疾病鉴定是观察健康研究中的核心，常规活动。队列影响下游分析，例如如何表征病情，定义患者的风险以及研究哪些治疗方法。因此，至关重要的是要确保选定的队列代表所有患者，而与他们的人口统计学或社会决定因素无关。虽然在构建可能影响其公平性的表型定义时有多种潜在的偏见来源，但在表型领域中考虑不同定义在患者亚组中的影响并不是标准。在本文中，我们提出了一组最佳实践来评估表型定义的公平性。我们利用预测模型中常用的既定公平指标，并将其与常用的流行病学队列描述指标联系起来。我们描述了一项针对克罗恩病和2型糖尿病的实证研究，每个研究都有从两组患者亚组（性别和种族）中从文献中获取的多种表型定义。我们表明，根据不同的公平指标和亚组，不同的表型定义表现出较大和不同的性能。我们希望拟议的最佳实践可以帮助构建公平和包容的表型定义。

Theory of Mind is an essential ability of humans to infer the mental states of others. Here we provide a coherent summary of the potential, current progress, and problems of deep learning approaches to Theory of Mind. We highlight that many current findings can be explained through shortcuts. These shortcuts arise because the tasks used to investigate Theory of Mind in deep learning systems have been too narrow. Thus, we encourage researchers to investigate Theory of Mind in complex open-ended environments. Furthermore, to inspire future deep learning systems we provide a concise overview of prior work done in humans. We further argue that when studying Theory of Mind with deep learning, the research's main focus and contribution ought to be opening up the network's representations. We recommend researchers use tools from the field of interpretability of AI to study the relationship between different network components and aspects of Theory of Mind.