传统的神经结构倾向于通过类似数量（例如电流或电压）进行通信，但是，随着CMOS设备收缩和供应电压降低，电压/电流域模拟电路的动态范围变得更窄，可用的边缘变小，噪声免疫力降低。不仅如此，在常规设计中使用操作放大器（运算放大器）和时钟或异步比较器会导致高能量消耗和大型芯片区域，这将不利于构建尖峰神经网络。鉴于此，我们提出了一种神经结构，用于生成和传输时间域信号，包括神经元模块，突触模块和两个重量模块。所提出的神经结构是由晶体管三极区域的泄漏电流驱动的，不使用操作放大器和比较器，因此与常规设计相比，能够提供更高的能量和面积效率。此外，由于内部通信通过时间域信号，该结构提供了更大的噪声免疫力，从而简化了模块之间的接线。提出的神经结构是使用TSMC 65 nm CMOS技术制造的。拟议的神经元和突触分别占据了127 UM2和231 UM2的面积，同时达到了毫秒的时间常数。实际芯片测量表明，所提出的结构成功地用毫秒的时间常数实现了时间信号通信函数，这是迈向人机交互的硬件储层计算的关键步骤。

Deep-learning-based technologies such as deepfakes ones have been attracting widespread attention in both society and academia, particularly ones used to synthesize forged face images. These automatic and professional-skill-free face manipulation technologies can be used to replace the face in an original image or video with any target object while maintaining the expression and demeanor. Since human faces are closely related to identity characteristics, maliciously disseminated identity manipulated videos could trigger a crisis of public trust in the media and could even have serious political, social, and legal implications. To effectively detect manipulated videos, we focus on the position offset in the face blending process, resulting from the forced affine transformation of the normalized forged face. We introduce a method for detecting manipulated videos that is based on the trajectory of the facial region displacement. Specifically, we develop a virtual-anchor-based method for extracting the facial trajectory, which can robustly represent displacement information. This information was used to construct a network for exposing multidimensional artifacts in the trajectory sequences of manipulated videos that is based on dual-stream spatial-temporal graph attention and a gated recurrent unit backbone. Testing of our method on various manipulation datasets demonstrated that its accuracy and generalization ability is competitive with that of the leading detection methods.

我们已经调查了对抗性示例的新应用，即对地标识别系统的位置隐私保护。我们介绍了掩模引导的多模式投影梯度下降（MM-PGD），其中对抗示例在不同的深层模型上进行了培训。图像内容受到分析区域的特性，以识别最适合在对抗示例中混合的区域的性质。我们研究了两种区域识别策略：基于类激活图的MM-PGD，其中训练有素的深层模型的内部行为是针对的；和基于人视觉的MM-PGD，其中吸引人类注意力较少的地区的目标是针对的。Ploce365数据集的实验表明，这些策略在不需要大量图像操作的情况下可能有效地防御Black-Box Landmark识别系统。

深神经网络容易受到对抗的例子（AES）的伤害，这具有对抗性转移性：为源模型产生的AES可以误导另一个（目标）模型的预测。然而，从阶级目标模型的预测被误导的角度来看，尚未理解的可转换性尚未理解（即，传播的可传送性）。在本文中，我们将目标模型预测与源模型（“相同错误”）或不同的错误类（“不同错误”）进行分析，以分析和提供对机制的解释。首先，我们的分析显示（1）与“非目标转移性”和（2）不同的错误在类似模型之间发生不同的错误，而不管扰动大小如何。其次，我们提出了一种证据表明，相同的差异和不同的错误可以通过非稳健的特征来解释，预测性但人的无法解释的模式：当AES中的非鲁棒特征被模型使用时发生不同的错误。因此，非鲁棒特征可以为AES的类感知转换性提供一致的解释。

估计公共场所的面膜磨损比率很重要，因为它使卫生当局能够及时分析和实施政策。报道了基于图像分析估计掩模磨损比的方法。但是，仍然对两种方法和数据集仍然缺乏全面的研究。最近的报告通过应用常规物体检测和分类方法直接提出估算比例。使用基于回归的方法来估计佩戴面具的人数是可行的，特别是对于具有微小和遮挡面孔的拥挤场景，但这并未得到很好的研究。大规模和良好的注释数据集仍在需求。在本文中，我们提出了两种比率估计方法，其利用基于检测的或基于回归的方法。对于基于检测的方法，我们改进了最先进的面部探测器，RetinaFace，用于估计比率。对于基于回归的方法，我们微调基线网络CSRNet，用于估计屏蔽和未屏蔽面的密度图。我们还提供了第一个大规模数据集，其中包含从18,088个视频帧中提取的581,108脸注释，从17个街道视图视频中提取了581,108个脸部注释。实验表明，基于视网膜的方法在各种情况下具有更高的准确性，并且由于其紧凑性，基于CSRNet的方法具有更短的操作时间。

Making histopathology image classifiers robust to a wide range of real-world variability is a challenging task. Here, we describe a candidate deep learning solution for the Mitosis Domain Generalization Challenge 2022 (MIDOG) to address the problem of generalization for mitosis detection in images of hematoxylin-eosin-stained histology slides under high variability (scanner, tissue type and species variability). Our approach consists in training a rotation-invariant deep learning model using aggressive data augmentation with a training set enriched with hard negative examples and automatically selected negative examples from the unlabeled part of the challenge dataset. To optimize the performance of our models, we investigated a hard negative mining regime search procedure that lead us to train our best model using a subset of image patches representing 19.6% of our training partition of the challenge dataset. Our candidate model ensemble achieved a F1-score of .697 on the final test set after automated evaluation on the challenge platform, achieving the third best overall score in the MIDOG 2022 Challenge.

Reading comprehension of legal text can be a particularly challenging task due to the length and complexity of legal clauses and a shortage of expert-annotated datasets. To address this challenge, we introduce the Merger Agreement Understanding Dataset (MAUD), an expert-annotated reading comprehension dataset based on the American Bar Association's 2021 Public Target Deal Points Study, with over 39,000 examples and over 47,000 total annotations. Our fine-tuned Transformer baselines show promising results, with models performing well above random on most questions. However, on a large subset of questions, there is still room for significant improvement. As the only expert-annotated merger agreement dataset, MAUD is valuable as a benchmark for both the legal profession and the NLP community.

Real-life tools for decision-making in many critical domains are based on ranking results. With the increasing awareness of algorithmic fairness, recent works have presented measures for fairness in ranking. Many of those definitions consider the representation of different ``protected groups'', in the top-$k$ ranked items, for any reasonable $k$. Given the protected groups, confirming algorithmic fairness is a simple task. However, the groups' definitions may be unknown in advance. In this paper, we study the problem of detecting groups with biased representation in the top-$k$ ranked items, eliminating the need to pre-define protected groups. The number of such groups possible can be exponential, making the problem hard. We propose efficient search algorithms for two different fairness measures: global representation bounds, and proportional representation. Then we propose a method to explain the bias in the representations of groups utilizing the notion of Shapley values. We conclude with an experimental study, showing the scalability of our approach and demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed algorithms.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in the world, and early DR detection is necessary to prevent vision loss and support an appropriate treatment. In this work, we leverage interactive machine learning and introduce a joint learning framework, termed DRG-Net, to effectively learn both disease grading and multi-lesion segmentation. Our DRG-Net consists of two modules: (i) DRG-AI-System to classify DR Grading, localize lesion areas, and provide visual explanations; (ii) DRG-Expert-Interaction to receive feedback from user-expert and improve the DRG-AI-System. To deal with sparse data, we utilize transfer learning mechanisms to extract invariant feature representations by using Wasserstein distance and adversarial learning-based entropy minimization. Besides, we propose a novel attention strategy at both low- and high-level features to automatically select the most significant lesion information and provide explainable properties. In terms of human interaction, we further develop DRG-Net as a tool that enables expert users to correct the system's predictions, which may then be used to update the system as a whole. Moreover, thanks to the attention mechanism and loss functions constraint between lesion features and classification features, our approach can be robust given a certain level of noise in the feedback of users. We have benchmarked DRG-Net on the two largest DR datasets, i.e., IDRID and FGADR, and compared it to various state-of-the-art deep learning networks. In addition to outperforming other SOTA approaches, DRG-Net is effectively updated using user feedback, even in a weakly-supervised manner.

Participants in political discourse employ rhetorical strategies -- such as hedging, attributions, or denials -- to display varying degrees of belief commitments to claims proposed by themselves or others. Traditionally, political scientists have studied these epistemic phenomena through labor-intensive manual content analysis. We propose to help automate such work through epistemic stance prediction, drawn from research in computational semantics, to distinguish at the clausal level what is asserted, denied, or only ambivalently suggested by the author or other mentioned entities (belief holders). We first develop a simple RoBERTa-based model for multi-source stance predictions that outperforms more complex state-of-the-art modeling. Then we demonstrate its novel application to political science by conducting a large-scale analysis of the Mass Market Manifestos corpus of U.S. political opinion books, where we characterize trends in cited belief holders -- respected allies and opposed bogeymen -- across U.S. political ideologies.