神经代码智能（CI）模型是不透明的黑盒，几乎没有关于他们在预测中使用的功能的见解。这种不透明度可能会导致他们的预测不信任，并阻碍其在安全至关重要的应用中的广泛采用。最近，已经提出了输入程序减少技术来识别输入程序中的关键功能，以提高CI模型的透明度。但是，这种方法是语法 - 乌纳威，不考虑编程语言的语法。在本文中，我们采用了语法引导的减少技术，该技术在减少过程中考虑了输入程序的语法。我们对不同类型输入程序的多个模型进行的实验表明，语法引导的减少技术更快，并且在简化程序中提供了较小的关键令牌集。我们还表明，关键令牌可用于生成对抗性示例，最多可用于65％的输入程序。

在神经模型的输入向量中编码源代码有几种方法。这些方法尝试在其编码中包含输入程序的各种句法和语义特征。在本文中，我们调查Code2Snapshot，这是基于输入程序的快照的源代码的新颖表示。我们评估此表示的几种变体，并将其与利用输入程序的丰富的句法和语义特征的最先进的表示性能进行比较。我们对代码2SNAPSHOT在代码摘要任务中的实用性的初步研究表明，输入程序的简单快照对最先进的表示具有可比性。有趣的是，模糊的输入程序对Code2sNapshot性能的影响微不足道，这表明，对于一些任务，神经模型可以通过仅仅依赖于输入程序的结构来提供高性能。

深层神经网络（DNN）越来越多地用于软件工程和代码智能任务。这些是强大的工具，能够通过数百万参数从大型数据集中学习高度概括的模式。同时，它们的大容量可以使他们容易记住数据点。最近的工作表明，当训练数据集嘈杂，涉及许多模棱两可或可疑的样本时，记忆风险特别强烈表现出来，而记忆是唯一的追索权。本文的目的是评估和比较神经代码智能模型中的记忆和概括程度。它旨在提供有关记忆如何影响神经模型在代码智能系统中的学习行为的见解。为了观察模型中的记忆程度，我们为原始训练数据集增加了随机噪声，并使用各种指标来量化噪声对训练和测试各个方面的影响。我们根据Java，Python和Ruby Codebase评估了几种最先进的神经代码智能模型和基准。我们的结果突出了重要的风险：数百万可训练的参数允许神经网络记住任何包括嘈杂数据，并提供错误的概括感。我们观察到所有模型都表现出某些形式的记忆。在大多数代码智能任务中，这可能会很麻烦，因为它们依赖于相当容易发生噪声和重复性数据源，例如GitHub的代码。据我们所知，我们提供了第一个研究，以量化软件工程和代码智能系统领域的记忆效应。这项工作提高了人们的意识，并为训练神经模型的重要问题提供了新的见解，这些问题通常被软件工程研究人员忽略。

The ability to distinguish between different movie scenes is critical for understanding the storyline of a movie. However, accurately detecting movie scenes is often challenging as it requires the ability to reason over very long movie segments. This is in contrast to most existing video recognition models, which are typically designed for short-range video analysis. This work proposes a State-Space Transformer model that can efficiently capture dependencies in long movie videos for accurate movie scene detection. Our model, dubbed TranS4mer, is built using a novel S4A building block, which combines the strengths of structured state-space sequence (S4) and self-attention (A) layers. Given a sequence of frames divided into movie shots (uninterrupted periods where the camera position does not change), the S4A block first applies self-attention to capture short-range intra-shot dependencies. Afterward, the state-space operation in the S4A block is used to aggregate long-range inter-shot cues. The final TranS4mer model, which can be trained end-to-end, is obtained by stacking the S4A blocks one after the other multiple times. Our proposed TranS4mer outperforms all prior methods in three movie scene detection datasets, including MovieNet, BBC, and OVSD, while also being $2\times$ faster and requiring $3\times$ less GPU memory than standard Transformer models. We will release our code and models.

Several self-supervised representation learning methods have been proposed for reinforcement learning (RL) with rich observations. For real-world applications of RL, recovering underlying latent states is crucial, particularly when sensory inputs contain irrelevant and exogenous information. In this work, we study how information bottlenecks can be used to construct latent states efficiently in the presence of task-irrelevant information. We propose architectures that utilize variational and discrete information bottlenecks, coined as RepDIB, to learn structured factorized representations. Exploiting the expressiveness bought by factorized representations, we introduce a simple, yet effective, bottleneck that can be integrated with any existing self-supervised objective for RL. We demonstrate this across several online and offline RL benchmarks, along with a real robot arm task, where we find that compressed representations with RepDIB can lead to strong performance improvements, as the learned bottlenecks help predict only the relevant state while ignoring irrelevant information.

Artificial intelligence(AI) systems based on deep neural networks (DNNs) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly used to solve critical problems in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and precision medicine. However, complex DNN or ML models that are unavoidably opaque and perceived as black-box methods, may not be able to explain why and how they make certain decisions. Such black-box models are difficult to comprehend not only for targeted users and decision-makers but also for AI developers. Besides, in sensitive areas like healthcare, explainability and accountability are not only desirable properties of AI but also legal requirements -- especially when AI may have significant impacts on human lives. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an emerging field that aims to mitigate the opaqueness of black-box models and make it possible to interpret how AI systems make their decisions with transparency. An interpretable ML model can explain how it makes predictions and which factors affect the model's outcomes. The majority of state-of-the-art interpretable ML methods have been developed in a domain-agnostic way and originate from computer vision, automated reasoning, or even statistics. Many of these methods cannot be directly applied to bioinformatics problems, without prior customization, extension, and domain adoption. In this paper, we discuss the importance of explainability with a focus on bioinformatics. We analyse and comprehensively overview of model-specific and model-agnostic interpretable ML methods and tools. Via several case studies covering bioimaging, cancer genomics, and biomedical text mining, we show how bioinformatics research could benefit from XAI methods and how they could help improve decision fairness.

Task agnostic generative pretraining (GPT) has recently proved promising for zero- and few-shot learning, gradually diverting attention from the expensive supervised learning paradigm. Although the community is accumulating knowledge as to capabilities of English-language autoregressive models such as GPT-3 adopting this generative approach, scholarship about these models remains acutely Anglocentric. Consequently, the community currently has serious gaps in its understanding of this class of models, their potential, and their societal impacts in diverse settings, linguistic traditions, and cultures. To alleviate this issue for Arabic, a collection of diverse languages and language varieties with more than $400$ million population, we introduce JASMINE, a suite of powerful Arabic autoregressive Transformer language models ranging in size between 300 million-13 billion parameters. We pretrain our new models with large amounts of diverse data (400GB of text) from different Arabic varieties and domains. We evaluate JASMINE extensively in both intrinsic and extrinsic settings, using a comprehensive benchmark for zero- and few-shot learning across a wide range of NLP tasks. We also carefully develop and release a novel benchmark for both automated and human evaluation of Arabic autoregressive models focused at investigating potential social biases, harms, and toxicity in these models. We aim to responsibly release our models with interested researchers, along with code for experimenting with them

Climate change has increased the intensity, frequency, and duration of extreme weather events and natural disasters across the world. While the increased data on natural disasters improves the scope of machine learning (ML) in this field, progress is relatively slow. One bottleneck is the lack of benchmark datasets that would allow ML researchers to quantify their progress against a standard metric. The objective of this short paper is to explore the state of benchmark datasets for ML tasks related to natural disasters, categorizing them according to the disaster management cycle. We compile a list of existing benchmark datasets introduced in the past five years. We propose a web platform - NADBenchmarks - where researchers can search for benchmark datasets for natural disasters, and we develop a preliminary version of such a platform using our compiled list. This paper is intended to aid researchers in finding benchmark datasets to train their ML models on, and provide general directions for topics where they can contribute new benchmark datasets.

The neural implementation of operant conditioning with few trials is unclear. We propose a Hippocampus-Inspired Cognitive Architecture (HICA) as a neural mechanism for operant conditioning. HICA explains a learning mechanism in which agents can learn a new behavior policy in a few trials, as mammals do in operant conditioning experiments. HICA is composed of two different types of modules. One is a universal learning module type that represents a cortical column in the neocortex gray matter. The working principle is modeled as Modulated Heterarchical Prediction Memory (mHPM). In mHPM, each module learns to predict a succeeding input vector given the sequence of the input vectors from lower layers and the context vectors from higher layers. The prediction is fed into the lower layers as a context signal (top-down feedback signaling), and into the higher layers as an input signal (bottom-up feedforward signaling). Rewards modulate the learning rate in those modules to memorize meaningful sequences effectively. In mHPM, each module updates in a local and distributed way compared to conventional end-to-end learning with backpropagation of the single objective loss. This local structure enables the heterarchical network of modules. The second type is an innate, special-purpose module representing various organs of the brain's subcortical system. Modules modeling organs such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and reward center are pre-programmed to enable instinctive behaviors. The hippocampus plays the role of the simulator. It is an autoregressive prediction model of the top-most level signal with a loop structure of memory, while cortical columns are lower layers that provide detailed information to the simulation. The simulation becomes the basis for learning with few trials and the deliberate planning required for operant conditioning.

Network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) play an important role in computer network security. There are several detection mechanisms where anomaly-based automated detection outperforms others significantly. Amid the sophistication and growing number of attacks, dealing with large amounts of data is a recognized issue in the development of anomaly-based NIDS. However, do current models meet the needs of today's networks in terms of required accuracy and dependability? In this research, we propose a new hybrid model that combines machine learning and deep learning to increase detection rates while securing dependability. Our proposed method ensures efficient pre-processing by combining SMOTE for data balancing and XGBoost for feature selection. We compared our developed method to various machine learning and deep learning algorithms to find a more efficient algorithm to implement in the pipeline. Furthermore, we chose the most effective model for network intrusion based on a set of benchmarked performance analysis criteria. Our method produces excellent results when tested on two datasets, KDDCUP'99 and CIC-MalMem-2022, with an accuracy of 99.99% and 100% for KDDCUP'99 and CIC-MalMem-2022, respectively, and no overfitting or Type-1 and Type-2 issues.