面部伪造技术的最新进展几乎可以产生视觉上无法追踪的深冰录视频，这些视频可以通过恶意意图来利用。结果，研究人员致力于深泡检测。先前的研究已经确定了局部低级提示和时间信息在追求跨层次方法中概括的重要性，但是，它们仍然遭受鲁棒性问题的影响。在这项工作中，我们提出了基于本地和时间感知的变压器的DeepFake检测（LTTD）框架，该框架采用了局部到全球学习协议，特别关注本地序列中有价值的时间信息。具体而言，我们提出了一个局部序列变压器（LST），该局部序列变压器（LST）对限制空间区域的序列进行了时间一致性，其中低级信息通过学习的3D滤波器的浅层层增强。基于局部时间嵌入，我们然后以全球对比的方式实现最终分类。对流行数据集进行的广泛实验验证了我们的方法有效地发现了本地伪造线索并实现最先进的表现。

尽管令人鼓舞的是深泡检测的进展，但由于训练过程中探索的伪造线索有限，对未见伪造类型的概括仍然是一个重大挑战。相比之下，我们注意到Deepfake中的一种常见现象：虚假的视频创建不可避免地破坏了原始视频中的统计规律性。受到这一观察的启发，我们建议通过区分实际视频中没有出现的“规律性中断”来增强深层检测的概括。具体而言，通过仔细检查空间和时间属性，我们建议通过伪捕获生成器破坏真实的视频，并创建各种伪造视频以供培训。这种做法使我们能够在不使用虚假视频的情况下实现深泡沫检测，并以简单有效的方式提高概括能力。为了共同捕获空间和时间上的破坏，我们提出了一个时空增强块，以了解我们自我创建的视频之间的规律性破坏。通过全面的实验，我们的方法在几个数据集上表现出色。

As ultra-realistic face forgery techniques emerge, deepfake detection has attracted increasing attention due to security concerns. Many detectors cannot achieve accurate results when detecting unseen manipulations despite excellent performance on known forgeries. In this paper, we are motivated by the observation that the discrepancies between real and fake videos are extremely subtle and localized, and inconsistencies or irregularities can exist in some critical facial regions across various information domains. To this end, we propose a novel pipeline, Cross-Domain Local Forensics (XDLF), for more general deepfake video detection. In the proposed pipeline, a specialized framework is presented to simultaneously exploit local forgery patterns from space, frequency, and time domains, thus learning cross-domain features to detect forgeries. Moreover, the framework leverages four high-level forgery-sensitive local regions of a human face to guide the model to enhance subtle artifacts and localize potential anomalies. Extensive experiments on several benchmark datasets demonstrate the impressive performance of our method, and we achieve superiority over several state-of-the-art methods on cross-dataset generalization. We also examined the factors that contribute to its performance through ablations, which suggests that exploiting cross-domain local characteristics is a noteworthy direction for developing more general deepfake detectors.

尽管最近对Deepfake技术的滥用引起了严重的关注，但由于每个帧的光真逼真的合成，如何检测DeepFake视频仍然是一个挑战。现有的图像级方法通常集中在单个框架上，而忽略了深击视频中隐藏的时空提示，从而导致概括和稳健性差。视频级检测器的关键是完全利用DeepFake视频中不同框架的当地面部区域分布在当地面部区域中的时空不一致。受此启发，本文提出了一种简单而有效的补丁级方法，以通过时空辍学变压器促进深击视频检测。该方法将每个输入视频重组成贴片袋，然后将其馈入视觉变压器以实现强大的表示。具体而言，提出了时空辍学操作，以充分探索斑块级时空提示，并作为有效的数据增强，以进一步增强模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力。该操作是灵活的，可以轻松地插入现有的视觉变压器中。广泛的实验证明了我们对25种具有令人印象深刻的鲁棒性，可推广性和表示能力的最先进的方法的有效性。

Online media data, in the forms of images and videos, are becoming mainstream communication channels. However, recent advances in deep learning, particularly deep generative models, open the doors for producing perceptually convincing images and videos at a low cost, which not only poses a serious threat to the trustworthiness of digital information but also has severe societal implications. This motivates a growing interest of research in media tampering detection, i.e., using deep learning techniques to examine whether media data have been maliciously manipulated. Depending on the content of the targeted images, media forgery could be divided into image tampering and Deepfake techniques. The former typically moves or erases the visual elements in ordinary images, while the latter manipulates the expressions and even the identity of human faces. Accordingly, the means of defense include image tampering detection and Deepfake detection, which share a wide variety of properties. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the current media tampering detection approaches, and discuss the challenges and trends in this field for future research.

随着面部伪造技术的快速发展，DeepFake视频在数字媒体上引起了广泛的关注。肇事者大量利用这些视频来传播虚假信息并发表误导性陈述。大多数现有的DeepFake检测方法主要集中于纹理特征，纹理特征可能会受到外部波动（例如照明和噪声）的影响。此外，基于面部地标的检测方法对外部变量更强大，但缺乏足够的细节。因此，如何在空间，时间和频域中有效地挖掘独特的特征，并将其与面部地标融合以进行伪造视频检测仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。为此，我们提出了一个基于多种模式的信息和面部地标的几何特征，提出了地标增强的多模式图神经网络（LEM-GNN）。具体而言，在框架级别上，我们设计了一种融合机制来挖掘空间和频域元素的联合表示，同时引入几何面部特征以增强模型的鲁棒性。在视频级别，我们首先将视频中的每个帧视为图中的节点，然后将时间信息编码到图表的边缘。然后，通过应用图形神经网络（GNN）的消息传递机制，将有效合并多模式特征，以获得视频伪造的全面表示。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法始终优于广泛使用的基准上的最先进（SOTA）。

最近，由于社交媒体数字取证中的安全性和隐私问题，DeepFake引起了广泛的公众关注。随着互联网上广泛传播的深层视频变得越来越现实，传统的检测技术未能区分真实和假货。大多数现有的深度学习方法主要集中于使用卷积神经网络作为骨干的局部特征和面部图像中的关系。但是，本地特征和关系不足以用于模型培训，无法学习足够的一般信息以进行深层检测。因此，现有的DeepFake检测方法已达到瓶颈，以进一步改善检测性能。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个深度卷积变压器，以在本地和全球范围内纳入决定性图像。具体而言，我们应用卷积池和重新注意事项来丰富提取的特征并增强功效。此外，我们在模型训练中采用了几乎没有讨论的图像关键框架来改进性能，并可视化由视频压缩引起的密钥和正常图像帧之间的特征数量差距。我们最终通过在几个DeepFake基准数据集上进行了广泛的实验来说明可传递性。所提出的解决方案在内部和跨数据库实验上始终优于几个最先进的基线。

随着面部伪造技术的快速发展，由于安全问题，伪造的检测引起了越来越多的关注。现有方法尝试使用频率信息在高质量的锻造面上进行微妙的伪影。然而，频率信息的开发是粗糙的，更重要的是，他们的香草学习过程努力提取细粒度的伪造痕迹。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个渐进式增强学习框架来利用RGB和细粒度的频率线索。具体而言，我们对RGB图像进行细粒度分解，以在频率空间中完全删除真实的迹线和虚假的迹线。随后，我们提出了一种基于双分支网络的渐进式增强学习框架，结合自增强和互增强模块。自增强模块基于空间噪声增强和渠道注意，捕获不同输入空间中的迹线。通过在共享空间维度中通信，互增强模块同时增强RGB和频率特征。逐步增强过程有助于学习具有细粒面的伪造线索的歧视特征。在多个数据集上进行广泛的实验表明我们的方法优于最先进的面部伪造检测方法。

随着生成模型的快速发展，基于AI的面部操纵技术，称为DeepFakes，已经变得越来越真实。这种脸部伪造的方法可以攻击任何目标，这对个人隐私和财产安全构成了新的威胁。此外，滥用合成视频在许多领域都显示出潜在的危险，例如身份骚扰，色情和新闻谣言。受到生理信号中的空间相干性和时间一致性在所生物的内容中被破坏的事实，我们试图找到可以区分真实视频和合成视频的不一致模式，从面部像素的变化是与生理信息高度相关的。我们的方法首先将多个高斯级别的eulerian视频放大倍数（EVM）应用于原始视频，以扩大面部血容量的变化引起的生理变化，然后将原始视频和放大的视频转换为多尺度欧拉宽度的空间 - 时间地图（MemstMap），其可以代表不同八度的时变的生理增强序列。然后，这些地图以列为单位重新装入帧修补程序，并发送到视觉变压器以学习帧级别的时空描述符。最后，我们整理了嵌入功能并输出判断视频是真实还是假的概率。我们在面部框架++和DeepFake检测数据集上验证了我们的方法。结果表明，我们的模型在伪造检测中实现了出色的性能，并在交叉数据域中显示出出色的泛化能力。

Transformer models have shown great success handling long-range interactions, making them a promising tool for modeling video. However they lack inductive biases and scale quadratically with input length. These limitations are further exacerbated when dealing with the high dimensionality introduced with the temporal dimension. While there are surveys analyzing the advances of Transformers for vision, none focus on an in-depth analysis of video-specific designs. In this survey we analyze main contributions and trends of works leveraging Transformers to model video. Specifically, we delve into how videos are handled as input-level first. Then, we study the architectural changes made to deal with video more efficiently, reduce redundancy, re-introduce useful inductive biases, and capture long-term temporal dynamics. In addition we provide an overview of different training regimes and explore effective self-supervised learning strategies for video. Finally, we conduct a performance comparison on the most common benchmark for Video Transformers (i.e., action classification), finding them to outperform 3D ConvNets even with less computational complexity.

With the rapid advances of image editing techniques in recent years, image manipulation detection has attracted considerable attention since the increasing security risks posed by tampered images. To address these challenges, a novel multi-scale multi-grained deep network (MSMG-Net) is proposed to automatically identify manipulated regions. In our MSMG-Net, a parallel multi-scale feature extraction structure is used to extract multi-scale features. Then the multi-grained feature learning is utilized to perceive object-level semantics relation of multi-scale features by introducing the shunted self-attention. To fuse multi-scale multi-grained features, global and local feature fusion block are designed for manipulated region segmentation by a bottom-up approach and multi-level feature aggregation block is designed for edge artifacts detection by a top-down approach. Thus, MSMG-Net can effectively perceive the object-level semantics and encode the edge artifact. Experimental results on five benchmark datasets justify the superior performance of the proposed method, outperforming state-of-the-art manipulation detection and localization methods. Extensive ablation experiments and feature visualization demonstrate the multi-scale multi-grained learning can present effective visual representations of manipulated regions. In addition, MSMG-Net shows better robustness when various post-processing methods further manipulate images.

Deep learning has enabled realistic face manipulation (i.e., deepfake), which poses significant concerns over the integrity of the media in circulation. Most existing deep learning techniques for deepfake detection can achieve promising performance in the intra-dataset evaluation setting (i.e., training and testing on the same dataset), but are unable to perform satisfactorily in the inter-dataset evaluation setting (i.e., training on one dataset and testing on another). Most of the previous methods use the backbone network to extract global features for making predictions and only employ binary supervision (i.e., indicating whether the training instances are fake or authentic) to train the network. Classification merely based on the learning of global features leads often leads to weak generalizability to unseen manipulation methods. In addition, the reconstruction task can improve the learned representations. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for deepfake detection, which considers the reconstruction and classification tasks simultaneously to address these problems. This method shares the information learned by one task with the other, which focuses on a different aspect other existing works rarely consider and hence boosts the overall performance. In particular, we design a two-branch Convolutional AutoEncoder (CAE), in which the Convolutional Encoder used to compress the feature map into the latent representation is shared by both branches. Then the latent representation of the input data is fed to a simple classifier and the unsupervised reconstruction component simultaneously. Our network is trained end-to-end. Experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on three commonly-used datasets, particularly in the cross-dataset evaluation setting.

近年来，随着面部编辑和发电的迅速发展，越来越多的虚假视频正在社交媒体上流传，这引起了极端公众的关注。基于频域的现有面部伪造方法发现，与真实图像相比，GAN锻造图像在频谱中具有明显的网格视觉伪像。但是对于综合视频，这些方法仅局限于单个帧，几乎不关注不同框架之间最歧视的部分和时间频率线索。为了充分利用视频序列中丰富的信息，本文对空间和时间频域进行了视频伪造检测，并提出了一个离散的基于余弦转换的伪造线索增强网络（FCAN-DCT），以实现更全面的时空功能表示。 FCAN-DCT由一个骨干网络和两个分支组成：紧凑特征提取（CFE）模块和频率时间注意（FTA）模块。我们对两个可见光（VIS）数据集Wilddeepfake和Celeb-DF（V2）进行了彻底的实验评估，以及我们的自我构建的视频伪造数据集DeepFakenir，这是第一个近境模式的视频伪造数据集。实验结果证明了我们方法在VIS和NIR场景中检测伪造视频的有效性。

Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.

In this paper, we introduce MINTIME, a video deepfake detection approach that captures spatial and temporal anomalies and handles instances of multiple people in the same video and variations in face sizes. Previous approaches disregard such information either by using simple a-posteriori aggregation schemes, i.e., average or max operation, or using only one identity for the inference, i.e., the largest one. On the contrary, the proposed approach builds on a Spatio-Temporal TimeSformer combined with a Convolutional Neural Network backbone to capture spatio-temporal anomalies from the face sequences of multiple identities depicted in a video. This is achieved through an Identity-aware Attention mechanism that attends to each face sequence independently based on a masking operation and facilitates video-level aggregation. In addition, two novel embeddings are employed: (i) the Temporal Coherent Positional Embedding that encodes each face sequence's temporal information and (ii) the Size Embedding that encodes the size of the faces as a ratio to the video frame size. These extensions allow our system to adapt particularly well in the wild by learning how to aggregate information of multiple identities, which is usually disregarded by other methods in the literature. It achieves state-of-the-art results on the ForgeryNet dataset with an improvement of up to 14% AUC in videos containing multiple people and demonstrates ample generalization capabilities in cross-forgery and cross-dataset settings. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/davide-coccomini/MINTIME-Multi-Identity-size-iNvariant-TIMEsformer-for-Video-Deepfake-Detection.

变压器是一种基于关注的编码器解码器架构，彻底改变了自然语言处理领域。灵感来自这一重大成就，最近在将变形式架构调整到计算机视觉（CV）领域的一些开创性作品，这已经证明了他们对各种简历任务的有效性。依靠竞争力的建模能力，与现代卷积神经网络相比在本文中，我们已经为三百不同的视觉变压器进行了全面的审查，用于三个基本的CV任务（分类，检测和分割），提出了根据其动机，结构和使用情况组织这些方法的分类。 。由于培训设置和面向任务的差异，我们还在不同的配置上进行了评估了这些方法，以便于易于和直观的比较而不是各种基准。此外，我们已经揭示了一系列必不可少的，但可能使变压器能够从众多架构中脱颖而出，例如松弛的高级语义嵌入，以弥合视觉和顺序变压器之间的差距。最后，提出了三个未来的未来研究方向进行进一步投资。

Video synthesis methods rapidly improved in recent years, allowing easy creation of synthetic humans. This poses a problem, especially in the era of social media, as synthetic videos of speaking humans can be used to spread misinformation in a convincing manner. Thus, there is a pressing need for accurate and robust deepfake detection methods, that can detect forgery techniques not seen during training. In this work, we explore whether this can be done by leveraging a multi-modal, out-of-domain backbone trained in a self-supervised manner, adapted to the video deepfake domain. We propose FakeOut; a novel approach that relies on multi-modal data throughout both the pre-training phase and the adaption phase. We demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of FakeOut in detecting various types of deepfakes, especially manipulations which were not seen during training. Our method achieves state-of-the-art results in cross-manipulation and cross-dataset generalization. This study shows that, perhaps surprisingly, training on out-of-domain videos (i.e., videos with no speaking humans), can lead to better deepfake detection systems. Code is available on GitHub.

With the rapid development of deep generative models (such as Generative Adversarial Networks and Auto-encoders), AI-synthesized images of the human face are now of such high quality that humans can hardly distinguish them from pristine ones. Although existing detection methods have shown high performance in specific evaluation settings, e.g., on images from seen models or on images without real-world post-processings, they tend to suffer serious performance degradation in real-world scenarios where testing images can be generated by more powerful generation models or combined with various post-processing operations. To address this issue, we propose a Global and Local Feature Fusion (GLFF) to learn rich and discriminative representations by combining multi-scale global features from the whole image with refined local features from informative patches for face forgery detection. GLFF fuses information from two branches: the global branch to extract multi-scale semantic features and the local branch to select informative patches for detailed local artifacts extraction. Due to the lack of a face forgery dataset simulating real-world applications for evaluation, we further create a challenging face forgery dataset, named DeepFakeFaceForensics (DF^3), which contains 6 state-of-the-art generation models and a variety of post-processing techniques to approach the real-world scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method to the state-of-the-art methods on the proposed DF^3 dataset and three other open-source datasets.

由于滥用了深层，检测伪造视频是非常可取的。现有的检测方法有助于探索DeepFake视频中的特定工件，并且非常适合某些数据。但是，这些人工制品的不断增长的技术一直在挑战传统的深泡探测器的鲁棒性。结果，这些方法的普遍性的发展已达到阻塞。为了解决这个问题，鉴于经验结果是，深层视频中经常在声音和面部背后的身份不匹配，并且声音和面孔在某种程度上具有同质性，在本文中，我们建议从未开发的语音中执行深层检测 - 面对匹配视图。为此，设计了一种语音匹配方法来测量这两个方法的匹配度。然而，对特定的深泡数据集进行培训使模型过于拟合深层算法的某些特征。相反，我们提倡一种迅速适应未开发的伪造方法的方法，然后进行预训练，然后进行微调范式。具体而言，我们首先在通用音频视频数据集上预先培训该模型，然后在下游深板数据上进行微调。我们对三个广泛利用的DeepFake数据集进行了广泛的实验-DFDC，Fakeavceleb和DeepFaketimit。与其他最先进的竞争对手相比，我们的方法获得了显着的性能增长。还值得注意的是，我们的方法在有限的DeepFake数据上进行了微调时已经取得了竞争性结果。

传统的假视频检测方法输出篡改图像的可能性值或可疑掩码。但是，这种无法解释的结果不能用作令人信服的证据。因此，更好地追溯虚假视频来源。传统的散列方法用于检索语义 - 相似的图像，这不能区分图像的细微差别。具体地，与传统视频检索相比，源跟踪。从类似的源视频中找到真实的挑战是一项挑战。我们设计了一种新的损失哈希多粒损失，解决了人们的视频非常相似的问题：与不同角度相同的场景，与同一个人的类似场景。我们提出了基于视觉变压器的模型，名为视频跟踪和篡改本地化（VTL）。在第一阶段，我们通过Vithash（VTL-T）训练哈希中心。然后，将假视频输入到Vithash，该vithash输出散列码。哈希码用于从哈希中心检索源视频。在第二阶段，源视频和假视频被输入到生成器（VTL-L）。然后，掩盖可疑区域以提供辅助信息。此外，我们构建了两个数据集：DFTL和Davis2016-TL。对DFTL的实验明显展示了我们在类似视频的追踪中框架的优势。特别地，VTL还通过在Davis2016-TL上实现了与最先进的方法的相当性能。我们的源代码和数据集已在github上发布：\ url {https:/github.com/lajlksdf/vtl}。