时负担计算资源。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种简单而有效的健壮培训计划，该计划仅通过培训一个网络来运行。在训练过程中，提出的方法通过从随机梯度下降优化形成的重量轨迹中抽样中间网络参数来生成时间自我启动。使用这些自我归档评估的损失总和用于识别错误标记的样品。同时，我们的方法通过将输入数据转换为各种形式，并考虑其协议以识别错误标记的样本来生成多视图预测。通过结合上述指标，我们介绍了提出的{\ it基于自动化的鲁棒训练}（SRT）方法，该方法可以用嘈杂的标签过滤样品，以减少其对训练的影响。广泛使用的公共数据集的实验表明，所提出的方法在某些类别中实现了最新的性能，而无需训练双网络。

联合学习（FL）是一种机器学习（ML）技术，旨在减少对用户数据隐私的威胁。培训是使用用户设备上的原始数据（称为客户端）进行的，只有称为梯度的培训结果被发送到服务器进行汇总并生成更新的模型。但是，我们不能假设可以使用私人信息来信任服务器，例如与数据所有者或数据源相关的元数据。因此，将客户信息隐藏在服务器中有助于减少与隐私相关的攻击。因此，客户身份的隐私以及客户数据的隐私是使此类攻击更加困难的必要条件。本文提出了基于组签名的FL的高效和隐私权协议。一个名为GSFL的新组合签名旨在保护客户数据和身份的隐私，而且考虑考虑到联合学习的迭代过程，还大大降低了计算和通信成本。我们表明，在计算，通信和信号成本方面，GSFL优于现有方法。另外，我们表明所提出的协议可以在联合学习环境中处理各种安全攻击。

视觉变压器（VITS）最近在各种视觉任务中展示了最先进的性能，更换了卷积神经网络（CNN）。同时，由于VIT具有比CNN不同的结构，因此它可能表现不同。探讨VIT的可靠性，本文研究了VIT的行为和稳健性。我们通过假设可能出现在实际视觉任务中的各种图像损坏来比较CNN和Vit的稳健性。我们确认，对于大多数图像转换，Vit显示出与CNN或更高的鲁棒性相当。然而，对于对比增强，在Vit中一直观察到严重的性能降解。从详细分析中，我们确定了潜在的问题：在颜色比例变化时，韦特的贴片嵌入中的位置嵌入可能不正确地工作。在这里，我们声称使用PRELAYORNOM，修改后的贴片嵌入结构，以确保VIT的鳞片不变行为。 PRELAYORMOM的VIT显示在包括对比度不同环境的各种腐败中的鲁棒性。

解释通常被认为是黑匣子的深神经网络的行为，尤其是当它们在人类生活的各个方面被采用时。借助可解释的机器学习的优势（可解释的ML），本文提出了一种名为灾难性遗忘的解剖器（或CFD）的新颖工具，以解释在持续学习环境中的灾难性遗忘。我们还根据我们的工具的观测值介绍了一种称为关键冻结的新方法。关于重新系统的实验表达了如何发生灾难性遗忘，尤其是表明该著名网络的哪些组成部分正在忘记。我们的新持续学习算法通过大量余量击败了各种最近的技术，证明了调查的能力。批判性冻结不仅攻击灾难性的遗忘，而且揭示了解释性。

Weakly-supervised object localization aims to indicate the category as well as the scope of an object in an image given only the image-level labels. Most of the existing works are based on Class Activation Mapping (CAM) and endeavor to enlarge the discriminative area inside the activation map to perceive the whole object, yet ignore the co-occurrence confounder of the object and context (e.g., fish and water), which makes the model inspection hard to distinguish object boundaries. Besides, the use of CAM also brings a dilemma problem that the classification and localization always suffer from a performance gap and can not reach their highest accuracy simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a casual knowledge distillation method, dubbed KD-CI-CAM, to address these two under-explored issues in one go. More specifically, we tackle the co-occurrence context confounder problem via causal intervention (CI), which explores the causalities among image features, contexts, and categories to eliminate the biased object-context entanglement in the class activation maps. Based on the de-biased object feature, we additionally propose a multi-teacher causal distillation framework to balance the absorption of classification knowledge and localization knowledge during model training. Extensive experiments on several benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of KD-CI-CAM in learning clear object boundaries from confounding contexts and addressing the dilemma problem between classification and localization performance.

Face Anti-spoofing (FAS) is essential to secure face recognition systems from various physical attacks. However, recent research generally focuses on short-distance applications (i.e., phone unlocking) while lacking consideration of long-distance scenes (i.e., surveillance security checks). In order to promote relevant research and fill this gap in the community, we collect a large-scale Surveillance High-Fidelity Mask (SuHiFiMask) dataset captured under 40 surveillance scenes, which has 101 subjects from different age groups with 232 3D attacks (high-fidelity masks), 200 2D attacks (posters, portraits, and screens), and 2 adversarial attacks. In this scene, low image resolution and noise interference are new challenges faced in surveillance FAS. Together with the SuHiFiMask dataset, we propose a Contrastive Quality-Invariance Learning (CQIL) network to alleviate the performance degradation caused by image quality from three aspects: (1) An Image Quality Variable module (IQV) is introduced to recover image information associated with discrimination by combining the super-resolution network. (2) Using generated sample pairs to simulate quality variance distributions to help contrastive learning strategies obtain robust feature representation under quality variation. (3) A Separate Quality Network (SQN) is designed to learn discriminative features independent of image quality. Finally, a large number of experiments verify the quality of the SuHiFiMask dataset and the superiority of the proposed CQIL.