本文提出了一种新的方法，该方法结合了卷积层（CLS）和大规模的度量度量，用于在小数据集上进行培训模型以进行纹理分类。这种方法的核心是损失函数，该函数计算了感兴趣的实例和支持向量之间的距离。目的是在迭代中更新CLS的权重，以学习一类之间具有较大利润的表示形式。每次迭代都会产生一个基于这种表示形式的支持向量表示的大细边缘判别模型。拟议方法的优势W.R.T.卷积神经网络（CNN）为两倍。首先，由于参数数量减少，与等效的CNN相比，它允许用少量数据进行表示。其次，自返回传播仅考虑支持向量以来，它的培训成本较低。关于纹理和组织病理学图像数据集的实验结果表明，与等效的CNN相比，所提出的方法以较低的计算成本和更快的收敛性达到了竞争精度。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

Chronic pain is a multi-dimensional experience, and pain intensity plays an important part, impacting the patients emotional balance, psychology, and behaviour. Standard self-reporting tools, such as the Visual Analogue Scale for pain, fail to capture this burden. Moreover, this type of tools is susceptible to a degree of subjectivity, dependent on the patients clear understanding of how to use it, social biases, and their ability to translate a complex experience to a scale. To overcome these and other self-reporting challenges, pain intensity estimation has been previously studied based on facial expressions, electroencephalograms, brain imaging, and autonomic features. However, to the best of our knowledge, it has never been attempted to base this estimation on the patient narratives of the personal experience of chronic pain, which is what we propose in this work. Indeed, in the clinical assessment and management of chronic pain, verbal communication is essential to convey information to physicians that would otherwise not be easily accessible through standard reporting tools, since language, sociocultural, and psychosocial variables are intertwined. We show that language features from patient narratives indeed convey information relevant for pain intensity estimation, and that our computational models can take advantage of that. Specifically, our results show that patients with mild pain focus more on the use of verbs, whilst moderate and severe pain patients focus on adverbs, and nouns and adjectives, respectively, and that these differences allow for the distinction between these three pain classes.

我们的目标是评估汽车系统是否更改（即搜索空间或超参数优化）将改善最终模型在生产任务上的性能。但是，我们无法测试生产任务的更改。取而代之的是，我们只能访问有关AutoML系统先前执行的任务的有限描述符，例如数据点或功能的数量。我们还拥有一组开发任务来测试更改，例如，从OpenML取样，没有使用限制。但是，开发和生产任务分布不同，导致我们追求只能改善发展而不是生产的变化。本文提出了一种利用有关汽车生产任务的描述符信息的方法，以选择最相关开发任务的过滤子集。实证研究表明，我们的过滤策略提高了评估与开发不同分布不同的保留任务变更的能力。

我们介绍Cendernet，这是一个基于中心和曲率表示的多视图图像的6D姿势估计的框架。为反光，无纹理对象寻找精确的姿势是工业机器人技术的关键挑战。我们的方法包括三个阶段：首先，一个完全卷积的神经网络可预测每种观点的中心和曲率热图；其次，中心热图用于检测对象实例并找到其3D中心。第三，使用3D中心和曲率热图估算6D对象姿势。通过使用渲染和能力方法共同优化视图的姿势，我们的方法自然处理遮挡和对象对称性。我们表明，Cendernet在两个与行业相关的数据集上优于以前的方法：DIMO和T-less。

TensorFlow GNN（TF-GNN）是张量曲线的图形神经网络的可扩展库。它是从自下而上设计的，以支持当今信息生态系统中发生的丰富的异质图数据。Google的许多生产模型都使用TF-GNN，最近已作为开源项目发布。在本文中，我们描述了TF-GNN数据模型，其KERAS建模API以及相关功能，例如图形采样，分布式训练和加速器支持。

机器学习（ML）的法律文献倾向于关注危害，因此倾向于推理个人模型结果和摘要错误率。这种关注模型级别的结果和错误掩盖了ML的重要方面，这些方面源于其固有的非确定性。我们表明，从关于ML输出作为可能结果的概率分布的推理的角度来看，非确定性的影响及其对法律的影响，对法律的影响变得更加清晰。这种分布观点通过强调ML的可能结果来解释非确定性。重要的是，这种推理并不是当前法律推理的独家性。它补充了（实际上可以加强）关于个人自动决策的个人，具体结果的分析。通过阐明非确定性的重要作用，我们证明了ML代码不在网络法线将“代码为法律视为法律”的框架之外，因为该框架假定代码是确定性的。最后，我们简要讨论了ML可以采取什么措施来限制非决定性造成危害的影响，并阐明法律必须在何处弥合其当前个人结果重点与分配方法之间的差距我们推荐。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

使用单视图2D照片仅集合，无监督的高质量多视图 - 一致的图像和3D形状一直是一个长期存在的挑战。现有的3D GAN是计算密集型的，也是没有3D-一致的近似;前者限制了所生成的图像的质量和分辨率，并且后者对多视图一致性和形状质量产生不利影响。在这项工作中，我们提高了3D GAN的计算效率和图像质量，而无需依赖这些近似。为此目的，我们介绍了一种表现力的混合明确隐式网络架构，与其他设计选择一起，不仅可以实时合成高分辨率多视图一致图像，而且还产生高质量的3D几何形状。通过解耦特征生成和神经渲染，我们的框架能够利用最先进的2D CNN生成器，例如Stylega2，并继承它们的效率和表现力。在其他实验中，我们展示了与FFHQ和AFHQ猫的最先进的3D感知合成。