The well-documented presence of texture bias in modern convolutional neural networks has led to a plethora of algorithms that promote an emphasis on shape cues, often to support generalization to new domains. Yet, common datasets, benchmarks and general model selection strategies are missing, and there is no agreed, rigorous evaluation protocol. In this paper, we investigate difficulties and limitations when training networks with reduced texture bias. In particular, we also show that proper evaluation and meaningful comparisons between methods are not trivial. We introduce BiasBed, a testbed for texture- and style-biased training, including multiple datasets and a range of existing algorithms. It comes with an extensive evaluation protocol that includes rigorous hypothesis testing to gauge the significance of the results, despite the considerable training instability of some style bias methods. Our extensive experiments, shed new light on the need for careful, statistically founded evaluation protocols for style bias (and beyond). E.g., we find that some algorithms proposed in the literature do not significantly mitigate the impact of style bias at all. With the release of BiasBed, we hope to foster a common understanding of consistent and meaningful comparisons, and consequently faster progress towards learning methods free of texture bias. Code is available at https://github.com/D1noFuzi/BiasBed

Fine-grained population maps are needed in several domains, like urban planning, environmental monitoring, public health, and humanitarian operations. Unfortunately, in many countries only aggregate census counts over large spatial units are collected, moreover, these are not always up-to-date. We present POMELO, a deep learning model that employs coarse census counts and open geodata to estimate fine-grained population maps with 100m ground sampling distance. Moreover, the model can also estimate population numbers when no census counts at all are available, by generalizing across countries. In a series of experiments for several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the maps produced with POMELOare in good agreement with the most detailed available reference counts: disaggregation of coarse census counts reaches R2 values of 85-89%; unconstrained prediction in the absence of any counts reaches 48-69%.

Despite being responsible for state-of-the-art results in several computer vision and natural language processing tasks, neural networks have faced harsh criticism due to some of their current shortcomings. One of them is that neural networks are correlation machines prone to model biases within the data instead of focusing on actual useful causal relationships. This problem is particularly serious in application domains affected by aspects such as race, gender, and age. To prevent models from incurring on unfair decision-making, the AI community has concentrated efforts in correcting algorithmic biases, giving rise to the research area now widely known as fairness in AI. In this survey paper, we provide an in-depth overview of the main debiasing methods for fairness-aware neural networks in the context of vision and language research. We propose a novel taxonomy to better organize the literature on debiasing methods for fairness, and we discuss the current challenges, trends, and important future work directions for the interested researcher and practitioner.

先前的工作表明，深-RL可以应用于无地图导航，包括混合无人驾驶空中水下车辆（Huauvs）的中等过渡。本文介绍了基于最先进的演员批评算法的新方法，以解决Huauv的导航和中型过渡问题。我们表明，具有复发性神经网络的双重评论家Deep-RL可以使用仅范围数据和相对定位来改善Huauvs的导航性能。我们的深-RL方法通过通过不同的模拟场景对学习的扎实概括，实现了更好的导航和过渡能力，表现优于先前的方法。

深钢筋学习中的确定性和随机技术已成为改善运动控制和各种机器人的决策任务的有前途的解决方案。先前的工作表明，这些深-RL算法通常可以应用于一般的移动机器人的无MAP导航。但是，他们倾向于使用简单的传感策略，因为已经证明它们在高维状态空间（例如基于图像的传感的空间）方面的性能不佳。本文在执行移动机器人无地图导航的任务时，对两种深-RL技术 - 深确定性政策梯度（DDPG）和软参与者（SAC）进行了比较分析。我们的目标是通过展示神经网络体系结构如何影响学习本身的贡献，并根据每种方法的航空移动机器人导航的时间和距离提出定量结果。总体而言，我们对六个不同体系结构的分析强调了随机方法（SAC）更好地使用更深的体系结构，而恰恰相反发生在确定性方法（DDPG）中。

在本文中，我们提出了一种一般稳健的子带自适应滤波（GR-SAF）方案，以防止冲动噪声，通过在随机步行模型下以各个重量不确定性最小化均方根偏差。具体而言，通过选择不同的缩放因子，例如在GR-SAF方案中从M-估计和最大correntropy robust标准中选择，我们可以轻松获得不同的GR-SAF算法。重要的是，所提出的GR-SAF算法可以简化为可变的正则化鲁棒归一化的SAF算法，从而具有快速的收敛速率和低稳态误差。在系统识别的背景下，用冲动噪声和回声取消进行双词的模拟已证实，所提出的GR-SAF算法的表现优于其对应物。

本文研究了在脉冲干扰和拜占庭式攻击的情况下，对聚类的多任务网络进行了扩散适应。我们根据Geman-McClure估计器使用的成本函数开发了强大的弹性扩散算法（RDLMG）算法，这可以降低对大异常值的敏感性，并使算法在冲动性的干扰下使算法可靠。此外，平均子序列减少的方法，其中每个节点丢弃了从其邻居那里获得的成本贡献的极端价值信息，可以使网络对拜占庭式攻击进行弹性。在这方面，提出的RDLMG算法可确保所有正常节点通过节点之间的合作融合到其理想状态。 RDLMG算法的统计分析也是根据平均和平均形式性能进行的。数值结果评估了用于多目标定位和多任务频谱传感的应用中提出的RDLMG算法。

世界上最大的可可生产国C \^ote d'Ivoire and Ghana占全球可可生产的三分之二。在这两个国家，可可都是多年生作物，为近200万农民提供收入。然而，缺少可可种植区域的精确地图，阻碍了保护区，生产和产量的准确量化，并限制了可用于改善可持续性治理的信息。在这里，我们将可可种植园数据与公开可用的卫星图像结合在深度学习框架中，并为两国的可可种植园创建高分辨率地图，并被现场验证。我们的结果表明，可可栽培是C \^ote d'Ivoire和Ghane的保护区中森林损失的37％以上和13％的潜在驱动因素，该官员报告大大低估了种植的地区，最高40％在加纳。这些地图是提高可可生产地区保护和经济发展的关键基础。

The ability to estimate epistemic uncertainty is often crucial when deploying machine learning in the real world, but modern methods often produce overconfident, uncalibrated uncertainty predictions. A common approach to quantify epistemic uncertainty, usable across a wide class of prediction models, is to train a model ensemble. In a naive implementation, the ensemble approach has high computational cost and high memory demand. This challenges in particular modern deep learning, where even a single deep network is already demanding in terms of compute and memory, and has given rise to a number of attempts to emulate the model ensemble without actually instantiating separate ensemble members. We introduce FiLM-Ensemble, a deep, implicit ensemble method based on the concept of Feature-wise Linear Modulation (FiLM). That technique was originally developed for multi-task learning, with the aim of decoupling different tasks. We show that the idea can be extended to uncertainty quantification: by modulating the network activations of a single deep network with FiLM, one obtains a model ensemble with high diversity, and consequently well-calibrated estimates of epistemic uncertainty, with low computational overhead in comparison. Empirically, FiLM-Ensemble outperforms other implicit ensemble methods, and it and comes very close to the upper bound of an explicit ensemble of networks (sometimes even beating it), at a fraction of the memory cost.

从众包标签或公开的数据创建的大规模数据集已经至关重要，为大规模学习算法提供培训数据。虽然这些数据集更容易获取，但数据经常嘈杂和不可靠，这是对弱监督学习技术的激励研究。在本文中，我们提出了原始想法，帮助我们在变更检测的背景下利用此类数据集。首先，我们提出了引导的各向异性扩散（GAD）算法，其使用输入图像改善语义分割结果作为执行边缘保留滤波的引导件。然后，我们展示了它在改变检测中量身定制的两个弱监督的学习策略中的潜力。第一策略是一种迭代学习方法，它将模型优化和数据清理使用GAD从开放矢量数据生成的大规模改变检测数据集中提取有用信息。第二个在新的空间注意层内包含GAD，其增加训练训练的弱监管网络的准确性，以从图像级标签执行像素级预测。在4个不同的公共数据集上展示了关于最先进的最先进的改进。