Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) refers to clinician-performed and interpreted ultrasonography at the patient's bedside. Interpreting these images requires a high level of expertise, which may not be available during emergencies. In this paper, we support POCUS by developing classifiers that can aid medical professionals by diagnosing whether or not a patient has pneumothorax. We decomposed the task into multiple steps, using YOLOv4 to extract relevant regions of the video and a 3D sparse coding model to represent video features. Given the difficulty in acquiring positive training videos, we trained a small-data classifier with a maximum of 15 positive and 32 negative examples. To counteract this limitation, we leveraged subject matter expert (SME) knowledge to limit the hypothesis space, thus reducing the cost of data collection. We present results using two lung ultrasound datasets and demonstrate that our model is capable of achieving performance on par with SMEs in pneumothorax identification. We then developed an iOS application that runs our full system in less than 4 seconds on an iPad Pro, and less than 8 seconds on an iPhone 13 Pro, labeling key regions in the lung sonogram to provide interpretable diagnoses.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Knowledge graphs, modeling multi-relational data, improve numerous applications such as question answering or graph logical reasoning. Many graph neural networks for such data emerged recently, often outperforming shallow architectures. However, the design of such multi-relational graph neural networks is ad-hoc, driven mainly by intuition and empirical insights. Up to now, their expressivity, their relation to each other, and their (practical) learning performance is poorly understood. Here, we initiate the study of deriving a more principled understanding of multi-relational graph neural networks. Namely, we investigate the limitations in the expressive power of the well-known Relational GCN and Compositional GCN architectures and shed some light on their practical learning performance. By aligning both architectures with a suitable version of the Weisfeiler-Leman test, we establish under which conditions both models have the same expressive power in distinguishing non-isomorphic (multi-relational) graphs or vertices with different structural roles. Further, by leveraging recent progress in designing expressive graph neural networks, we introduce the $k$-RN architecture that provably overcomes the expressiveness limitations of the above two architectures. Empirically, we confirm our theoretical findings in a vertex classification setting over small and large multi-relational graphs.
translated by 谷歌翻译
最近出现了许多子图增强图神经网络(GNN),可证明增强了标准(消息通话)GNN的表达能力。但是,对这些方法之间的相互关系和weisfeiler层次结构的关系有限。此外,当前的方法要么使用给定尺寸的所有子图,要随机均匀地对其进行采样,或者使用手工制作的启发式方法,而不是学习以数据驱动的方式选择子图。在这里,我们提供了一种统一的方法来研究此类体系结构,通过引入理论框架并扩展了亚图增强GNN的已知表达结果。具体而言,我们表明,增加子图的大小总是会增加表达能力,并通过将它们与已建立的$ k \ text { - } \ Mathsf {Wl} $ hierArchy联系起来,从而更好地理解其局限性。此外,我们还使用最近通过复杂的离散概率分布进行反向传播的方法探索了学习对子图进行采样的不同方法。从经验上讲,我们研究了不同子图增强的GNN的预测性能,表明我们的数据驱动体系结构与非DATA驱动的亚图增强图形神经网络相比,在标准基准数据集上提高了对标准基准数据集的预测准确性,同时减少了计算时间。
translated by 谷歌翻译
尽管(消息通话)图形神经网络在图形或一般关系数据上近似置换量等函数方面具有明显的局限性,但更具表现力的高阶图神经网络不会扩展到大图。他们要么在$ k $ - 订单张量子上操作,要么考虑所有$ k $ - 节点子图,这意味着在内存需求中对$ k $的指数依赖,并且不适合图形的稀疏性。通过为图同构问题引入新的启发式方法,我们设计了一类通用的,置换式的图形网络,与以前的体系结构不同,该网络在表达性和可伸缩性之间提供了细粒度的控制,并适应了图的稀疏性。这些体系结构与监督节点和图形级别的标准高阶网络以及回归体系中的标准高阶图网络相比大大减少了计算时间,同时在预测性能方面显着改善了标准图神经网络和图形内核体系结构。
translated by 谷歌翻译
近年来,基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构,是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题,它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里,我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用,专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景,展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习,讨论最近的扩展,并概述算法的连接(置换 - )方面的神经结构。此外,我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向,以刺激进一步的研究。
translated by 谷歌翻译
图形神经网络(GNNS)具有有限的表现力量,无法正确代表许多图形类。虽然更具表现力的图表表示学习(GRL)替代方案可以区分其中一些类,但它们明显难以实现,可能不会很好地扩展,并且尚未显示在现实世界任务中优于经过良好调整的GNN。因此,设计简单,可扩展和表现力的GRL架构,也实现了现实世界的改进仍然是一个开放的挑战。在这项工作中,我们展示了图形重建的程度 - 从其子图重建图形 - 可以减轻GRL架构目前面临的理论和实际问题。首先,我们利用图形重建来构建两个新的表达图表表示。其次,我们展示了图形重建如何提升任何GNN架构的表现力,同时是一个(可证明的)强大的归纳偏见,用于侵略性的侵略性。凭经验,我们展示了重建如何提高GNN的表现力 - 同时保持其与顶点的排列的不变性 - 通过解决原始GNN的七个图形属性任务而无法解决。此外,我们展示了如何在九世界基准数据集中提升最先进的GNN性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
近年来,基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构,是图形同构的着名启发式问题,它被成为具有图形和关系数据的(监督)机器学习的强大工具。在这里,我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法使用。我们讨论了理论背景,展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点分类,讨论最近的扩展,以及其与神经结构的连接。此外,我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向,以刺激研究。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在地质不确定性下,快速同化监测数据以更新压力累积和压力累积和二氧化碳(CO2)羽流迁移的预测是地质碳储存中的一个具有挑战性的问题。具有高维参数空间的数据同化的高计算成本阻碍了商业规模库管理的快速决策。我们建议利用具有深度学习技术的多孔介质流动行为的物理理解,以开发快速历史匹配 - 水库响应预测工作流程。应用集合更顺畅的多数据同化框架,工作流程更新地质特性,并通过通过地震反转解释的压力历史和二氧化碳羽毛的量化不确定性来预测水库性能。由于这种工作流程中最具计算昂贵的组件是储层模拟,我们开发了代理模型,以在多孔注射下预测动态压力和CO2羽流量。代理模型采用深度卷积神经网络,具体地,宽的剩余网络和残留的U-Net。该工作流程针对代表碎屑货架沉积环境的扁平三维储层模型验证。智能处理应用于真正的3D储层模型中数量与单层储层模型之间的桥梁。工作流程可以在主流个人工作站上不到一小时内完成历史匹配和储库预测,在不到一小时内。
translated by 谷歌翻译
组合优化是运营研究和计算机科学领域的一个公认领域。直到最近,它的方法一直集中在孤立地解决问题实例,而忽略了它们通常源于实践中的相关数据分布。但是,近年来,人们对使用机器学习,尤其是图形神经网络(GNN)的兴趣激增,作为组合任务的关键构件,直接作为求解器或通过增强确切的求解器。GNN的电感偏差有效地编码了组合和关系输入,因为它们对排列和对输入稀疏性的意识的不变性。本文介绍了对这个新兴领域的最新主要进步的概念回顾,旨在优化和机器学习研究人员。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Recently, there has been an increasing interest in (supervised) learning with graph data, especially using graph neural networks. However, the development of meaningful benchmark datasets and standardized evaluation procedures is lagging, consequently hindering advancements in this area. To address this, we introduce the TUDATASET for graph classification and regression. The collection consists of over 120 datasets of varying sizes from a wide range of applications. We provide Python-based data loaders, kernel and graph neural network baseline implementations, and evaluation tools. Here, we give an overview of the datasets, standardized evaluation procedures, and provide baseline experiments. All datasets are available at www.graphlearning.io. The experiments are fully reproducible from the code available at www.github.com/chrsmrrs/tudataset.
translated by 谷歌翻译