具有可穿戴设备的人类活动识别（HAR）是有希望的研究，可以在许多智能医疗保健应用中广泛采用。近年来，基于深度学习的HAR模型已取得了令人印象深刻的识别表现。但是，大多数HAR算法都容易受到多级窗口问题的影响，而多级窗口问题是必不可少的但很少被利用的。在本文中，我们建议通过将细分技术引入HAR来缓解这个具有挑战性的问题，从而产生共同的活动细分和认可。特别是，我们介绍了多个阶段的时间卷积网络（MS-TCN）体系结构，以进行样品级活动预测至关节段并识别活动序列。此外，为了增强HAR对阶层间相似性和阶层内异质性的鲁棒性，已经提出了一个多层次的对比损失，其中包含样本级别和段级对比度，以学习结构良好的嵌入空间的空间更好的活动细分和识别性能。最后，通过全面的实验，我们验证了对两个公共HAR数据集的拟议方法的有效性，从而实现了各种评估指标的重大改进。

深度学习在开发新的医学图像处理算法方面获得了广泛的研究兴趣，并且在各种医学成像任务中，基于深度的基于学习的模型可以支持疾病检测和诊断。尽管取得了成功，但在医学图像分析中进一步改善了医学图像分析中的深度学习模型是由于缺乏大型和注释的数据集的缺乏。在过去的五年中，许多研究都集中在解决这一挑战。在本文中，我们审查并总结了这些最近的研究，以全面概述在各种医学图像分析任务中应用深度学习方法。特别是，我们强调了最先进的无监督和半监督深度学习在医学图像分析中的最新进展和贡献，这是根据不同的应用方案的总结，包括分类，分割，检测和图像登记。我们还讨论了主要的技术挑战，并提出了未来的研究工作中可能的解决方案。

Plastic shopping bags that get carried away from the side of roads and tangled on cotton plants can end up at cotton gins if not removed before the harvest. Such bags may not only cause problem in the ginning process but might also get embodied in cotton fibers reducing its quality and marketable value. Therefore, it is required to detect, locate, and remove the bags before cotton is harvested. Manually detecting and locating these bags in cotton fields is labor intensive, time-consuming and a costly process. To solve these challenges, we present application of four variants of YOLOv5 (YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l and YOLOv5x) for detecting plastic shopping bags using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)-acquired RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) images. We also show fixed effect model tests of color of plastic bags as well as YOLOv5-variant on average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP@50) and accuracy. In addition, we also demonstrate the effect of height of plastic bags on the detection accuracy. It was found that color of bags had significant effect (p < 0.001) on accuracy across all the four variants while it did not show any significant effect on the AP with YOLOv5m (p = 0.10) and YOLOv5x (p = 0.35) at 95% confidence level. Similarly, YOLOv5-variant did not show any significant effect on the AP (p = 0.11) and accuracy (p = 0.73) of white bags, but it had significant effects on the AP (p = 0.03) and accuracy (p = 0.02) of brown bags including on the mAP@50 (p = 0.01) and inference speed (p < 0.0001). Additionally, height of plastic bags had significant effect (p < 0.0001) on overall detection accuracy. The findings reported in this paper can be useful in speeding up removal of plastic bags from cotton fields before harvest and thereby reducing the amount of contaminants that end up at cotton gins.

Computer-aided systems in histopathology are often challenged by various sources of domain shift that impact the performance of these algorithms considerably. We investigated the potential of using self-supervised pre-training to overcome scanner-induced domain shifts for the downstream task of tumor segmentation. For this, we present the Barlow Triplets to learn scanner-invariant representations from a multi-scanner dataset with local image correspondences. We show that self-supervised pre-training successfully aligned different scanner representations, which, interestingly only results in a limited benefit for our downstream task. We thereby provide insights into the influence of scanner characteristics for downstream applications and contribute to a better understanding of why established self-supervised methods have not yet shown the same success on histopathology data as they have for natural images.

With the drive to create a decentralized digital economy, Web 3.0 has become a cornerstone of digital transformation, developed on the basis of computing-force networking, distributed data storage, and blockchain. With the rapid realization of quantum devices, Web 3.0 is being developed in parallel with the deployment of quantum cloud computing and quantum Internet. In this regard, quantum computing first disrupts the original cryptographic systems that protect data security while reshaping modern cryptography with the advantages of quantum computing and communication. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 framework that provides information-theoretic security for decentralized data transferring and payment transactions. First, we present the framework of quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 with future-proof security during the transmission of data and transaction information. Next, we discuss the potential applications and challenges of implementing quantum blockchain in Web 3.0. Finally, we describe a use case for quantum non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and propose a quantum deep learning-based optimal auction for NFT trading to maximize the achievable revenue for sufficient liquidity in Web 3.0. In this way, the proposed framework can achieve proven security and sustainability for the next-generation decentralized digital society.

Artificial intelligence methods including deep neural networks (DNN) can provide rapid molecular classification of tumors from routine histology with accuracy that matches or exceeds human pathologists. Discerning how neural networks make their predictions remains a significant challenge, but explainability tools help provide insights into what models have learned when corresponding histologic features are poorly defined. Here, we present a method for improving explainability of DNN models using synthetic histology generated by a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN). We show that cGANs generate high-quality synthetic histology images that can be leveraged for explaining DNN models trained to classify molecularly-subtyped tumors, exposing histologic features associated with molecular state. Fine-tuning synthetic histology through class and layer blending illustrates nuanced morphologic differences between tumor subtypes. Finally, we demonstrate the use of synthetic histology for augmenting pathologist-in-training education, showing that these intuitive visualizations can reinforce and improve understanding of histologic manifestations of tumor biology.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

基于连续的潜在空间（例如变异自动编码器）的概率模型可以理解为无数混合模型，其中组件连续取决于潜在代码。它们具有用于生成和概率建模的表达性工具，但与可牵引的概率推断不符，即计算代表概率分布的边际和条件。同时，可以将概率模型（例如概率电路（PC））理解为层次离散混合模型，从而使它们可以执行精确的推断，但是与连续的潜在空间模型相比，它们通常显示出低于标准的性能。在本文中，我们研究了一种混合方法，即具有较小潜在尺寸的可拖动模型的连续混合物。尽管这些模型在分析上是棘手的，但基于一组有限的集成点，它们非常适合数值集成方案。有足够数量的集成点，近似值变得精确。此外，使用一组有限的集成点，可以将近似方法编译成PC中，以“在近似模型中的精确推断”执行。在实验中，我们表明这种简单的方案被证明非常有效，因为PC在许多标准密度估计基准上以这种方式为可拖动模型设定了新的最新模型。

在整个计算科学中，越来越需要利用原始计算马力的持续改进，通过对蛮力的尺度锻炼的尺度增加，以增加网状元素数量的增加。例如，如果不考虑分子水平的相互作用，就不可能对纳米多孔介质的转运进行定量预测，即从紧密的页岩地层提取至关重要的碳氢化合物。同样，惯性限制融合模拟依赖于数值扩散来模拟分子效应，例如非本地转运和混合，而无需真正考虑分子相互作用。考虑到这两个不同的应用程序，我们开发了一种新颖的功能，该功能使用主动学习方法来优化局部细尺度模拟的使用来告知粗尺度流体动力学。我们的方法解决了三个挑战：预测连续性粗尺度轨迹，以推测执行新的精细分子动力学计算，动态地更新细度计算中的粗尺度，并量化神经网络模型中的不确定性。

统计决策问题是统计机器学习的基础。最简单的问题是二进制和多类分类以及类概率估计。其定义的核心是损失函数的选择，这是评估解决方案质量的手段。在本文中，我们从一个新的角度从基本的成分是具有特定结构的凸集，从而系统地开发了此类问题的损失函数理论。损耗函数定义为凸集的支持函数的子级别。因此，它是自动适当的（校准以估计概率）。这种观点提供了三个新颖的机会。它可以发展损失与（反）纳入之间的基本关系，而这似乎以前没有注意到。其次，它可以开发由凸集的计算诱导的损失的演算，从而允许不同损失之间的插值，因此是将损失定制到特定问题的潜在有用的设计工具。在此过程中，我们基于凸组集合的M-sums的现有结果，并大大扩展了现有的结果。第三，透视图导致了一种自然理论的“极性”（或“反向”）损失函数，这些函数源自凸集的极性二元，定义了损失，并形成了VOVK聚合算法的自然通用替代函数。