Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging technique has been applied for scoliosis assessment, but current assessment method only uses coronal projection image and cannot illustrate the 3D deformity and vertebra rotation. The vertebra detection is essential to reveal 3D spine information, but the detection task is challenging due to complex data and limited annotations. We propose VertMatch, a two-step framework to detect vertebral structures in 3D ultrasound volume by utilizing unlabeled data in semi-supervised manner. The first step is to detect the possible positions of structures on transverse slice globally, and then the local patches are cropped based on detected positions. The second step is to distinguish whether the patches contain real vertebral structures and screen the predicted positions from the first step. VertMatch develops three novel components for semi-supervised learning: for position detection in the first step, (1) anatomical prior is used to screen pseudo labels generated from confidence threshold method; (2) multi-slice consistency is used to utilize more unlabeled data by inputting multiple adjacent slices; (3) for patch identification in the second step, the categories are rebalanced in each batch to solve imbalance problem. Experimental results demonstrate that VertMatch can detect vertebra accurately in ultrasound volume and outperforms state-of-the-art methods. VertMatch is also validated in clinical application on forty ultrasound scans, and it can be a promising approach for 3D assessment of scoliosis.
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The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.
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Automated rule checking (ARC), which is expected to promote the efficiency of the compliance checking process in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, is gaining increasing attention. Throwing light on the ARC application hotspots and forecasting its trends are useful to the related research and drive innovations. Therefore, this study takes the patents from the database of the Derwent Innovations Index database (DII) and China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) as data sources and then carried out a three-step analysis including (1) quantitative characteristics (i.e., annual distribution analysis) of patents, (2) identification of ARC topics using a latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and, (3) SNA-based co-occurrence analysis of ARC topics. The results show that the research hotspots and trends of Chinese and English patents are different. The contributions of this study have three aspects: (1) an approach to a comprehensive analysis of patents by integrating multiple text mining methods (i.e., SNA and LDA) is introduced ; (2) the application hotspots and development trends of ARC are reviewed based on patent analysis; and (3) a signpost for technological development and innovation of ARC is provided.
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作为其核心计算,一种自我发挥的机制可以在整个输入序列上分配成对相关性。尽管表现良好,但计算成对相关性的成本高昂。尽管最近的工作表明了注意力分数低的元素的运行时间修剪的好处,但自我发挥机制的二次复杂性及其芯片内存能力的需求被忽略了。这项工作通过构建一个称为Sprint的加速器来解决这些约束,该加速器利用RERAM横杆阵列的固有并行性以近似方式计算注意力分数。我们的设计使用RERAM内的轻质模拟阈值电路来降低注意力评分,从而使Sprint只能获取一小部分相关数据到芯片内存。为了减轻模型准确性的潜在负面影响,Sprint重新计算数字中少数获取数据的注意力评分。相关注意分数的组合内修剪和片上重新计算可以将Sprint转化为仅线性的二次复杂性。此外,我们即使修剪后,我们也可以识别并利用相邻的注意操作之间的动态空间位置,从而消除了昂贵但冗余的数据获取。我们在各种最新的变压器模型上评估了我们提出的技术。平均而言,当使用总16KB芯片内存时,Sprint会产生7.5倍的速度和19.6倍的能量,而实际上与基线模型的等值级相当(平均为0.36%的降级)。
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最近,基于水平表示的全景语义分割方法优于基于投影的解决方案,因为可以通过在垂直方向上压缩球形数据来有效地消除畸变。但是,这些方法忽略了之前的失真分布,并且仅限于不平衡的接收场,例如,接收场在垂直方向上足够,并且在水平方向上不足。不同的是,沿另一个方向压缩的垂直表示可以提供隐式失真先验,并扩大水平接收场。在本文中,我们结合了两种不同的表示,并从互补的角度提出了一种新颖的360 {\ deg}语义分割解决方案。我们的网络包括三个模块:特征提取模块,一个双向压缩模块和一个集合解码模块。首先,我们从Panorama提取多尺度功能。然后,设计一个双向压缩模块,将特征压缩为两个互补的低维表示,这些表示提供了内容感知和失真。此外,为了促进双向特征的融合,我们在合奏解码模块中设计了独特的自我蒸馏策略,以增强不同特征的相互作用并进一步提高性能。实验结果表明,我们的方法的表现优于最先进的解决方案,在定量评估上至少提高了10 \%的改进,同时显示出视觉外观上最佳性能。
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现有的全景深度估计方法基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的重点是消除全景畸变,由于CNN中的固定接受场而无法有效地感知全景结构。本文提出了全景变压器(名为PanoFormer),以估计全景图像中的深度,并带有球形域,可学习的令牌流和全景特定指标的切线斑块。特别是,我们将球形切线结构域上的斑块划分为令牌,以减少全景畸变的负面影响。由于几何结构对于深度估计是必不可少的,因此自我发项式模块通过额外的可学习令牌流重新设计。此外,考虑到球形域的特征,我们提出了两个全景特异性指标,以全面评估全景深度估计模型的性能。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法显着优于最先进的方法(SOTA)方法。此外,可以有效地扩展提出的方法以求解语义全景分割,这是类似的Pixel2像素任务。代码将可用。
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骨质疏松症是一种常见的慢性代谢骨病,通常是由于对骨矿物密度(BMD)检查有限的有限获得而被诊断和妥善治疗,例如。通过双能X射线吸收测定法(DXA)。在本文中,我们提出了一种方法来预测来自胸X射线(CXR)的BMD,最常见的和低成本的医学成像考试之一。我们的方法首先自动检测来自CXR的局部和全球骨骼结构的感兴趣区域(ROI)。然后,开发了一种具有变压器编码器的多ROI深模型,以利用胸部X射线图像中的本地和全局信息以进行准确的BMD估计。我们的方法在13719 CXR患者病例中进行评估,并通过金标准DXA测量其实际BMD评分。该模型预测的BMD与地面真理(Pearson相关系数0.889腰腰1)具有强烈的相关性。当施用骨质疏松症筛查时,它实现了高分类性能(腰腰1的AUC 0.963)。作为现场使用CXR扫描预测BMD的第一次努力,所提出的算法在早期骨质疏松症筛查和公共卫生促进中具有很强的潜力。
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膝关节骨关节炎(OA)是一种常见的堕落联合障碍,影响全世界的大型老年人。膝关节OA严重程度的准确放射线摄影评估在慢性患者管理中起着关键作用。目前临床采用的膝盖oA分级系统是观察者主观的,遭受帧间间的分歧。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种计算机辅助诊断方法,可以同时为两种复合材料和细粒度的OA等级提供更准确和一致的评估。提出了一种新的半监督学习方法,通过从未标记的数据学习来利用复合材料和细粒度的OA等级的潜在一致性。通过使用预先训练的高斯混合模型的日志概率表示等级相干性,我们制定了不连贯的损失,以纳入训练中的未标记数据。该方法还描述了基于关键点的汇集网络,其中从疾病目标键点(沿膝关节提取)汇集了深度图像特征,以提供更准确的和病于病理信息的特征表示,以获得准确的OA级评估。拟议的方法在公共骨关节炎倡议(OAI)数据上全面评估了4,796名科目的多中心的十年观测研究。实验结果表明,我们的方法对以前的强大的整个图像的深度分类网络基线(如Resnet-50)的显着改进。
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知识蒸馏在分类中取得了巨大的成功,但是,仍然有挑战性。在用于检测的典型图像中,来自不同位置的表示可能对检测目标具有不同的贡献,使蒸馏难以平衡。在本文中,我们提出了一种有条件的蒸馏框架来蒸馏出所需的知识,即关于每个例子的分类和本地化有益的知识。该框架引入了一种可学习的条件解码模块,其将每个目标实例检索为查询的信息。具体而言,我们将条件信息编码为查询并使用教师的表示作为键。查询和键之间的注意用于测量不同特征的贡献,由本地化识别敏感辅助任务指导。广泛的实验表明了我们的方法的功效:我们在各种环境下观察到令人印象深刻的改进。值得注意的是,在1倍计划下,我们将通过37.4至40.7地图(+3.3)与Reset-50骨架的Restinetet提升。代码已在https://github.com/megvii-research/icd上发布。
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在本文中,我们提出了一种用于一般物体检测的第一自蒸馏框架,称为LGD(标签引导自蒸馏)。以前的研究依赖于强大的预酝酿教师,以提供在现实世界方案中可能无法使用的指导知识。相反,我们通过对象之间的关系间和帧间关系建模来生成一个有效的知识,只需要学生表示和常规标签。具体而言,我们的框架涉及稀疏的标签外观编码,对象间关系适应和对象内的知识映射,以获得指导知识。他们在培训阶段共同形成隐式教师,动态依赖标签和不断发展的学生表示。 LGD中的模块与学生检测器的端到端训练,并在推理中丢弃。实验上,LGD在各种探测器,数据集和广泛的任务上获得了体面的结果,如实例分段。例如,在MS-Coco DataSet中,LGD将Reset-50下的REDINENT改善2倍单尺度培训,从36.2%到39.0%地图(+ 2.8%)。它在2倍多尺度培训下使用Resnext-101 DCN V2等FCO的探测器增加了更强大的探测器,从46.1%到47.9%(+ 1.8%)。与古典教师的方法FGFI相比,LGD不仅在不需要佩金的教师而且还可以降低固有的学生学习超出51%的培训成本。
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