Searching for a path between two nodes in a graph is one of the most well-studied and fundamental problems in computer science. In numerous domains such as robotics, AI, or biology, practitioners develop search heuristics to accelerate their pathfinding algorithms. However, it is a laborious and complex process to hand-design heuristics based on the problem and the structure of a given use case. Here we present PHIL (Path Heuristic with Imitation Learning), a novel neural architecture and a training algorithm for discovering graph search and navigation heuristics from data by leveraging recent advances in imitation learning and graph representation learning. At training time, we aggregate datasets of search trajectories and ground-truth shortest path distances, which we use to train a specialized graph neural network-based heuristic function using backpropagation through steps of the pathfinding process. Our heuristic function learns graph embeddings useful for inferring node distances, runs in constant time independent of graph sizes, and can be easily incorporated in an algorithm such as A* at test time. Experiments show that PHIL reduces the number of explored nodes compared to state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets by 58.5\% on average, can be directly applied in diverse graphs ranging from biological networks to road networks, and allows for fast planning in time-critical robotics domains.

图形神经网络（GNNS）由于其强大的表示能力而广泛用于图形结构化数据处理。通常认为，GNNS可以隐式消除非预测性的噪音。但是，对图神经网络中隐式降解作用的分析仍然开放。在这项工作中，我们进行了一项全面的理论研究，并分析了隐式denoising在GNN中发生的何时以及为什么发生。具体而言，我们研究噪声矩阵的收敛性。我们的理论分析表明，隐式转化很大程度上取决于连接性，图形大小和GNN体系结构。此外，我们通过扩展图形信号降解问题来正式定义并提出对抗图信号denoising（AGSD）问题。通过解决这样的问题，我们得出了一个可靠的图形卷积，可以增强节点表示的平滑度和隐式转化效果。广泛的经验评估验证了我们的理论分析和我们提出的模型的有效性。

作为当今最受欢迎的机器学习模型之一，Graph神经网络（GNN）最近引起了激烈的兴趣，其解释性也引起了人们的兴趣。用户对更好地了解GNN模型及其结果越来越感兴趣。不幸的是，当今的GNN评估框架通常依赖于合成数据集，从而得出有限范围的结论，因为问题实例缺乏复杂性。由于GNN模型被部署到更关键的任务应用程序中，因此我们迫切需要使用GNN解释性方法的共同评估协议。在本文中，据我们最大的知识，我们提出了针对GNN解释性的第一个系统评估框架，考虑了三种不同的“用户需求”的解释性：解释焦点，掩盖性质和掩蔽转换。我们提出了一个独特的指标，该指标将忠诚度措施结合在一起，并根据其足够或必要的质量对解释进行分类。我们将自己范围用于节点分类任务，并比较GNN的输入级解释性领域中最具代表性的技术。对于广泛使用的合成基准测试，令人惊讶的是，诸如个性化Pagerank之类的浅水技术在最小计算时间内具有最佳性能。但是，当图形结构更加复杂并且节点具有有意义的特征时，根据我们的评估标准，基于梯度的方法，尤其是显着性。但是，没有人在所有评估维度上占主导地位，而且总会有一个权衡。我们在eBay图上的案例研究中进一步应用了我们的评估协议，以反映生产环境。

地下模拟使用计算模型来预测流体（例如油，水，气体）通过多孔介质的流动。这些模拟在工业应用（例如石油生产）中至关重要，在这些应用中，需要快速，准确的模型来进行高级决策，例如，进行井安置优化和现场开发计划。经典的有限差数数值模拟器需要大量的计算资源来对大规模现实世界的水库进行建模。另外，通过依靠近似物理模型，流线模拟器和数据驱动的替代模型在计算上更有效，但是它们不足以在大规模上对复杂的储层动力学进行建模。在这里，我们介绍了混合图网络模拟器（HGNS），这是一个数据驱动的替代模型，用于学习3D地下流体流的储层模拟。为了模拟局部和全球尺度上的复杂储层动力学，HGN由地下图神经网络（SGNN）组成，以建模流体流的演化和3D-U-NET，以建模压力的演变。 HGNS能够扩展到每个时间步长数百万个单元的网格，比以前的替代模型高两个数量级，并且可以准确地预测流体流量数十亿个时间步长（未来几年）。使用带有110万个单元的行业标准地下流数据集（SPE-10），我们证明HGNS能够将推理时间降低到与标准地下模拟器相比，最高18次，并且通过降低基于学习的模型，它可以优于其他基于学习的模型长期预测错误高达21％。

Here we present a machine learning framework and model implementation that can learn to simulate a wide variety of challenging physical domains, involving fluids, rigid solids, and deformable materials interacting with one another. Our framework-which we term "Graph Network-based Simulators" (GNS)-represents the state of a physical system with particles, expressed as nodes in a graph, and computes dynamics via learned message-passing. Our results show that our model can generalize from single-timestep predictions with thousands of particles during training, to different initial conditions, thousands of timesteps, and at least an order of magnitude more particles at test time. Our model was robust to hyperparameter choices across various evaluation metrics: the main determinants of long-term performance were the number of message-passing steps, and mitigating the accumulation of error by corrupting the training data with noise. Our GNS framework advances the state-of-the-art in learned physical simulation, and holds promise for solving a wide range of complex forward and inverse problems.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a powerful tool for machine learning on graphs. GNNs combine node feature information with the graph structure by recursively passing neural messages along edges of the input graph. However, incorporating both graph structure and feature information leads to complex models and explaining predictions made by GNNs remains unsolved. Here we propose GNNEXPLAINER, the first general, model-agnostic approach for providing interpretable explanations for predictions of any GNN-based model on any graph-based machine learning task. Given an instance, GNNEXPLAINER identifies a compact subgraph structure and a small subset of node features that have a crucial role in GNN's prediction. Further, GNNEXPLAINER can generate consistent and concise explanations for an entire class of instances. We formulate GNNEXPLAINER as an optimization task that maximizes the mutual information between a GNN's prediction and distribution of possible subgraph structures. Experiments on synthetic and real-world graphs show that our approach can identify important graph structures as well as node features, and outperforms alternative baseline approaches by up to 43.0% in explanation accuracy. GNNEXPLAINER provides a variety of benefits, from the ability to visualize semantically relevant structures to interpretability, to giving insights into errors of faulty GNNs.

Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have revolutionized the field of graph representation learning through effectively learned node embeddings, and achieved state-of-the-art results in tasks such as node classification and link prediction. However, current GNN methods are inherently flat and do not learn hierarchical representations of graphs-a limitation that is especially problematic for the task of graph classification, where the goal is to predict the label associated with an entire graph. Here we propose DIFFPOOL, a differentiable graph pooling module that can generate hierarchical representations of graphs and can be combined with various graph neural network architectures in an end-to-end fashion. DIFFPOOL learns a differentiable soft cluster assignment for nodes at each layer of a deep GNN, mapping nodes to a set of clusters, which then form the coarsened input for the next GNN layer. Our experimental results show that combining existing GNN methods with DIFFPOOL yields an average improvement of 5-10% accuracy on graph classification benchmarks, compared to all existing pooling approaches, achieving a new state-of-the-art on four out of five benchmark data sets.

Recent advancements in deep neural networks for graph-structured data have led to state-of-the-art performance on recommender system benchmarks. However, making these methods practical and scalable to web-scale recommendation tasks with billions of items and hundreds of millions of users remains a challenge.Here we describe a large-scale deep recommendation engine that we developed and deployed at Pinterest. We develop a dataefficient Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) algorithm PinSage, which combines efficient random walks and graph convolutions to generate embeddings of nodes (i.e., items) that incorporate both graph structure as well as node feature information. Compared to prior GCN approaches, we develop a novel method based on highly efficient random walks to structure the convolutions and design a novel training strategy that relies on harder-and-harder training examples to improve robustness and convergence of the model.We deploy PinSage at Pinterest and train it on 7.5 billion examples on a graph with 3 billion nodes representing pins and boards, and 18 billion edges. According to offline metrics, user studies and A/B tests, PinSage generates higher-quality recommendations than comparable deep learning and graph-based alternatives. To our knowledge, this is the largest application of deep graph embeddings to date and paves the way for a new generation of web-scale recommender systems based on graph convolutional architectures.

Machine learning on graphs is an important and ubiquitous task with applications ranging from drug design to friendship recommendation in social networks. The primary challenge in this domain is finding a way to represent, or encode, graph structure so that it can be easily exploited by machine learning models. Traditionally, machine learning approaches relied on user-defined heuristics to extract features encoding structural information about a graph (e.g., degree statistics or kernel functions). However, recent years have seen a surge in approaches that automatically learn to encode graph structure into low-dimensional embeddings, using techniques based on deep learning and nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Here we provide a conceptual review of key advancements in this area of representation learning on graphs, including matrix factorization-based methods, random-walk based algorithms, and graph neural networks. We review methods to embed individual nodes as well as approaches to embed entire (sub)graphs. In doing so, we develop a unified framework to describe these recent approaches, and we highlight a number of important applications and directions for future work.

Low-dimensional embeddings of nodes in large graphs have proved extremely useful in a variety of prediction tasks, from content recommendation to identifying protein functions. However, most existing approaches require that all nodes in the graph are present during training of the embeddings; these previous approaches are inherently transductive and do not naturally generalize to unseen nodes. Here we present GraphSAGE, a general inductive framework that leverages node feature information (e.g., text attributes) to efficiently generate node embeddings for previously unseen data. Instead of training individual embeddings for each node, we learn a function that generates embeddings by sampling and aggregating features from a node's local neighborhood. Our algorithm outperforms strong baselines on three inductive node-classification benchmarks: we classify the category of unseen nodes in evolving information graphs based on citation and Reddit post data, and we show that our algorithm generalizes to completely unseen graphs using a multi-graph dataset of protein-protein interactions. * The two first authors made equal contributions. 1 While it is common to refer to these data structures as social or biological networks, we use the term graph to avoid ambiguity with neural network terminology.