深层生成模型通过自动化基于收集的数据集的多样性，现实内容的综合，使新手用户更容易访问视觉内容。但是，当前的机器学习方法错过了创作过程的关键要素 - 综合远远超出数据分配和日常体验的东西的能力。为了开始解决此问题，我们可以通过仅编辑一些具有所需几何变化的原始模型输出来“扭曲”给定模型。我们的方法将低级更新应用于单个模型层以重建编辑的示例。此外，为了打击过度拟合，我们建议一种基于样式混合的潜在空间增强方法。我们的方法允许用户创建一个模型，该模型可以通过定义的几何更改合成无尽的对象，从而可以创建新的生成模型，而无需策划大规模数据集。我们还证明可以组成编辑的模型以实现汇总效果，并提出了一个交互式界面，以使用户能够通过组合创建新的模型。对多个测试案例的经验测量表明，我们方法对最近的GAN微调方法的优势。最后，我们使用编辑的模型展示了多个应用程序，包括潜在空间插值和图像编辑。

我们介绍了本地重新考虑的任务，该任务通过打开和关闭图像中可见的光源来改变场景的照片。这项新任务与传统的图像重新确定问题不同，因为它引入了检测光源并推断出从它们中散发出的光模式的挑战。我们提出了一种用于本地重新考虑的方法，该方法通过使用另一个模型的合成生成的图像对来训练模型，而无需监督任何新型图像数据集。具体而言，我们从样式空间操纵的gan中收集了配对的训练图像；然后，我们使用这些图像来训练有条件的图像到图像模型。为了基于本地重新测试，我们介绍了Lonoff，这是一个在室内空间中拍摄的306张精确对齐图像的集合，其中灯的不同组合打开了。我们表明，我们的方法显着优于基于GAN倒置的基线方法。最后，我们演示了分别控制不同光源的方法的扩展。我们邀请社区解决这项新的当地重新任务。

剪辑网络衡量自然文本和图像之间的相似性；在这项工作中，我们研究了其图像编码器中单词图像和自然图像的表示的纠缠。首先，我们发现图像编码器具有将单词图像与这些单词描述的场景的自然图像匹配的能力。这与先前的研究一致，该研究表明，单词的含义和拼写可能会纠缠在网络内。另一方面，我们还发现剪辑具有强大的匹配无意义单词的能力，这表明字母的处理与其含义的处理分开。为了明确确定剪辑的拼写能力是否可分离，我们设计了一个步骤来识别代表子空间，这些子空间有选择地隔离或消除拼写功能。我们根据一系列检索任务进行基准测试方法，并通过测量夹子引导的生成图像中的文本外观进行测试。我们发现我们的方法能够与自然图像的视觉处理清晰地分开剪辑的拼写功能。

我们通过直接重写其预测规则，介绍一种修改分类器的行为的方法。我们的方法几乎不需要额外的数据收集，可以应用于各种设置，包括将模型调整为新环境，并修改它以忽略杂散功能。我们的代码可在https://github.com/madrylab/editingclassifers获得。

We propose a general framework called Network Dissection for quantifying the interpretability of latent representations of CNNs by evaluating the alignment between individual hidden units and a set of semantic concepts. Given any CNN model, the proposed method draws on a broad data set of visual concepts to score the semantics of hidden units at each intermediate convolutional layer. The units with semantics are given labels across a range of objects, parts, scenes, textures, materials, and colors. We use the proposed method to test the hypothesis that interpretability of units is equivalent to random linear combinations of units, then we apply our method to compare the latent representations of various networks when trained to solve different supervised and self-supervised training tasks. We further analyze the effect of training iterations, compare networks trained with different initializations, examine the impact of network depth and width, and measure the effect of dropout and batch normalization on the interpretability of deep visual representations. We demonstrate that the proposed method can shed light on characteristics of CNN models and training methods that go beyond measurements of their discriminative power.

In this paper, we propose a novel technique, namely INVALIDATOR, to automatically assess the correctness of APR-generated patches via semantic and syntactic reasoning. INVALIDATOR reasons about program semantic via program invariants while it also captures program syntax via language semantic learned from large code corpus using the pre-trained language model. Given a buggy program and the developer-patched program, INVALIDATOR infers likely invariants on both programs. Then, INVALIDATOR determines that a APR-generated patch overfits if: (1) it violates correct specifications or (2) maintains errors behaviors of the original buggy program. In case our approach fails to determine an overfitting patch based on invariants, INVALIDATOR utilizes a trained model from labeled patches to assess patch correctness based on program syntax. The benefit of INVALIDATOR is three-fold. First, INVALIDATOR is able to leverage both semantic and syntactic reasoning to enhance its discriminant capability. Second, INVALIDATOR does not require new test cases to be generated but instead only relies on the current test suite and uses invariant inference to generalize the behaviors of a program. Third, INVALIDATOR is fully automated. We have conducted our experiments on a dataset of 885 patches generated on real-world programs in Defects4J. Experiment results show that INVALIDATOR correctly classified 79% overfitting patches, accounting for 23% more overfitting patches being detected by the best baseline. INVALIDATOR also substantially outperforms the best baselines by 14% and 19% in terms of Accuracy and F-Measure, respectively.

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

Variational autoencoders model high-dimensional data by positing low-dimensional latent variables that are mapped through a flexible distribution parametrized by a neural network. Unfortunately, variational autoencoders often suffer from posterior collapse: the posterior of the latent variables is equal to its prior, rendering the variational autoencoder useless as a means to produce meaningful representations. Existing approaches to posterior collapse often attribute it to the use of neural networks or optimization issues due to variational approximation. In this paper, we consider posterior collapse as a problem of latent variable non-identifiability. We prove that the posterior collapses if and only if the latent variables are non-identifiable in the generative model. This fact implies that posterior collapse is not a phenomenon specific to the use of flexible distributions or approximate inference. Rather, it can occur in classical probabilistic models even with exact inference, which we also demonstrate. Based on these results, we propose a class of latent-identifiable variational autoencoders, deep generative models which enforce identifiability without sacrificing flexibility. This model class resolves the problem of latent variable non-identifiability by leveraging bijective Brenier maps and parameterizing them with input convex neural networks, without special variational inference objectives or optimization tricks. Across synthetic and real datasets, latent-identifiable variational autoencoders outperform existing methods in mitigating posterior collapse and providing meaningful representations of the data.

Cashews are grown by over 3 million smallholders in more than 40 countries worldwide as a principal source of income. As the third largest cashew producer in Africa, Benin has nearly 200,000 smallholder cashew growers contributing 15% of the country's national export earnings. However, a lack of information on where and how cashew trees grow across the country hinders decision-making that could support increased cashew production and poverty alleviation. By leveraging 2.4-m Planet Basemaps and 0.5-m aerial imagery, newly developed deep learning algorithms, and large-scale ground truth datasets, we successfully produced the first national map of cashew in Benin and characterized the expansion of cashew plantations between 2015 and 2021. In particular, we developed a SpatioTemporal Classification with Attention (STCA) model to map the distribution of cashew plantations, which can fully capture texture information from discriminative time steps during a growing season. We further developed a Clustering Augmented Self-supervised Temporal Classification (CASTC) model to distinguish high-density versus low-density cashew plantations by automatic feature extraction and optimized clustering. Results show that the STCA model has an overall accuracy of 80% and the CASTC model achieved an overall accuracy of 77.9%. We found that the cashew area in Benin has doubled from 2015 to 2021 with 60% of new plantation development coming from cropland or fallow land, while encroachment of cashew plantations into protected areas has increased by 70%. Only half of cashew plantations were high-density in 2021, suggesting high potential for intensification. Our study illustrates the power of combining high-resolution remote sensing imagery and state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms to better understand tree crops in the heterogeneous smallholder landscape.

Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) provides information on the presence, extent, and severity of obstructive coronary artery disease. Large-scale clinical studies analyzing CCTA-derived metrics typically require ground-truth validation in the form of high-fidelity 3D intravascular imaging. However, manual rigid alignment of intravascular images to corresponding CCTA images is both time consuming and user-dependent. Moreover, intravascular modalities suffer from several non-rigid motion-induced distortions arising from distortions in the imaging catheter path. To address these issues, we here present a semi-automatic segmentation-based framework for both rigid and non-rigid matching of intravascular images to CCTA images. We formulate the problem in terms of finding the optimal \emph{virtual catheter path} that samples the CCTA data to recapitulate the coronary artery morphology found in the intravascular image. We validate our co-registration framework on a cohort of $n=40$ patients using bifurcation landmarks as ground truth for longitudinal and rotational registration. Our results indicate that our non-rigid registration significantly outperforms other co-registration approaches for luminal bifurcation alignment in both longitudinal (mean mismatch: 3.3 frames) and rotational directions (mean mismatch: 28.6 degrees). By providing a differentiable framework for automatic multi-modal intravascular data fusion, our developed co-registration modules significantly reduces the manual effort required to conduct large-scale multi-modal clinical studies while also providing a solid foundation for the development of machine learning-based co-registration approaches.