In this paper, we introduce a new large-scale face dataset named VGGFace2. The dataset contains 3.31 million images of 9131 subjects, with an average of 362.6 images for each subject. Images are downloaded from Google Image Search and have large variations in pose, age, illumination, ethnicity and profession (e.g. actors, athletes, politicians).The dataset was collected with three goals in mind: (i) to have both a large number of identities and also a large number of images for each identity; (ii) to cover a large range of pose, age and ethnicity; and (iii) to minimise the label noise. We describe how the dataset was collected, in particular the automated and manual filtering stages to ensure a high accuracy for the images of each identity.To assess face recognition performance using the new dataset, we train ResNet-50 (with and without Squeeze-and-Excitation blocks) Convolutional Neural Networks on VG-GFace2, on MS-Celeb-1M, and on their union, and show that training on VGGFace2 leads to improved recognition performance over pose and age. Finally, using the models trained on these datasets, we demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on the face recognition of IJB datasets, exceeding the previous state-of-the-art by a large margin. The dataset and models are publicly available 1 .

自动面部识别是一个知名的研究领域。在该领域的最后三十年的深入研究中，已经提出了许多不同的面部识别算法。随着深度学习的普及及其解决各种不同问题的能力，面部识别研究人员集中精力在此范式下创建更好的模型。从2015年开始，最先进的面部识别就植根于深度学习模型。尽管有大规模和多样化的数据集可用于评估面部识别算法的性能，但许多现代数据集仅结合了影响面部识别的不同因素，例如面部姿势，遮挡，照明，面部表情和图像质量。当算法在这些数据集上产生错误时，尚不清楚哪些因素导致了此错误，因此，没有指导需要多个方向进行更多的研究。这项工作是我们以前在2014年开发的作品的后续作品，最终于2016年发表，显示了各种面部方面对面部识别算法的影响。通过将当前的最新技术与过去的最佳系统进行比较，我们证明了在强烈的遮挡下，某些类型的照明和强烈表达的面孔是深入学习算法所掌握的问题，而具有低分辨率图像的识别，极端的姿势变化和开放式识别仍然是一个开放的问题。为了证明这一点，我们使用六个不同的数据集和五种不同的面部识别算法以开源和可重现的方式运行一系列实验。我们提供了运行所有实验的源代码，这很容易扩展，因此在我们的评估中利用自己的深网只有几分钟的路程。

Recent face recognition experiments on a major benchmark (LFW [14]) show stunning performance-a number of algorithms achieve near to perfect score, surpassing human recognition rates. In this paper, we advocate evaluations at the million scale (LFW includes only 13K photos of 5K people). To this end, we have assembled the MegaFace dataset and created the first MegaFace challenge. Our dataset includes One Million photos that capture more than 690K different individuals. The challenge evaluates performance of algorithms with increasing numbers of "distractors" (going from 10 to 1M) in the gallery set. We present both identification and verification performance, evaluate performance with respect to pose and a persons age, and compare as a function of training data size (#photos and #people). We report results of state of the art and baseline algorithms. The MegaFace dataset, baseline code, and evaluation scripts, are all publicly released for further experimentations 1 .

Recently, a popular line of research in face recognition is adopting margins in the well-established softmax loss function to maximize class separability. In this paper, we first introduce an Additive Angular Margin Loss (ArcFace), which not only has a clear geometric interpretation but also significantly enhances the discriminative power. Since ArcFace is susceptible to the massive label noise, we further propose sub-center ArcFace, in which each class contains K sub-centers and training samples only need to be close to any of the K positive sub-centers. Sub-center ArcFace encourages one dominant sub-class that contains the majority of clean faces and non-dominant sub-classes that include hard or noisy faces. Based on this self-propelled isolation, we boost the performance through automatically purifying raw web faces under massive real-world noise. Besides discriminative feature embedding, we also explore the inverse problem, mapping feature vectors to face images. Without training any additional generator or discriminator, the pre-trained ArcFace model can generate identity-preserved face images for both subjects inside and outside the training data only by using the network gradient and Batch Normalization (BN) priors. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ArcFace can enhance the discriminative feature embedding as well as strengthen the generative face synthesis.

随着面部生物识别技术的广泛采用，在自动面部识别（FR）应用中区分相同的双胞胎和非双胞胎外观相似的问题变得越来越重要。由于同卵双胞胎和外观相似的面部相似性很高，因此这些面对对面部识别工具表示最困难的病例。这项工作介绍了迄今为止汇编的最大的双胞胎数据集之一，以应对两个挑战：1）确定相同双胞胎和2）的面部相似性的基线度量和2）应用此相似性措施来确定多ppelgangers的影响或外观 - Alikes，关于大面部数据集的FR性能。面部相似性度量是通过深度卷积神经网络确定的。该网络经过量身定制的验证任务进行培训，旨在鼓励网络在嵌入空间中将高度相似的面对对组合在一起，并达到0.9799的测试AUC。所提出的网络为任何两个给定的面提供了定量相似性评分，并已应用于大规模面部数据集以识别相似的面对对。还执行了一个附加分析，该分析还将面部识别工具返回的比较分数以及提议网络返回的相似性分数。

在本文中，我们分析了面部图像中基本身份的基本3D形状如何扭曲其整体外观，尤其是从深面识别的角度来看。正如在流行的训练数据增强方案中所做的那样，我们以随机选择或最合适的3D面部模型的形式渲染真实和合成的面部图像，以产生基本身份的新视图。我们比较了这些图像产生的深度特征，以评估这些渲染引入原始身份的扰动。我们以各种程度的面部偏航进行了这种分析，基本身份的性别和种族各不相同。此外，我们调查在这些渲染图像中添加某种形式的上下文和背景像素，当用作训练数据时，进一步改善了面部识别模型的下游性能。我们的实验证明了面部形状在准确的面部匹配中的重要性，并基于上下文数据对网络训练的重要性。

Person recognition at a distance entails recognizing the identity of an individual appearing in images or videos collected by long-range imaging systems such as drones or surveillance cameras. Despite recent advances in deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), this remains challenging. Images or videos collected by long-range cameras often suffer from atmospheric turbulence, blur, low-resolution, unconstrained poses, and poor illumination. In this paper, we provide a brief survey of recent advances in person recognition at a distance. In particular, we review recent work in multi-spectral face verification, person re-identification, and gait-based analysis techniques. Furthermore, we discuss the merits and drawbacks of existing approaches and identify important, yet under explored challenges for deploying remote person recognition systems in-the-wild.

The objective of this paper is speaker recognition under noisy and unconstrained conditions.We make two key contributions. First, we introduce a very large-scale audio-visual speaker recognition dataset collected from open-source media. Using a fully automated pipeline, we curate VoxCeleb2 which contains over a million utterances from over 6,000 speakers. This is several times larger than any publicly available speaker recognition dataset.Second, we develop and compare Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models and training strategies that can effectively recognise identities from voice under various conditions. The models trained on the VoxCeleb2 dataset surpass the performance of previous works on a benchmark dataset by a significant margin.

The emergence of COVID-19 has had a global and profound impact, not only on society as a whole, but also on the lives of individuals. Various prevention measures were introduced around the world to limit the transmission of the disease, including face masks, mandates for social distancing and regular disinfection in public spaces, and the use of screening applications. These developments also triggered the need for novel and improved computer vision techniques capable of (i) providing support to the prevention measures through an automated analysis of visual data, on the one hand, and (ii) facilitating normal operation of existing vision-based services, such as biometric authentication schemes, on the other. Especially important here, are computer vision techniques that focus on the analysis of people and faces in visual data and have been affected the most by the partial occlusions introduced by the mandates for facial masks. Such computer vision based human analysis techniques include face and face-mask detection approaches, face recognition techniques, crowd counting solutions, age and expression estimation procedures, models for detecting face-hand interactions and many others, and have seen considerable attention over recent years. The goal of this survey is to provide an introduction to the problems induced by COVID-19 into such research and to present a comprehensive review of the work done in the computer vision based human analysis field. Particular attention is paid to the impact of facial masks on the performance of various methods and recent solutions to mitigate this problem. Additionally, a detailed review of existing datasets useful for the development and evaluation of methods for COVID-19 related applications is also provided. Finally, to help advance the field further, a discussion on the main open challenges and future research direction is given.

使用面部作为生物识别标识特征是通过捕获过程的非接触性质和识别算法的高准确度的激励。在目前的Covid-19大流行之后，在公共场所施加了面膜，以保持大流行。然而，由于戴着面具而面的遮挡是面部识别系统的新出现挑战。在本文中，我们提出了一种改进掩蔽面部识别性能的解决方案。具体地，我们提出了在现有面部识别模型的顶部操作的嵌入揭露模型（EUM）。我们还提出了一种新颖的损失功能，自限制的三态（SRT），使欧莱斯能够产生类似于相同身份的未掩蔽面的嵌入物。实现了三个面部识别模型，两个真实屏蔽数据集和两个合成产生的掩蔽面部数据集所取得的评价结果​​证明我们的提出方法在大多数实验环境中显着提高了性能。

近年来，由于深度学习体系结构的有希望的进步，面部识别系统取得了非凡的成功。但是，当将配置图像与额叶图像的画廊匹配时，它们仍然无法实现预期的准确性。当前方法要么执行姿势归一化（即额叶化）或脱离姿势信息以进行面部识别。相反，我们提出了一种新方法，通过注意机制将姿势用作辅助信息。在本文中，我们假设使用注意机制姿势参加的信息可以指导剖面面上的上下文和独特的特征提取，从而进一步使嵌入式域中的更好表示形式学习。为了实现这一目标，首先，我们设计了一个统一的耦合曲线到额定面部识别网络。它通过特定于类的对比损失来学习从面孔到紧凑的嵌入子空间的映射。其次，我们开发了一个新颖的姿势注意力块（PAB），以专门指导从剖面面上提取姿势 - 不合稳定的特征。更具体地说，PAB旨在显式地帮助网络沿着频道和空间维度沿着频道和空间维度的重要特征，同时学习嵌入式子空间中的歧视性但构成不变的特征。为了验证我们提出的方法的有效性，我们对包括多PIE，CFP，IJBC在内的受控和野生基准进行实验，并在艺术状态下表现出优势。

Facial recognition is fundamental for a wide variety of security systems operating in real-time applications. In video surveillance based face recognition, face images are typically captured over multiple frames in uncontrolled conditions; where head pose, illumination, shadowing, motion blur and focus change over the sequence. We can generalize that the three fundamental operations involved in the facial recognition tasks: face detection, face alignment and face recognition. This study presents comparative benchmark tables for the state-of-art face recognition methods by testing them with same backbone architecture in order to focus only on the face recognition solution instead of network architecture. For this purpose, we constructed a video surveillance dataset of face IDs that has high age variance, intra-class variance (face make-up, beard, etc.) with native surveillance facial imagery data for evaluation. On the other hand, this work discovers the best recognition methods for different conditions like non-masked faces, masked faces, and faces with glasses.

面部面罩已成为减少Covid-19传输的主要方法之一。这使得面部识别（FR）成为一个具有挑战性的任务，因为掩模隐藏了几个面孔的鉴别特征。此外，面部呈现攻击检测（PAD）至关重要，以确保FR系统的安全性。与越来越多的蒙面的FR研究相比，尚未探索面部遮蔽攻击对垫的影响。因此，我们提出了与戴上面具的主题和攻击的真正面罩的新型攻击，以反映当前的现实情况。此外，本研究通过在不同的实验设置下使用七种最新的垫算法来研究屏蔽攻击对垫性能的影响。我们还评估FR系统漏洞屏蔽攻击。实验表明，真正掩盖的攻击对FR系统的操作和安全构成了严重威胁。

已经广泛地研究了使用虹膜和围眼区域作为生物特征，主要是由于虹膜特征的奇异性以及当图像分辨率不足以提取虹膜信息时的奇异区域的使用。除了提供有关个人身份的信息外，还可以探索从这些特征提取的功能，以获得其他信息，例如个人的性别，药物使用的影响，隐形眼镜的使用，欺骗等。这项工作提出了对为眼部识别创建的数据库的调查，详细说明其协议以及如何获取其图像。我们还描述并讨论了最受欢迎的眼镜识别比赛（比赛），突出了所提交的算法，只使用Iris特征和融合虹膜和周边地区信息实现了最佳结果。最后，我们描述了一些相关工程，将深度学习技术应用于眼镜识别，并指出了新的挑战和未来方向。考虑到有大量的眼部数据库，并且每个人通常都设计用于特定问题，我们认为这项调查可以广泛概述眼部生物识别学中的挑战。

In recent years, visible-spectrum face verification systems have been shown to match the performance of experienced forensic examiners. However, such systems are ineffective in low-light and nighttime conditions. Thermal face imagery, which captures body heat emissions, effectively augments the visible spectrum, capturing discriminative facial features in scenes with limited illumination. Due to the increased cost and difficulty of obtaining diverse, paired thermal and visible spectrum datasets, not many algorithms and large-scale benchmarks for low-light recognition are available. This paper presents an algorithm that achieves state-of-the-art performance on both the ARL-VTF and TUFTS multi-spectral face datasets. Importantly, we study the impact of face alignment, pixel-level correspondence, and identity classification with label smoothing for multi-spectral face synthesis and verification. We show that our proposed method is widely applicable, robust, and highly effective. In addition, we show that the proposed method significantly outperforms face frontalization methods on profile-to-frontal verification. Finally, we present MILAB-VTF(B), a challenging multi-spectral face dataset that is composed of paired thermal and visible videos. To the best of our knowledge, with face data from 400 subjects, this dataset represents the most extensive collection of indoor and long-range outdoor thermal-visible face imagery. Lastly, we show that our end-to-end thermal-to-visible face verification system provides strong performance on the MILAB-VTF(B) dataset.

Most face databases have been created under controlled conditions to facilitate the study of specific parameters on the face recognition problem. These parameters include such variables as position, pose, lighting, background, camera quality, and gender. While there are many applications for face recognition technology in which one can control the parameters of image acquisition, there are also many applications in which the practitioner has little or no control over such parameters. This database, Labeled Faces in the Wild, is provided as an aid in studying the latter, unconstrained, recognition problem. The database contains labeled face photographs spanning the range of conditions typically encountered in everyday life. The database exhibits "natural" variability in factors such as pose, lighting, race, accessories, occlusions, and background. In addition to describing the details of the database, we provide specific experimental paradigms for which the database is suitable. This is done in an effort to make research performed with the database as consistent and comparable as possible. We provide baseline results, including results of a state of the art face recognition system combined with a face alignment system. To facilitate experimentation on the database, we provide several parallel databases, including an aligned version.

In modern face recognition, the conventional pipeline consists of four stages: detect ⇒ align ⇒ represent ⇒ classify. We revisit both the alignment step and the representation step by employing explicit 3D face modeling in order to apply a piecewise affine transformation, and derive a face representation from a nine-layer deep neural network. This deep network involves more than 120 million parameters using several locally connected layers without weight sharing, rather than the standard convolutional layers. Thus we trained it on the largest facial dataset to-date, an identity labeled dataset of four million facial images belonging to more than 4,000 identities. The learned representations coupling the accurate model-based alignment with the large facial database generalize remarkably well to faces in unconstrained environments, even with a simple classifier. Our method reaches an accuracy of 97.35% on the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) dataset, reducing the error of the current state of the art by more than 27%, closely approaching human-level performance.

As automated face recognition applications tend towards ubiquity, there is a growing need to secure the sensitive face data used within these systems. This paper presents a survey of biometric template protection (BTP) methods proposed for securing face templates (images/features) in neural-network-based face recognition systems. The BTP methods are categorised into two types: Non-NN and NN-learned. Non-NN methods use a neural network (NN) as a feature extractor, but the BTP part is based on a non-NN algorithm, whereas NN-learned methods employ a NN to learn a protected template from the unprotected template. We present examples of Non-NN and NN-learned face BTP methods from the literature, along with a discussion of their strengths and weaknesses. We also investigate the techniques used to evaluate these methods in terms of the three most common BTP criteria: recognition accuracy, irreversibility, and renewability/unlinkability. The recognition accuracy of protected face recognition systems is generally evaluated using the same (empirical) techniques employed for evaluating standard (unprotected) biometric systems. However, most irreversibility and renewability/unlinkability evaluations are found to be based on theoretical assumptions/estimates or verbal implications, with a lack of empirical validation in a practical face recognition context. So, we recommend a greater focus on empirical evaluations to provide more concrete insights into the irreversibility and renewability/unlinkability of face BTP methods in practice. Additionally, an exploration of the reproducibility of the studied BTP works, in terms of the public availability of their implementation code and evaluation datasets/procedures, suggests that it would be difficult to faithfully replicate most of the reported findings. So, we advocate for a push towards reproducibility, in the hope of advancing face BTP research.

The PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC) challenge is a benchmark in visual object category recognition and detection, providing the vision and machine learning communities with a standard dataset of images and annotation, and standard evaluation procedures. Organised annually from 2005 to present, the challenge and its associated dataset has become accepted as the benchmark for object detection.This paper describes the dataset and evaluation procedure. We review the state-of-the-art in evaluated methods for both classification and detection, analyse whether the methods are statistically different, what they are learning from the images (e.g. the object or its context), and what the methods find easy or confuse. The paper concludes with lessons learnt in the three year history of the challenge, and proposes directions for future improvement and extension.

面部图像的质量显着影响底层识别算法的性能。面部图像质量评估（FIQA）估计捕获的图像的效用在实现可靠和准确的识别性能方面。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的学习范式，可以在培训过程中学习内部网络观察。基于此，我们所提出的CR-FiQA使用该范例来通过预测其相对分类性来估计样品的面部图像质量。基于关于其类中心和最近的负类中心的角度空间中的训练样本特征表示来测量该分类性。我们通过实验说明了面部图像质量与样本相对分类性之间的相关性。由于此类属性仅为培训数据集可观察到，因此我们建议从培训数据集中学习此属性，并利用它来预测看不见样品的质量措施。该培训同时执行，同时通过用于面部识别模型训练的角度裕度罚款的软墨损失来优化类中心。通过对八个基准和四个面部识别模型的广泛评估实验，我们展示了我们提出的CR-FiQA在最先进（SOTA）FIQ算法上的优越性。