在无人车的领域，自主机器人群体承诺将提高效率和集体自主权。这些群体将来将如何运作，以及尚未充分定义这些沟通要求和运营界限。与11位专业的无人车运营商和设计师进行了研讨会，目的是确定用于开发和测试机器人群的用例。专家定义了三个方案，然后编译以生产一个用例，概述与高度自主群合作时的情况，目标，代理，通信要求和操作阶段。我们的编译用例均适用于研究人员，设计师和制造商，以测试和量身定制其设计管道，以适应人类互动的一些关键问题。应用程序的示例包括告知模拟开发，构成进一步设计研讨会的基础，并确定人类运营商与群体之间可能出现的信任问题。

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.

As language models (LMs) scale, they develop many novel behaviors, good and bad, exacerbating the need to evaluate how they behave. Prior work creates evaluations with crowdwork (which is time-consuming and expensive) or existing data sources (which are not always available). Here, we automatically generate evaluations with LMs. We explore approaches with varying amounts of human effort, from instructing LMs to write yes/no questions to making complex Winogender schemas with multiple stages of LM-based generation and filtering. Crowdworkers rate the examples as highly relevant and agree with 90-100% of labels, sometimes more so than corresponding human-written datasets. We generate 154 datasets and discover new cases of inverse scaling where LMs get worse with size. Larger LMs repeat back a dialog user's preferred answer ("sycophancy") and express greater desire to pursue concerning goals like resource acquisition and goal preservation. We also find some of the first examples of inverse scaling in RL from Human Feedback (RLHF), where more RLHF makes LMs worse. For example, RLHF makes LMs express stronger political views (on gun rights and immigration) and a greater desire to avoid shut down. Overall, LM-written evaluations are high-quality and let us quickly discover many novel LM behaviors.

ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列，该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战，这是由于探测器的几何形状，不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收，并且低于100 GEV的光，每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战，可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形，并将图形神经网络（GNN）作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开，对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类，并重建沉积的能量，方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真，我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术，包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类，与当前的IceCube方法相比，GNN以固定的假阳性速率（FPR）提高了信号效率的18％。另外，GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8（低于半百分比）。对于能源，方向和相互作用顶点的重建，与当前最大似然技术相比，分辨率平均提高了13％-20％。当在GPU上运行时，GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件，这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。

Majorana示威者是一项领先的实验，寻找具有高纯净锗探测器（HPGE）的中性s中性双β衰变。机器学习提供了一种最大化这些检测器提供的信息量的新方法，但是与传统分析相比，数据驱动的性质使其不可解释。一项可解释性研究揭示了机器的决策逻辑，使我们能够从机器中学习以反馈传统分析。在这项工作中，我们介绍了Majorana演示者数据的第一个机器学习分析。这也是对任何锗探测器实验的第一个可解释的机器学习分析。训练了两个梯度增强的决策树模型，以从数据中学习，并进行了基于游戏理论的模型可解释性研究，以了解分类功率的起源。通过从数据中学习，该分析识别重建参数之间的相关性，以进一步增强背景拒绝性能。通过从机器中学习，该分析揭示了新的背景类别对相互利用的标准Majorana分析的重要性。该模型与下一代锗探测器实验（如传说）高度兼容，因为它可以同时在大量探测器上进行训练。

通常通过过去的选择来告知机器学习中的评估，例如要使用哪些数据集或指标。该标准化可以使用排行榜对平等基础进行比较，但是随着出现更好的替代方案，评估选择变得不佳。这个问题在自然语言生成中尤其相关，该语言需要不断改善的数据集，指标和人类评估以提出确定性的主张。为了使遵循最佳模型评估实践更加容易，我们介绍了GEMV2。新版本的一代，评估和指标基准为数据集，模型和指标开发人员提供了模块化基础架构，以使彼此受益。GEMV2支持40种记录的数据集中51种语言。所有数据集的模型都可以在线评估，我们的交互式数据卡创建和渲染工具使得在Living Benchmark中添加新数据集变得更加容易。

燃气轮机发动机是复杂的机器，通常产生大量数据，并且需要仔细监控，以允许具有成本效益的预防性维护。在航空航天应用中，将所有测量数据返回到地面是昂贵的，通常会导致有用，高值，要丢弃的数据。因此，在实时检测，优先级和返回有用数据的能力是至关重要的。本文提出了由卷积神经网络常态模型描述的系统输出测量，实时优先考虑预防性维护决策者。由于燃气轮机发动机时变行为的复杂性，导出精确的物理模型难以困难，并且通常导致预测精度低的模型和与实时执行不相容。数据驱动的建模是一种理想的替代方案，生产高精度，资产特定模型，而无需从第一原理推导。我们提出了一种用于在线检测和异常数据的优先级的数据驱动系统。通过集成到深神经预测模型中的不确定管理，避免了偏离新的操作条件的数据评估。测试是对实际和合成数据进行的，显示对真实和合成故障的敏感性。该系统能够在低功耗嵌入式硬件上实时运行，目前正在部署Rolls-Royce Pearl 15发动机飞行试验。

社交媒体通常在选举活动中被公众使用，以表达他们对不同问题的看法。在各种社交媒体渠道中，Twitter为研究人员和政客提供了一个有效的平台，以探索有关经济和外交政策等广泛主题的公众舆论。当前的文献主要集中于分析推文的内容而无需考虑用户的性别。这项研究收集和分析了大量推文，并使用计算，人类编码和统计分析来识别2020年美国总统选举期间发布的300,000多个推文中的主题。我们的发现是基于广泛的主题，例如税收，气候变化和Covid-19-19。在主题中，女性和男性用户之间存在着显着差异，超过70％的主题。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

We consider infinite horizon Markov decision processes (MDPs) with fast-slow structure, meaning that certain parts of the state space move "fast" (and in a sense, are more influential) while other parts transition more "slowly." Such structure is common in real-world problems where sequential decisions need to be made at high frequencies, yet information that varies at a slower timescale also influences the optimal policy. Examples include: (1) service allocation for a multi-class queue with (slowly varying) stochastic costs, (2) a restless multi-armed bandit with an environmental state, and (3) energy demand response, where both day-ahead and real-time prices play a role in the firm's revenue. Models that fully capture these problems often result in MDPs with large state spaces and large effective time horizons (due to frequent decisions), rendering them computationally intractable. We propose an approximate dynamic programming algorithmic framework based on the idea of "freezing" the slow states, solving a set of simpler finite-horizon MDPs (the lower-level MDPs), and applying value iteration (VI) to an auxiliary MDP that transitions on a slower timescale (the upper-level MDP). We also extend the technique to a function approximation setting, where a feature-based linear architecture is used. On the theoretical side, we analyze the regret incurred by each variant of our frozen-state approach. Finally, we give empirical evidence that the frozen-state approach generates effective policies using just a fraction of the computational cost, while illustrating that simply omitting slow states from the decision modeling is often not a viable heuristic.