The existing methods for video anomaly detection mostly utilize videos containing identifiable facial and appearance-based features. The use of videos with identifiable faces raises privacy concerns, especially when used in a hospital or community-based setting. Appearance-based features can also be sensitive to pixel-based noise, straining the anomaly detection methods to model the changes in the background and making it difficult to focus on the actions of humans in the foreground. Structural information in the form of skeletons describing the human motion in the videos is privacy-protecting and can overcome some of the problems posed by appearance-based features. In this paper, we present a survey of privacy-protecting deep learning anomaly detection methods using skeletons extracted from videos. We present a novel taxonomy of algorithms based on the various learning approaches. We conclude that skeleton-based approaches for anomaly detection can be a plausible privacy-protecting alternative for video anomaly detection. Lastly, we identify major open research questions and provide guidelines to address them.

People living with dementia often exhibit behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia that can put their and others' safety at risk. Existing video surveillance systems in long-term care facilities can be used to monitor such behaviours of risk to alert the staff to prevent potential injuries or death in some cases. However, these behaviours of risk events are heterogeneous and infrequent in comparison to normal events. Moreover, analyzing raw videos can also raise privacy concerns. In this paper, we present two novel privacy-protecting video-based anomaly detection approaches to detect behaviours of risks in people with dementia. We either extracted body pose information as skeletons and use semantic segmentation masks to replace multiple humans in the scene with their semantic boundaries. Our work differs from most existing approaches for video anomaly detection that focus on appearance-based features, which can put the privacy of a person at risk and is also susceptible to pixel-based noise, including illumination and viewing direction. We used anonymized videos of normal activities to train customized spatio-temporal convolutional autoencoders and identify behaviours of risk as anomalies. We show our results on a real-world study conducted in a dementia care unit with patients with dementia, containing approximately 21 hours of normal activities data for training and 9 hours of data containing normal and behaviours of risk events for testing. We compared our approaches with the original RGB videos and obtained an equivalent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve performance of 0.807 for the skeleton-based approach and 0.823 for the segmentation mask-based approach. This is one of the first studies to incorporate privacy for the detection of behaviours of risks in people with dementia.

There is a global aging population requiring the need for the right tools that can enable older adults' greater independence and the ability to age at home, as well as assist healthcare workers. It is feasible to achieve this objective by building predictive models that assist healthcare workers in monitoring and analyzing older adults' behavioral, functional, and psychological data. To develop such models, a large amount of multimodal sensor data is typically required. In this paper, we propose MAISON, a scalable cloud-based platform of commercially available smart devices capable of collecting desired multimodal sensor data from older adults and patients living in their own homes. The MAISON platform is novel due to its ability to collect a greater variety of data modalities than the existing platforms, as well as its new features that result in seamless data collection and ease of use for older adults who may not be digitally literate. We demonstrated the feasibility of the MAISON platform with two older adults discharged home from a large rehabilitation center. The results indicate that the MAISON platform was able to collect and store sensor data in a cloud without functional glitches or performance degradation. This paper will also discuss the challenges faced during the development of the platform and data collection in the homes of older adults. MAISON is a novel platform designed to collect multimodal data and facilitate the development of predictive models for detecting key health indicators, including social isolation, depression, and functional decline, and is feasible to use with older adults in the community.

近年来，虚拟学习已成为传统课堂教学的替代方法。学生参与虚拟学习可能会对满足学习目标和计划辍学风险产生重大影响。在虚拟学习环境中，有许多专门针对学生参与度（SE）的测量工具。在这项关键综述中，我们分析了这些作品，并从不同的参与定义和测量量表上突出了不一致之处。现有研究人员之间的这种多样性在比较不同的注释和构建可推广的预测模型时可能会出现问题。我们进一步讨论了有关参与注释和设计缺陷的问题。我们根据我们定义的七个参与注释的七个维度分析现有的SE注释量表，包括来源，用于注释的数据模式，注释发生的时间，注释发生的时间段，抽象，组合和组合水平的时间段，定量。令人惊讶的发现之一是，在SE测量中，很少有审查的数据集使用了现有的精神法法学验证量表中的注释中。最后，我们讨论了除虚拟学习以外的其他一些范围，这些量表具有用于测量虚拟学习中SE的潜力。

瀑布是全世界老年人死亡的主要原因之一。有效检测跌倒可以减少并发症和伤害的风险。可以使用可穿戴设备或环境传感器进行秋季检测；这些方法可能会在用户合规性问题或错误警报方面困难。摄像机提供了一种被动的选择；但是，定期的RGB摄像机受到改变的照明条件和隐私问题的影响。从机器学习的角度来看，由于跌倒的稀有性和可变性，开发有效的跌落检测系统是具有挑战性的。许多现有的秋季检测数据集缺乏重要的现实考虑因素，例如不同的照明，日常生活的连续活动（ADL）和相机放置。缺乏这些考虑使得很难开发可以在现实世界中有效运行的预测模型。为了解决这些局限性，我们引入了一个新型的多模式数据集（MUVIM），其中包含四种视觉方式：红外，深度，RGB和热摄像机。这些模式提供了诸如混淆的面部特征和在弱光条件下的性能改善的好处。我们将秋季检测作为异常检测问题提出，其中仅在ADL上对定制的时空卷积自动编码器进行了训练，因此跌落会增加重建误差。我们的结果表明，红外摄像机提供了最高水平的性能（AUC ROC = 0.94），其次是热摄像机（AUC ROC = 0.87），深度（AUC ROC = 0.86）和RGB（AUC ROC = 0.83）。这项研究提供了一个独特的机会，可以分析摄像头模式在检测家庭环境中跌落的效用，同时平衡性能，被动性和隐私。

Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) are privacy-preserving Machine-Learning (ML) techniques that enable training ML models over data distributed among clients without requiring direct access to their raw data. Existing FL and SL approaches work on horizontally or vertically partitioned data and cannot handle sequentially partitioned data where segments of multiple-segment sequential data are distributed across clients. In this paper, we propose a novel federated split learning framework, FedSL, to train models on distributed sequential data. The most common ML models to train on sequential data are Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). Since the proposed framework is privacy-preserving, segments of multiple-segment sequential data cannot be shared between clients or between clients and server. To circumvent this limitation, we propose a novel SL approach tailored for RNNs. A RNN is split into sub-networks, and each sub-network is trained on one client containing single segments of multiple-segment training sequences. During local training, the sub-networks on different clients communicate with each other to capture latent dependencies between consecutive segments of multiple-segment sequential data on different clients, but without sharing raw data or complete model parameters. After training local sub-networks with local sequential data segments, all clients send their sub-networks to a federated server where sub-networks are aggregated to generate a global model. The experimental results on simulated and real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed method successfully trains models on distributed sequential data, while preserving privacy, and outperforms previous FL and centralized learning approaches in terms of achieving higher accuracy in fewer communication rounds.

FSS(Few-shot segmentation)~aims to segment a target class with a small number of labeled images (support Set). To extract information relevant to target class, a dominant approach in best performing FSS baselines removes background features using support mask. We observe that this support mask presents an information bottleneck in several challenging FSS cases e.g., for small targets and/or inaccurate target boundaries. To this end, we present a novel method (MSI), which maximizes the support-set information by exploiting two complementary source of features in generating super correlation maps. We validate the effectiveness of our approach by instantiating it into three recent and strong FSS baselines. Experimental results on several publicly available FSS benchmarks show that our proposed method consistently improves the performance by visible margins and allows faster convergence. Our codes and models will be publicly released.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

本文提出了一种延时3D细胞分析的方法。具体而言，我们考虑了准确定位和定量分析亚细胞特征的问题，以及从延时3D共聚焦细胞图像堆栈跟踪单个细胞的问题。细胞的异质性和多维图像的体积提出了对细胞形态发生和发育的完全自动化分析的主要挑战。本文是由路面细胞生长过程和构建定量形态发生模型的动机。我们提出了一种基于深度特征的分割方法，以准确检测和标记每个细胞区域。基于邻接图的方法用于提取分段细胞的亚细胞特征。最后，提出了使用多个单元格特征的基于强大的图形跟踪算法在不同的时间实例中关联单元格。提供了广泛的实验结果，并证明了所提出的方法的鲁棒性。该代码可在GitHub上获得，该方法可通过Bisque Portal作为服务可用。

傅立叶Ptychographic显微镜（FPM）是一种成像过程，它通过计算平均值克服了传统的传统显微镜空间带宽产品（SBP）的限制。它利用使用低数值孔径（NA）物镜捕获的多个图像，并通过频域缝线实现高分辨率相成像。现有的FPM重建方法可以广泛地分为两种方法：基于迭代优化的方法，这些方法基于正向成像模型的物理学以及通常采用馈送深度学习框架的数据驱动方法。我们提出了一个混合模型驱动的残留网络，该网络将远期成像系统的知识与深度数据驱动的网络相结合。我们提出的架构LWGNET将传统的电线流优化算法展开为一种新型的神经网络设计，该设计通过复杂的卷积块增强了梯度图像。与其他传统的展开技术不同，LWGNET在PAR上执行时使用的阶段较少，甚至比现有的传统和深度学习技术更好，尤其是对于低成本和低动态范围CMOS传感器。低位深度和低成本传感器的性能提高有可能显着降低FPM成像设置的成本。最后，我们在收集到的实际数据上显示出始终提高的性能。