在啮齿动物的海马复合物中发现位置细胞和其他空间调节神经元的发现对于阐明空间认知的神经基础至关重要。最近，在可能的综合行为中观察到了编码以前经历过的轨迹的神经序列的重播，这可能对快速记忆巩固和行为计划产生影响。基于这些发现和以前的发现，已经提出了一些用于机器人导航和强化学习的有前途的模型。但是，大多数模型都使用精心设计的神经网络，并在简单的环境中进行了测试。在本文中，我们开发了一个自组织模型，结合了位置细胞并重播，并在具有障碍的非平凡环境中证明了其对快速单次学习的实用性。

在过去的几十年中，现代工业过程研究了几种具有成本效益的方法，以提高半导体制造的生产率和产量。虽然在促进实时监控和控制方面发挥重要作用，但行业中的数据驱动的软传感器在增强了晶圆故障诊断的深度学习方法时提供了竞争优势。尽管各个领域的深度学习方法取得了成功，但它们倾向于在多变化的软感测数据域上遭受不良性能。为了缓解这一点，我们提出了一种用于晶圆故障诊断分类任务的软感应集合器（卷积式变压器），主要由多头卷积模块组成，可获得快速和轻量级操作的卷曲的益处，以及能力通过多头设计相同的变压器来学习强大的表示。另一个关键问题是传统的学习范式倾向于在嘈杂和高度不平衡的软感测数据上遭受低性能。为了解决这个问题，我们使用基于课程的课程的损失函数增强了我们的软感测符合子模型，这有效地在培训的早期阶段和困难的阶段中学习易于样本。为了进一步展示我们拟议的架构的效用，我们对希捷技术的晶圆制造过程的各种工具进行了广泛的实验，这些工具与这项工作一起分享。据我们所知，这是第一次提出了课程，为软感测数据提出了基于课程的软感测符合子架构，我们的结果表明未来在软传感研究领域的使用中有很强的承诺。

深度加强学习（RL）使得可以使用神经网络作为功能近似器来解决复杂的机器人问题。然而，在从一个环境转移到另一个环境时，在普通环境中培训的政策在泛化方面受到影响。在这项工作中，我们使用强大的马尔可夫决策过程（RMDP）来训练无人机控制策略，这将思想与强大的控制和RL相结合。它选择了悲观优化，以处理从一个环境到另一个环境的策略转移之间的潜在间隙。训练有素的控制策略是关于四转位位置控制的任务。 RL代理商在Mujoco模拟器中培训。在测试期间，使用不同的环境参数（培训期间看不见）来验证训练策略的稳健性，以从一个环境转移到另一个环境。强大的政策在这些环境中表现出标准代理，表明增加的鲁棒性增加了一般性，并且可以适应非静止环境。代码：https://github.com/adipandas/gym_multirotor

This paper proposes a novel self-supervised based Cut-and-Paste GAN to perform foreground object segmentation and generate realistic composite images without manual annotations. We accomplish this goal by a simple yet effective self-supervised approach coupled with the U-Net based discriminator. The proposed method extends the ability of the standard discriminators to learn not only the global data representations via classification (real/fake) but also learn semantic and structural information through pseudo labels created using the self-supervised task. The proposed method empowers the generator to create meaningful masks by forcing it to learn informative per-pixel as well as global image feedback from the discriminator. Our experiments demonstrate that our proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on the standard benchmark datasets.

Investigation and analysis of patient outcomes, including in-hospital mortality and length of stay, are crucial for assisting clinicians in determining a patient's result at the outset of their hospitalization and for assisting hospitals in allocating their resources. This paper proposes an approach based on combining the well-known gray wolf algorithm with frequent items extracted by association rule mining algorithms. First, original features are combined with the discriminative extracted frequent items. The best subset of these features is then chosen, and the parameters of the used classification algorithms are also adjusted, using the gray wolf algorithm. This framework was evaluated using a real dataset made up of 2816 patients from the Imam Ali Kermanshah Hospital in Iran. The study's findings indicate that low Ejection Fraction, old age, high CPK values, and high Creatinine levels are the main contributors to patients' mortality. Several significant and interesting rules related to mortality in hospitals and length of stay have also been extracted and presented. Additionally, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and auroc of the proposed framework for the diagnosis of mortality in the hospital using the SVM classifier were 0.9961, 0.9477, 0.9992, and 0.9734, respectively. According to the framework's findings, adding frequent items as features considerably improves classification accuracy.

Objective. Chemical named entity recognition (NER) models have the potential to impact a wide range of downstream tasks, from identifying adverse drug reactions to general pharmacoepidemiology. However, it is unknown whether these models work the same for everyone. Performance disparities can potentially cause harm rather than the intended good. Hence, in this paper, we measure gender-related performance disparities of chemical NER systems. Materials and Methods. We develop a framework to measure gender bias in chemical NER models using synthetic data and a newly annotated dataset of over 92,405 words with self-identified gender information from Reddit. We applied and evaluated state-of-the-art biomedical NER models. Results. Our findings indicate that chemical NER models are biased. The results of the bias tests on the synthetic dataset and the real-world data multiple fairness issues. For example, for synthetic data, we find that female-related names are generally classified as chemicals, particularly in datasets containing many brand names rather than standard ones. For both datasets, we find consistent fairness issues resulting in substantial performance disparities between female- and male-related data. Discussion. Our study highlights the issue of biases in chemical NER models. For example, we find that many systems cannot detect contraceptives (e.g., birth control). Conclusion. Chemical NER models are biased and can be harmful to female-related groups. Therefore, practitioners should carefully consider the potential biases of these models and take steps to mitigate them.

A central challenge of building more powerful Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) is the oversmoothing phenomenon, where increasing the network depth leads to homogeneous node representations and thus worse classification performance. While previous works have only demonstrated that oversmoothing is inevitable when the number of graph convolutions tends to infinity, in this paper, we precisely characterize the mechanism behind the phenomenon via a non-asymptotic analysis. Specifically, we distinguish between two different effects when applying graph convolutions -- an undesirable mixing effect that homogenizes node representations in different classes, and a desirable denoising effect that homogenizes node representations in the same class. By quantifying these two effects on random graphs sampled from the Contextual Stochastic Block Model (CSBM), we show that oversmoothing happens once the mixing effect starts to dominate the denoising effect, and the number of layers required for this transition is $O(\log N/\log (\log N))$ for sufficiently dense graphs with $N$ nodes. We also extend our analysis to study the effects of Personalized PageRank (PPR) on oversmoothing. Our results suggest that while PPR mitigates oversmoothing at deeper layers, PPR-based architectures still achieve their best performance at a shallow depth and are outperformed by the graph convolution approach on certain graphs. Finally, we support our theoretical results with numerical experiments, which further suggest that the oversmoothing phenomenon observed in practice may be exacerbated by the difficulty of optimizing deep GNN models.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Massive data corpora like WebText, Wikipedia, Conceptual Captions, WebImageText, and LAION have propelled recent dramatic progress in AI. Large neural models trained on such datasets produce impressive results and top many of today's benchmarks. A notable omission within this family of large-scale datasets is 3D data. Despite considerable interest and potential applications in 3D vision, datasets of high-fidelity 3D models continue to be mid-sized with limited diversity of object categories. Addressing this gap, we present Objaverse 1.0, a large dataset of objects with 800K+ (and growing) 3D models with descriptive captions, tags, and animations. Objaverse improves upon present day 3D repositories in terms of scale, number of categories, and in the visual diversity of instances within a category. We demonstrate the large potential of Objaverse via four diverse applications: training generative 3D models, improving tail category segmentation on the LVIS benchmark, training open-vocabulary object-navigation models for Embodied AI, and creating a new benchmark for robustness analysis of vision models. Objaverse can open new directions for research and enable new applications across the field of AI.

Network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) play an important role in computer network security. There are several detection mechanisms where anomaly-based automated detection outperforms others significantly. Amid the sophistication and growing number of attacks, dealing with large amounts of data is a recognized issue in the development of anomaly-based NIDS. However, do current models meet the needs of today's networks in terms of required accuracy and dependability? In this research, we propose a new hybrid model that combines machine learning and deep learning to increase detection rates while securing dependability. Our proposed method ensures efficient pre-processing by combining SMOTE for data balancing and XGBoost for feature selection. We compared our developed method to various machine learning and deep learning algorithms to find a more efficient algorithm to implement in the pipeline. Furthermore, we chose the most effective model for network intrusion based on a set of benchmarked performance analysis criteria. Our method produces excellent results when tested on two datasets, KDDCUP'99 and CIC-MalMem-2022, with an accuracy of 99.99% and 100% for KDDCUP'99 and CIC-MalMem-2022, respectively, and no overfitting or Type-1 and Type-2 issues.