我们介绍了一种基于神经辐射场的生成3D模型的方法，仅从每个对象的单个视图训练。虽然产生现实图像不再是一项艰巨的任务，产生相应的3D结构，使得它们可以从不同视图呈现是非微不足道的。我们表明，与现有方法不同，一个不需要多视图数据来实现这一目标。具体而言，我们表明，通过将许多图像对齐，与在共享潜在空间上的单个网络调节的近似规范姿势对齐，您可以学习模型为一类对象的形状和外观的辐射字段的空间。我们通过培训模型来展示这一点，以使用仅包含每个拍摄对象的一个视图的数据集重建对象类别而没有深度或几何信息。我们的实验表明，我们实现最先进的导致单眼深度预测的综合合成和竞争结果。

我们提出了IM2NERF，这是一个学习框架，该框架可以预测在野生中给出单个输入图像的连续神经对象表示，仅通过现成的识别方法进行分割输出而受到监督。构建神经辐射场的标准方法利用了多视图的一致性，需要对场景的许多校准视图，这一要求在野外学习大规模图像数据时无法满足。我们通过引入一个模型将输入图像编码到包含对象形状的代码，对象外观代码以及捕获对象图像的估计相机姿势的模型来迈出解决此缺点的一步。我们的模型条件在预测的对象表示上nerf，并使用卷渲染来从新视图中生成图像。我们将模型端到端训练大量输入图像。由于该模型仅配有单视图像，因此问题高度不足。因此，除了在合成的输入视图上使用重建损失外，我们还对新颖的视图使用辅助对手损失。此外，我们利用对象对称性和循环摄像头的姿势一致性。我们在Shapenet数据集上进行了广泛的定量和定性实验，并在开放图像数据集上进行了定性实验。我们表明，在所有情况下，IM2NERF都从野外的单视图像中实现了新视图合成的最新性能。

我们提出了一种无监督的方法，用于对铰接对象的3D几何形式表示学习，其中不使用图像置态对或前景口罩进行训练。尽管可以通过现有的3D神经表示的明确姿势控制铰接物体的影像图像，但这些方法需要地面真相3D姿势和前景口罩进行训练，这是昂贵的。我们通过学习GAN培训来学习表示形式来消除这种需求。该发电机经过训练，可以通过对抗训练从随机姿势和潜在向量产生逼真的铰接物体图像。为了避免GAN培训的高计算成本，我们提出了基于三平面的铰接对象的有效神经表示形式，然后为其无监督培训提供了基于GAN的框架。实验证明了我们方法的效率，并表明基于GAN的培训可以在没有配对监督的情况下学习可控的3D表示。

我们向渲染和时间（4D）重建人类的渲染和时间（4D）重建的神经辐射场，通过稀疏的摄像机捕获或甚至来自单眼视频。我们的方法将思想与神经场景表示，新颖的综合合成和隐式统计几何人称的人类表示相结合，耦合使用新颖的损失功能。在先前使用符号距离功能表示的结构化隐式人体模型，而不是使用统一的占用率来学习具有统一占用的光域字段。这使我们能够从稀疏视图中稳健地融合信息，并概括超出在训练中观察到的姿势或视图。此外，我们应用几何限制以共同学习观察到的主题的结构 - 包括身体和衣服 - 并将辐射场正规化为几何合理的解决方案。在多个数据集上的广泛实验证明了我们方法的稳健性和准确性，其概括能力显着超出了一系列的姿势和视图，以及超出所观察到的形状的统计外推。

利用图像生成模型的最新进展，现有的可控面图像合成方法能够生成具有某些可控性的高保真图像，例如控制生成的面部图像的形状，表达，纹理和姿势。但是，这些方法集中在2D图像生成模型上，这些模型容易在大表达和姿势变化下产生不一致的面部图像。在本文中，我们提出了一个新的基于NERF的条件3D面部合成框架，该框架可以通过从3D脸先进的3D面部施加显式3D条件来对生成的面部图像进行3D可控性。其核心是有条件的生成占用场（CGOF），可有效地强制生成的面部形状，以使其对给定的3D形态模型（3DMM）网格进行。为了准确控制合成图像的细粒3D面部形状，我们还将3D地标损耗以及体积翘曲损失纳入我们的合成算法中。实验验证了所提出的方法的有效性，该方法能够生成高保真的面部图像，并显示出比基于2D的最新可控制的面部合成方法更精确的3D可控性。在https://keqiangsun.github.io/projects/cgof上查找代码和演示。

面部3D形态模型是无数应用程序的主要计算机视觉主题，并且在过去二十年中已得到高度优化。深层生成网络的巨大改进创造了改善此类模型的各种可能性，并引起了广泛的兴趣。此外，神经辐射领域的最新进展正在彻底改变已知场景的新颖视图综合。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个面部3D形态模型，该模型利用了上述两者，并且可以准确地对受试者的身份，姿势和表达进行建模，并以任意照明形式呈现。这是通过利用强大的基于风格的发电机来克服神经辐射场的两个主要弱点，即它们的刚度和渲染速度来实现的。我们介绍了一个基于样式的生成网络，该网络在一个通过中综合了全部，并且仅在神经辐射场的所需渲染样品中构成。我们创建了一个庞大的标记为面部渲染的合成数据集，并在这些数据上训练网络，以便它可以准确地建模并推广到面部身份，姿势和外观。最后，我们表明该模型可以准确地适合“野外”的任意姿势和照明的面部图像，提取面部特征，并用于在可控条件下重新呈现面部。

We present a learning-based method for synthesizing novel views of complex scenes using only unstructured collections of in-the-wild photographs. We build on Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF), which uses the weights of a multilayer perceptron to model the density and color of a scene as a function of 3D coordinates. While NeRF works well on images of static subjects captured under controlled settings, it is incapable of modeling many ubiquitous, real-world phenomena in uncontrolled images, such as variable illumination or transient occluders. We introduce a series of extensions to NeRF to address these issues, thereby enabling accurate reconstructions from unstructured image collections taken from the internet. We apply our system, dubbed NeRF-W, to internet photo collections of famous landmarks, and demonstrate temporally consistent novel view renderings that are significantly closer to photorealism than the prior state of the art.

We have witnessed rapid progress on 3D-aware image synthesis, leveraging recent advances in generative visual models and neural rendering. Existing approaches however fall short in two ways: first, they may lack an underlying 3D representation or rely on view-inconsistent rendering, hence synthesizing images that are not multi-view consistent; second, they often depend upon representation network architectures that are not expressive enough, and their results thus lack in image quality. We propose a novel generative model, named Periodic Implicit Generative Adversarial Networks (π-GAN or pi-GAN), for high-quality 3D-aware image synthesis. π-GAN leverages neural representations with periodic activation functions and volumetric rendering to represent scenes as view-consistent radiance fields. The proposed approach obtains state-of-the-art results for 3D-aware image synthesis with multiple real and synthetic datasets.

Figure 1. Given a monocular image sequence, NR-NeRF reconstructs a single canonical neural radiance field to represent geometry and appearance, and a per-time-step deformation field. We can render the scene into a novel spatio-temporal camera trajectory that significantly differs from the input trajectory. NR-NeRF also learns rigidity scores and correspondences without direct supervision on either. We can use the rigidity scores to remove the foreground, we can supersample along the time dimension, and we can exaggerate or dampen motion.

这项工作的目标是通过扫描平台捕获的数据进行3D重建和新颖的观看综合，该平台在城市室外环境中常设世界映射（例如，街景）。给定一系列由摄像机和扫描仪通过室外场景的摄像机和扫描仪进行的序列，我们产生可以从中提取3D表面的模型，并且可以合成新颖的RGB图像。我们的方法扩展了神经辐射字段，已经证明了用于在受控设置中的小型场景中的逼真新颖的图像，用于利用异步捕获的LIDAR数据，用于寻址捕获图像之间的曝光变化，以及利用预测的图像分段来监督密度。在光线指向天空。这三个扩展中的每一个都在街道视图数据上的实验中提供了显着的性能改进。我们的系统产生最先进的3D表面重建，并与传统方法（例如〜Colmap）和最近的神经表示（例如〜MIP-NERF）相比，合成更高质量的新颖视图。

We introduce ViewNeRF, a Neural Radiance Field-based viewpoint estimation method that learns to predict category-level viewpoints directly from images during training. While NeRF is usually trained with ground-truth camera poses, multiple extensions have been proposed to reduce the need for this expensive supervision. Nonetheless, most of these methods still struggle in complex settings with large camera movements, and are restricted to single scenes, i.e. they cannot be trained on a collection of scenes depicting the same object category. To address these issues, our method uses an analysis by synthesis approach, combining a conditional NeRF with a viewpoint predictor and a scene encoder in order to produce self-supervised reconstructions for whole object categories. Rather than focusing on high fidelity reconstruction, we target efficient and accurate viewpoint prediction in complex scenarios, e.g. 360{\deg} rotation on real data. Our model shows competitive results on synthetic and real datasets, both for single scenes and multi-instance collections.

综合照片 - 现实图像和视频是计算机图形的核心，并且是几十年的研究焦点。传统上，使用渲染算法（如光栅化或射线跟踪）生成场景的合成图像，其将几何形状和材料属性的表示为输入。统称，这些输入定义了实际场景和呈现的内容，并且被称为场景表示（其中场景由一个或多个对象组成）。示例场景表示是具有附带纹理的三角形网格（例如，由艺术家创建），点云（例如，来自深度传感器），体积网格（例如，来自CT扫描）或隐式曲面函数（例如，截短的符号距离）字段）。使用可分辨率渲染损耗的观察结果的这种场景表示的重建被称为逆图形或反向渲染。神经渲染密切相关，并将思想与经典计算机图形和机器学习中的思想相结合，以创建用于合成来自真实观察图像的图像的算法。神经渲染是朝向合成照片现实图像和视频内容的目标的跨越。近年来，我们通过数百个出版物显示了这一领域的巨大进展，这些出版物显示了将被动组件注入渲染管道的不同方式。这种最先进的神经渲染进步的报告侧重于将经典渲染原则与学习的3D场景表示结合的方法，通常现在被称为神经场景表示。这些方法的一个关键优势在于它们是通过设计的3D-一致，使诸如新颖的视点合成捕获场景的应用。除了处理静态场景的方法外，我们还涵盖了用于建模非刚性变形对象的神经场景表示...

Neural Radiance Field (NeRF), a new novel view synthesis with implicit scene representation has taken the field of Computer Vision by storm. As a novel view synthesis and 3D reconstruction method, NeRF models find applications in robotics, urban mapping, autonomous navigation, virtual reality/augmented reality, and more. Since the original paper by Mildenhall et al., more than 250 preprints were published, with more than 100 eventually being accepted in tier one Computer Vision Conferences. Given NeRF popularity and the current interest in this research area, we believe it necessary to compile a comprehensive survey of NeRF papers from the past two years, which we organized into both architecture, and application based taxonomies. We also provide an introduction to the theory of NeRF based novel view synthesis, and a benchmark comparison of the performance and speed of key NeRF models. By creating this survey, we hope to introduce new researchers to NeRF, provide a helpful reference for influential works in this field, as well as motivate future research directions with our discussion section.

我们介绍了我们称呼STYLESDF的高分辨率，3D一致的图像和形状生成技术。我们的方法仅在单视图RGB数据上培训，并站在StyleGan2的肩部，用于图像生成，同时解决3D感知GANS中的两个主要挑战：1）RGB图像的高分辨率，视图 - 一致生成RGB图像，以及2）详细的3D形状。通过使用基于样式的2D发生器合并基于SDF的3D表示来实现这一目标。我们的3D隐式网络呈现出低分辨率的特征映射，其中基于样式的网络生成了View-Consive，1024x1024图像。值得注意的是，基于SDF的3D建模定义了详细的3D曲面，导致一致的卷渲染。在视觉和几何质量方面，我们的方法显示出更高的质量结果。

What is a rose, visually? A rose comprises its intrinsics, including the distribution of geometry, texture, and material specific to its object category. With knowledge of these intrinsic properties, we may render roses of different sizes and shapes, in different poses, and under different lighting conditions. In this work, we build a generative model that learns to capture such object intrinsics from a single image, such as a photo of a bouquet. Such an image includes multiple instances of an object type. These instances all share the same intrinsics, but appear different due to a combination of variance within these intrinsics and differences in extrinsic factors, such as pose and illumination. Experiments show that our model successfully learns object intrinsics (distribution of geometry, texture, and material) for a wide range of objects, each from a single Internet image. Our method achieves superior results on multiple downstream tasks, including intrinsic image decomposition, shape and image generation, view synthesis, and relighting.

我们提出Volux-GaN，一种生成框架，以合成3D感知面孔的令人信服的回忆。我们的主要贡献是一种体积的HDRI可发感方法，可以沿着每个3D光线沿着任何所需的HDR环境图累计累积Albedo，漫射和镜面照明贡献。此外，我们展示了使用多个鉴别器监督图像分解过程的重要性。特别是，我们提出了一种数据增强技术，其利用单个图像肖像结合的最近的进步来强制实施一致的几何形状，反照镜，漫射和镜面组分。与其他生成框架的多个实验和比较展示了我们的模型是如何向光电型可致力于的3D生成模型前进的一步。

在本文中，我们为复杂场景进行了高效且强大的深度学习解决方案。在我们的方法中，3D场景表示为光场，即，一组光线，每组在到达图像平面时具有相应的颜色。对于高效的新颖视图渲染，我们采用了光场的双面参数化，其中每个光线的特征在于4D参数。然后，我们将光场配向作为4D函数，即将4D坐标映射到相应的颜色值。我们训练一个深度完全连接的网络以优化这种隐式功能并记住3D场景。然后，特定于场景的模型用于综合新颖视图。与以前需要密集的视野的方法不同，需要密集的视野采样来可靠地呈现新颖的视图，我们的方法可以通过采样光线来呈现新颖的视图并直接从网络查询每种光线的颜色，从而使高质量的灯场呈现稀疏集合训练图像。网络可以可选地预测每光深度，从而使诸如自动重新焦点的应用。我们的小说视图合成结果与最先进的综合结果相当，甚至在一些具有折射和反射的具有挑战性的场景中优越。我们在保持交互式帧速率和小的内存占地面积的同时实现这一点。

我们探索了基于神经光场表示的几种新颖观点合成的新策略。给定目标摄像头姿势，隐式神经网络将每个射线映射到其目标像素的颜色。该网络的条件是根据来自显式3D特征量的粗量渲染产生的本地射线特征。该卷是由使用3D Convnet的输入图像构建的。我们的方法在基于最先进的神经辐射场竞争方面，在合成和真实MVS数据上实现了竞争性能，同时提供了100倍的渲染速度。

While 2D generative adversarial networks have enabled high-resolution image synthesis, they largely lack an understanding of the 3D world and the image formation process. Thus, they do not provide precise control over camera viewpoint or object pose. To address this problem, several recent approaches leverage intermediate voxel-based representations in combination with differentiable rendering. However, existing methods either produce low image resolution or fall short in disentangling camera and scene properties, e.g., the object identity may vary with the viewpoint. In this paper, we propose a generative model for radiance fields which have recently proven successful for novel view synthesis of a single scene. In contrast to voxelbased representations, radiance fields are not confined to a coarse discretization of the 3D space, yet allow for disentangling camera and scene properties while degrading gracefully in the presence of reconstruction ambiguity. By introducing a multi-scale patch-based discriminator, we demonstrate synthesis of high-resolution images while training our model from unposed 2D images alone. We systematically analyze our approach on several challenging synthetic and real-world datasets. Our experiments reveal that radiance fields are a powerful representation for generative image synthesis, leading to 3D consistent models that render with high fidelity.

Neural implicit 3D representations have emerged as a powerful paradigm for reconstructing surfaces from multiview images and synthesizing novel views. Unfortunately, existing methods such as DVR or IDR require accurate perpixel object masks as supervision. At the same time, neural radiance fields have revolutionized novel view synthesis. However, NeRF's estimated volume density does not admit accurate surface reconstruction. Our key insight is that implicit surface models and radiance fields can be formulated in a unified way, enabling both surface and volume rendering using the same model. This unified perspective enables novel, more efficient sampling procedures and the ability to reconstruct accurate surfaces without input masks. We compare our method on the DTU, BlendedMVS, and a synthetic indoor dataset. Our experiments demonstrate that we outperform NeRF in terms of reconstruction quality while performing on par with IDR without requiring masks.