在本文中，我们提出了一种半监督异常检测（SSAD）的新方法。我们的分类器命名为QMS22，因为其成立的日期为2022年，该框架是二次多形分离（QMS）的框架，这是一个最近引入的分类模型。 QMS22通过解决涉及训练集和原始问题的测试集的多类分类问题来解决SSAD。分类问题有意包括带有重叠样本的类。其中一个类包含普通样品和离群值的混合物，所有其他类别仅包含正常样品。然后使用分类问题的结果为测试集中的每个样本计算出异常得分。我们还使用龙骨存储库中的95个基准不平衡数据集对QMS22进行QMS22的性能评估。这些分类器是BRM（包装随机矿工），Ockra（具有随机投影特征算法的单级K-均值），ISOF（隔离林）和OCSVM（单级支持向量机）。通过在接收器操作特征曲线的曲线下使用该区域作为性能度量，QMS22显着优于ISOF和OCSVM。此外，Wilcoxon签署的秩检验表明，在针对BRM和QMS22对OCKRA的QMS22测试时，没有统计学上的显着差异。

在本文中，我们介绍了机器学习中的新分类模型。我们的结果是三倍：1）该模型与最常见的分类模型产生可比的预测准确性。2）它的运行速度明显快于大多数常见的分类模型。3）它具有识别一部分看不见的样本的能力，可以找到具有更高的预测精度的类标签。目前，在拟议的模型上有几项专利。

The visual dimension of cities has been a fundamental subject in urban studies, since the pioneering work of scholars such as Sitte, Lynch, Arnheim, and Jacobs. Several decades later, big data and artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing how people move, sense, and interact with cities. This paper reviews the literature on the appearance and function of cities to illustrate how visual information has been used to understand them. A conceptual framework, Urban Visual Intelligence, is introduced to systematically elaborate on how new image data sources and AI techniques are reshaping the way researchers perceive and measure cities, enabling the study of the physical environment and its interactions with socioeconomic environments at various scales. The paper argues that these new approaches enable researchers to revisit the classic urban theories and themes, and potentially help cities create environments that are more in line with human behaviors and aspirations in the digital age.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) in automated knee osteoarthritis (OA) phenotype classification using a small dataset (n=50). Materials and Methods: For this retrospective study, we collected 3,166 three-dimensional (3D) double-echo steady-state magnetic resonance (MR) images from the Osteoarthritis Initiative dataset and 50 3D turbo/fast spin-echo MR images from our institute (in 2020 and 2021) as the source and target datasets, respectively. For each patient, the degree of knee OA was initially graded according to the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) before being converted to binary OA phenotype labels. The proposed UDA pipeline included (a) pre-processing, which involved automatic segmentation and region-of-interest cropping; (b) source classifier training, which involved pre-training phenotype classifiers on the source dataset; (c) target encoder adaptation, which involved unsupervised adaption of the source encoder to the target encoder and (d) target classifier validation, which involved statistical analysis of the target classification performance evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Additionally, a classifier was trained without UDA for comparison. Results: The target classifier trained with UDA achieved improved AUROC, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for both knee OA phenotypes compared with the classifier trained without UDA. Conclusion: The proposed UDA approach improves the performance of automated knee OA phenotype classification for small target datasets by utilising a large, high-quality source dataset for training. The results successfully demonstrated the advantages of the UDA approach in classification on small datasets.

Node classification for graph-structured data aims to classify nodes whose labels are unknown. While studies on static graphs are prevalent, few studies have focused on dynamic graph node classification. Node classification on dynamic graphs is challenging for two reasons. First, the model needs to capture both structural and temporal information, particularly on dynamic graphs with a long history and require large receptive fields. Second, model scalability becomes a significant concern as the size of the dynamic graph increases. To address these problems, we propose the Time Augmented Dynamic Graph Neural Network (TADGNN) framework. TADGNN consists of two modules: 1) a time augmentation module that captures the temporal evolution of nodes across time structurally, creating a time-augmented spatio-temporal graph, and 2) an information propagation module that learns the dynamic representations for each node across time using the constructed time-augmented graph. We perform node classification experiments on four dynamic graph benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that TADGNN framework outperforms several static and dynamic state-of-the-art (SOTA) GNN models while demonstrating superior scalability. We also conduct theoretical and empirical analyses to validate the efficiency of the proposed method. Our code is available at https://sites.google.com/view/tadgnn.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

联合学习是一种来自分散数据集的培训模型的新兴技术。在许多应用程序中，参与联合学习系统的数据所有者不仅拥有数据，还拥有一组域知识。这些知识包括人类的知识和工艺，对联邦学习任务非常有帮助。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个联合学习框架，该框架允许注入参与者的领域知识，其中关键思想是通过本地知识来完善全球模型。我们认为的方案是由真正的行业级应用激励的，我们证明了我们采用该应用的有效性。

抗微生物抗性（AMR）是日益增长的公共卫生威胁，估计每年造成超过1000万人死亡，在现状预测下，到2050年，全球经济损失了100万亿美元。这些损失主要是由于治疗失败的发病率和死亡率增加，医疗程序中的AMR感染以及归因于AMR的生活质量损失所致。已经提出了许多干预措施来控制AMR的发展并减轻其传播带来的风险。本文回顾了细菌AMR管理和控制的关键方面，这些方面可以利用人工智能，机器学习以及数学和统计建模等数据技术，这些领域在本世纪已经快速发展。尽管数据技术已成为生物医学研究的组成部分，但它们对AMR管理的影响仍然很小。我们概述了使用数据技术来打击AMR，详细介绍了四个互补类别的最新进展：监视，预防，诊断和治疗。我们在生物医学研究，临床实践和“一个健康”背景下使用数据技术提供了有关当前AMR控制方法的概述。我们讨论了数据技术的潜在影响和挑战在高收入和中等收入国家中面临的实施，并建议将这些技术更容易地整合到医疗保健和公共卫生中所需的具体行动，并建议使用具体的行动部门。

随着技术的快速进步，由于恶意软件活动的增加，安全性已成为一个主要问题，这对计算机系统和利益相关者的安全性和安全性构成了严重威胁。为了维持利益相关者，特别是最终用户的安全，保护数据免受欺诈性努力是最紧迫的问题之一。旨在破坏预期的计算机系统和程序或移动和Web应用程序的一组恶意编程代码，脚本，活动内容或侵入性软件称为恶意软件。根据一项研究，幼稚的用户无法区分恶意和良性应用程序。因此，应设计计算机系统和移动应用程序，以检测恶意活动以保护利益相关者。通过利用包括人工智能，机器学习和深度学习在内的新颖概念，可以使用许多算法来检测恶意软件活动。在这项研究中，我们强调了基于人工智能（AI）的技术来检测和防止恶意软件活动。我们详细介绍了当前的恶意软件检测技术，其缺点以及提高效率的方法。我们的研究表明，采用未来派的方法来开发恶意软件检测应用程序应具有很大的优势。对该综合的理解应帮助研究人员使用AI进行进一步研究恶意软件检测和预防。