详细研究了图像上微生物对象的密度图(DM)方法的统计特性。DM由U $^2 $ -NET给出。使用了深层神经网络的两种统计方法:引导程序和蒙特卡洛(MC)辍学。对DM预测的不确定性的详细分析导致对DM模型的缺陷有了更深入的了解。根据我们的调查,我们提出了网络中的自称模块。改进的网络模型,称为\ textIt {自称密度映射}(SNDM),可以单独校正其输出密度映射,以准确预测图像中对象的总数。SNDM体系结构优于原始模型。此外,两个统计框架(Bootstrap和MC脱落)都对SNDM均具有一致的统计结果,在原始模型中未观察到。SNDM效率与检测器碱模型相当,例如更快和级联R-CNN检测器。
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The celebrated proverb that "speech is silver, silence is golden" has a long multinational history and multiple specific meanings. In written texts punctuation can in fact be considered one of its manifestations. Indeed, the virtue of effectively speaking and writing involves - often decisively - the capacity to apply the properly placed breaks. In the present study, based on a large corpus of world-famous and representative literary texts in seven major Western languages, it is shown that the distribution of intervals between consecutive punctuation marks in almost all texts can universally be characterised by only two parameters of the discrete Weibull distribution which can be given an intuitive interpretation in terms of the so-called hazard function. The values of these two parameters tend to be language-specific, however, and even appear to navigate translations. The properties of the computed hazard functions indicate that among the studied languages, English turns out to be the least constrained by the necessity to place a consecutive punctuation mark to partition a sequence of words. This may suggest that when compared to other studied languages, English is more flexible, in the sense of allowing longer uninterrupted sequences of words. Spanish reveals similar tendency to only a bit lesser extent.
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In this work, we demonstrate the offline FPGA realization of both recurrent and feedforward neural network (NN)-based equalizers for nonlinearity compensation in coherent optical transmission systems. First, we present a realization pipeline showing the conversion of the models from Python libraries to the FPGA chip synthesis and implementation. Then, we review the main alternatives for the hardware implementation of nonlinear activation functions. The main results are divided into three parts: a performance comparison, an analysis of how activation functions are implemented, and a report on the complexity of the hardware. The performance in Q-factor is presented for the cases of bidirectional long-short-term memory coupled with convolutional NN (biLSTM + CNN) equalizer, CNN equalizer, and standard 1-StpS digital back-propagation (DBP) for the simulation and experiment propagation of a single channel dual-polarization (SC-DP) 16QAM at 34 GBd along 17x70km of LEAF. The biLSTM+CNN equalizer provides a similar result to DBP and a 1.7 dB Q-factor gain compared with the chromatic dispersion compensation baseline in the experimental dataset. After that, we assess the Q-factor and the impact of hardware utilization when approximating the activation functions of NN using Taylor series, piecewise linear, and look-up table (LUT) approximations. We also show how to mitigate the approximation errors with extra training and provide some insights into possible gradient problems in the LUT approximation. Finally, to evaluate the complexity of hardware implementation to achieve 400G throughput, fixed-point NN-based equalizers with approximated activation functions are developed and implemented in an FPGA.
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To circumvent the non-parallelizability of recurrent neural network-based equalizers, we propose knowledge distillation to recast the RNN into a parallelizable feedforward structure. The latter shows 38\% latency decrease, while impacting the Q-factor by only 0.5dB.
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在本文中,提出了一种新的方法,该方法允许基于神经网络(NN)均衡器的低复杂性发展,以缓解高速相干光学传输系统中的损伤。在这项工作中,我们提供了已应用于馈电和经常性NN设计的各种深层模型压缩方法的全面描述和比较。此外,我们评估了这些策略对每个NN均衡器的性能的影响。考虑量化,重量聚类,修剪和其他用于模型压缩的尖端策略。在这项工作中,我们提出并评估贝叶斯优化辅助压缩,其中选择了压缩的超参数以同时降低复杂性并提高性能。总之,通过使用模拟和实验数据来评估每种压缩方法的复杂性及其性能之间的权衡,以完成分析。通过利用最佳压缩方法,我们表明可以设计基于NN的均衡器,该均衡器比传统的数字背部传播(DBP)均衡器具有更好的性能,并且只有一个步骤。这是通过减少使用加权聚类和修剪算法后在NN均衡器中使用的乘数数量来完成的。此外,我们证明了基于NN的均衡器也可以实现卓越的性能,同时仍然保持与完整的电子色色散补偿块相同的复杂性。我们通过强调开放问题和现有挑战以及未来的研究方向来结束分析。
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因果推理提供了一种语言,以提出纯粹统计关联以外的重要介入和反事实问题。例如,在医学成像中,我们可能希望研究遗传,环境或生活方式因素对解剖表型正常和病理变异的因果关系。但是,尽管可以可靠地构建从自动图像分割中提取的3D表面网格的解剖形状模型,但缺乏计算工具来实现有关形态变化的因果推理。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了深层结构性因果形状模型(CSM),该模型利用了高质量的网格生成技术,从几何深度学习,在深层结构性因果模型的表达框架内。 CSM可以通过反事实网格产生来实现特定于受试者的预后(“如果患者大十岁,该患者的大脑结构将如何变化?”),这与大多数当前有关纯粹人口级统计形状建模的作品形成鲜明对比。我们通过许多定性和定量实验利用了3D脑结构的大数据集,证明了Pearl因果关系层次结构的所有级别CSM的能力。
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相关光和电子显微镜是研究细胞内部结构的强大工具。它结合了相关光(LM)和电子(EM)显微镜信息的相互益处。但是,将LM叠加到EM图像以将功能分配给结构信息的经典方法受到LM图像中可见的结构细节的巨大差异的阻碍。本文旨在研究一种优化方法,我们称之为EM引导的反卷积。它试图将荧光标记的结构自动分配给EM图像中可见的细节,以弥合两种成像模式之间的分辨率和特异性的间隙。
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在这项比赛中,参与者将使用时间序列数据在教育背景下解决机器学习的两个基本因果挑战。首先是确定不同构造之间的因果关系,其中构造被定义为学习的最小要素。第二个挑战是预测学习一个结构对回答其他结构问题的能力的影响。应对这些挑战将使学生的知识获取优化,这可以部署在影响数百万学生的真正的edtech解决方案中。参与者将在理想化的环境中运行这些任务,并具有合成数据和现实情况,并通过一系列A/B测试收集的评估数据。
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在本文中,我们提供了一种系统的方法来评估和比较数字信号处理中神经网络层的计算复杂性。我们提供并链接四个软件到硬件的复杂性度量,定义了不同的复杂度指标与层的超参数的关系。本文解释了如何计算这四个指标以进行馈送和经常性层,并定义在这种情况下,我们应该根据我们是否表征了面向更软件或硬件的应用程序来使用特定的度量。新引入的四个指标之一,称为“添加和位移位数(NAB)”,用于异质量化。 NABS不仅表征了操作中使用的位宽的影响,还表征了算术操作中使用的量化类型。我们打算这项工作作为与神经网络在实时数字信号处理中应用相关的复杂性估计级别(目的)的基线,旨在统一计算复杂性估计。
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FPGA中首次实施了针对非线性补偿的经常性和前馈神经网络均衡器,其复杂度与分散均衡器的复杂度相当。我们证明,基于NN的均衡器可以胜过1个速度的DBP。
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