Random graph models with community structure have been studied extensively in the literature. For both the problems of detecting and recovering community structure, an interesting landscape of statistical and computational phase transitions has emerged. A natural unanswered question is: might it be possible to infer properties of the community structure (for instance, the number and sizes of communities) even in situations where actually finding those communities is believed to be computationally hard? We show the answer is no. In particular, we consider certain hypothesis testing problems between models with different community structures, and we show (in the low-degree polynomial framework) that testing between two options is as hard as finding the communities. In addition, our methods give the first computational lower bounds for testing between two different `planted' distributions, whereas previous results have considered testing between a planted distribution and an i.i.d. `null' distribution.

Suppose we are given an $n$-dimensional order-3 symmetric tensor $T \in (\mathbb{R}^n)^{\otimes 3}$ that is the sum of $r$ random rank-1 terms. The problem of recovering the rank-1 components is possible in principle when $r \lesssim n^2$ but polynomial-time algorithms are only known in the regime $r \ll n^{3/2}$. Similar "statistical-computational gaps" occur in many high-dimensional inference tasks, and in recent years there has been a flurry of work on explaining the apparent computational hardness in these problems by proving lower bounds against restricted (yet powerful) models of computation such as statistical queries (SQ), sum-of-squares (SoS), and low-degree polynomials (LDP). However, no such prior work exists for tensor decomposition, largely because its hardness does not appear to be explained by a "planted versus null" testing problem. We consider a model for random order-3 tensor decomposition where one component is slightly larger in norm than the rest (to break symmetry), and the components are drawn uniformly from the hypercube. We resolve the computational complexity in the LDP model: $O(\log n)$-degree polynomial functions of the tensor entries can accurately estimate the largest component when $r \ll n^{3/2}$ but fail to do so when $r \gg n^{3/2}$. This provides rigorous evidence suggesting that the best known algorithms for tensor decomposition cannot be improved, at least by known approaches. A natural extension of the result holds for tensors of any fixed order $k \ge 3$, in which case the LDP threshold is $r \sim n^{k/2}$.

给定尺寸$ d $中的独立标准高斯点$ v_1，\ ldots，v_n $，对于$（n，d）$的值（n，d）$的值很高，概率很高，同时通过所有要点？将椭圆形拟合到随机点的基本问题与低级别矩阵分解，独立的组件分析和主成分分析有连接。基于有力的数值证据，桑德森，帕里洛和威尔斯基[Proc。关于决策和控制会议，第6031-6036页，2013年]猜想，椭圆形拟合问题的问题从可行的到不可行的$ n $增加，并在$ n \ sim d^2/4处急剧阈值$。我们通过为某些$ n = \ omega（\，d^2/\ log^5（d）\，）$构建合适的椭圆形来解决这个猜想，从而改善了Ghosh等人的先前工作。 [Proc。关于计算机科学基础的研讨会，第954-965、2020页]，需要$ n = o（d^{3/2}）$。我们的证明证明了Saunderson等人的最小二乘结构的可行性。使用对特定非标准随机矩阵的特征向量和特征值进行仔细的分析。

我们研究了小组测试问题，其目标是根据合并测试的结果，确定一组k感染的人，这些k含有稀有疾病，这些人在经过测试中至少有一个受感染的个体时返回阳性的结果。团体。我们考虑将个人分配给测试的两个不同的简单随机过程：恒定柱设计和伯努利设计。我们的第一组结果涉及基本统计限制。对于恒定柱设计，我们给出了一个新的信息理论下限，这意味着正确识别的感染者的比例在测试数量越过特定阈值时会经历急剧的“全或全或无所不包”的相变。对于Bernoulli设计，我们确定解决相关检测问题所需的确切测试数量（目的是区分小组测试实例和纯噪声），改善Truong，Aldridge和Scarlett的上限和下限（2020）。对于两个小组测试模型，我们还研究了计算有效（多项式时间）推理程序的能力。我们确定了解决检测问题的低度多项式算法所需的精确测试数量。这为在少量稀疏度的检测和恢复问题中都存在固有的计算统计差距提供了证据。值得注意的是，我们的证据与Iliopoulos和Zadik（2021）相反，后者预测了Bernoulli设计中没有计算统计差距。

聚类是无监督学习中的基本原始，它引发了丰富的计算挑战性推理任务。在这项工作中，我们专注于将$ D $ -dimential高斯混合的规范任务与未知（和可能的退化）协方差集成。最近的作品（Ghosh等人。恢复在高斯聚类实例中种植的某些隐藏结构。在许多类似的推理任务上的工作开始，这些较低界限强烈建议存在群集的固有统计到计算间隙，即群集任务是\ yringit {statistically}可能但没有\ texit {多项式 - 时间}算法成功。我们考虑的聚类任务的一个特殊情况相当于在否则随机子空间中找到种植的超立体载体的问题。我们表明，也许令人惊讶的是，这种特定的聚类模型\ extent {没有展示}统计到计算间隙，即使在这种情况下继续应用上述的低度和SOS下限。为此，我们提供了一种基于Lenstra - Lenstra - Lovasz晶格基础减少方法的多项式算法，该方法实现了$ D + 1 $样本的统计上最佳的样本复杂性。该结果扩展了猜想统计到计算间隙的问题的类问题可以通过“脆弱”多项式算法“关闭”，突出显示噪声在统计到计算间隙的发作中的关键而微妙作用。

高维统计数据的一个基本目标是检测或恢复嘈杂数据中隐藏的种植结构（例如低级别矩阵）。越来越多的工作研究低级多项式作为此类问题的计算模型的限制模型：在各种情况下，数据的低级多项式可以与最知名的多项式时间算法的统计性能相匹配。先前的工作已经研究了低度多项式的力量，以检测隐藏结构的存在。在这项工作中，我们将这些方法扩展到解决估计和恢复问题（而不是检测）。对于大量的“信号加噪声”问题，我们给出了一个用户友好的下限，以获得最佳的均衡误差。据我们所知，这些是建立相关检测问题的恢复问题低度硬度的第一个结果。作为应用，我们对种植的子静脉和种植的密集子图问题的低度最小平方误差进行了严格的特征，在两种情况下都解决了有关恢复的计算复杂性的开放问题（在低度框架中）。

我们研究了恢复单位 - 总稀疏主组件$ x \ in \ mathbb {r}^n $在随机矩阵中种植的计算成本，以wigner或wishart尖峰模型（观察$ w + \ lambda xx xx^xx^ \ top $带有从高斯正交集合中绘制的$ w $，或分别来自$ \ Mathcal {n}（0，i_n + \ beta xx^\ top）$的$ n $独立样本，分别为$）。先前的工作表明，当信噪比（分别$ \ lambda $或$ \ beta \ sqrt {n/n} $）是一个小常数，而种植向量中的非零入口的分数为$ \ \ \ | x \ | _0 / n = \ rho $，如果$ \ rho \ sillsim 1 / \ sqrt {n} $，可以在多项式时间内恢复$ x $。虽然可以在较弱的条件下以$ \ rho \ ll 1 $恢复指数时间的$ x $，但据信，除非$ \ rho \ rho \ simsim 1/\ sqrt {n} $，否则不可能多项式时间恢复。我们研究了“可能但难”制度中恢复所需的精确时间，$ 1/\ sqrt {n} \ ll \ ll \ rho \ ll 1 $通过探索次指定时间算法的功能，即，在时间$中运行的算法$ \ exp（n^\ delta）$对于某些常数$ \ delta \ in（0,1）$。对于任何$ 1/\ sqrt {n} \ ll \ rho \ ll 1 $，我们给出了一个恢复算法的运行时大约$ \ exp（\ rho^2 n）$，表明了稀疏和runtime之间的平稳折衷。我们的算法家族在两种现有算法之间平稳地插入：多项式时间对角线阈值算法和$ \ exp（\ rho n）$ - 时间详尽的搜索算法。此外，通过分析低度的似然比，我们提供了严格的证据，表明我们算法实现的权衡是最佳的。

Intelligently extracting and linking complex scientific information from unstructured text is a challenging endeavor particularly for those inexperienced with natural language processing. Here, we present a simple sequence-to-sequence approach to joint named entity recognition and relation extraction for complex hierarchical information in scientific text. The approach leverages a pre-trained large language model (LLM), GPT-3, that is fine-tuned on approximately 500 pairs of prompts (inputs) and completions (outputs). Information is extracted either from single sentences or across sentences in abstracts/passages, and the output can be returned as simple English sentences or a more structured format, such as a list of JSON objects. We demonstrate that LLMs trained in this way are capable of accurately extracting useful records of complex scientific knowledge for three representative tasks in materials chemistry: linking dopants with their host materials, cataloging metal-organic frameworks, and general chemistry/phase/morphology/application information extraction. This approach represents a simple, accessible, and highly-flexible route to obtaining large databases of structured knowledge extracted from unstructured text. An online demo is available at http://www.matscholar.com/info-extraction.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

我们提供了证据表明，学到的密度功能理论（``dft'）的力场已准备好进行基态催化剂发现。我们的关键发现是，尽管预测的力与地面真相有很大差异，但使用从超过50 \％的评估系统中使用RPBE功能的能量与使用RPBE功能相似或较低能量的力量的力量与使用RPBE功能相似或较低的力量放松。这具有令人惊讶的含义，即学习的潜力可能已经准备好在挑战性的催化系统中替换DFT，例如在Open Catalyst 2020数据集中发现的电位。此外，我们表明，在局部谐波能量表面上具有与目标DFT能量相同的局部谐波能量表面训练的力场也能够在50 \％的情况下找到较低或相似的能量结构。与在真实能量和力量训练的标准模型相比，这种``简易电位''的收敛步骤更少，这进一步加速了计算。它的成功说明了一个关键：即使模型具有高力误差，学到的电位也可以定位能量最小值。结构优化的主要要求仅仅是学到的电位具有正确的最小值。由于学到的电位与系统大小的速度快速且尺寸为线性，因此我们的结果开辟了快速找到大型系统基础状态的可能性。