与基于图像的静态面部表达识别（SFER）任务相比，基于视频序列的动态面部表达识别（DFER）任务更接近自然表达识别场景。但是，DFE通常更具挑战性。主要原因之一是，视频序列通常包含具有不同表达强度的框架，尤其是对于现实世界中的面部表情，而SFER中的图像经常呈现均匀和高表达强度。但是，如果同样处理具有不同强度的表达式，则网络学到的特征将具有较大的阶层和小类间差异，这对DFER有害。为了解决这个问题，我们建议全球卷积注意区（GCA）重新列出特征地图的渠道。此外，我们在训练过程中介绍了强度感知的损失（IAL），以帮助网络区分具有相对较低表达强度的样品。在两个野外动态面部表达数据集（即DFEW和FERV39K）上进行实验表明，我们的方法表现优于最先进的DFER方法。源代码将公开可用。

最近的研究表明，深度神经网络（DNN）容易受到后门攻击的影响。感染的模型正常在良性输入上行为，而其预测将被迫对对抗数据进行攻击特定目标。已经开发了几种检测方法来区分投入来防御这种攻击。这些防御依赖的常见假设是受感染模型提取的清洁和对抗进口的潜在表示之间存在大的统计差异。但是，虽然缺乏假设是真实的重要性，但缺乏全面的研究。在本文中，我们专注于它并研究以下相关问题：1）统计差异的性质是什么？ 2）如何在不损害攻击强度的情况下有效减少它们？ 3）这种减少对基于差异的防御有何影响？我们的工作是在三个问题上进行的。首先，通过引入最大平均差异（MMD）作为指标，我们确定多级表示的统计差异都是大的，而不仅仅是最高级别。然后，我们通过在训练后门模型期间向损耗功能添加多级MMD约束来提出统计差异减少方法（SDRM），以有效降低差异。最后，检查了三种典型的基于差异的检测方法。这些防御的F1分数下降到定期训练的后门型号的90％-100％，在所有两个数据集，四个模型架构和四种攻击方法上用SDRM培训的型号上的60％-70％。结果表明，所提出的方法可用于增强现有攻击以逃避后门检测算法。

生成对抗网络（GAN）是最受欢迎的图像生成模型，在各种计算机视觉任务上取得了显着进度。但是，训练不稳定仍然是所有基于GAN的算法的开放问题之一。已经提出了许多方法来稳定gan的训练，其重点分别放在损失功能，正则化和归一化技术，训练算法和模型体系结构上。与上述方法不同，在本文中，提出了有关稳定gan训练的新观点。发现有时发电机产生的图像在训练过程中像歧视者的对抗示例一样，这可能是导致gan不稳定训练的原因的一部分。有了这一发现，我们提出了直接的对抗训练（DAT）方法来稳定gan的训练过程。此外，我们证明DAT方法能够适应歧视器的Lipschitz常数。 DAT的高级性能在多个损失功能，网络体系结构，超参数和数据集上进行了验证。具体而言，基于SSGAN的CIFAR-100无条件生成，DAT在CIFAR-100的无条件生成上实现了11.5％的FID，基于SSGAN的STL-10无条件生成的FID和基于SSGAN的LSUN卧室无条件生成的13.2％FID。代码将在https://github.com/iceli1007/dat-gan上找到

Pure transformers have shown great potential for vision tasks recently. However, their accuracy in small or medium datasets is not satisfactory. Although some existing methods introduce a CNN as a teacher to guide the training process by distillation, the gap between teacher and student networks would lead to sub-optimal performance. In this work, we propose a new One-shot Vision transformer search framework with Online distillation, namely OVO. OVO samples sub-nets for both teacher and student networks for better distillation results. Benefiting from the online distillation, thousands of subnets in the supernet are well-trained without extra finetuning or retraining. In experiments, OVO-Ti achieves 73.32% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet and 75.2% on CIFAR-100, respectively.

We propose an extrinsic Bayesian optimization (eBO) framework for general optimization problems on manifolds. Bayesian optimization algorithms build a surrogate of the objective function by employing Gaussian processes and quantify the uncertainty in that surrogate by deriving an acquisition function. This acquisition function represents the probability of improvement based on the kernel of the Gaussian process, which guides the search in the optimization process. The critical challenge for designing Bayesian optimization algorithms on manifolds lies in the difficulty of constructing valid covariance kernels for Gaussian processes on general manifolds. Our approach is to employ extrinsic Gaussian processes by first embedding the manifold onto some higher dimensional Euclidean space via equivariant embeddings and then constructing a valid covariance kernel on the image manifold after the embedding. This leads to efficient and scalable algorithms for optimization over complex manifolds. Simulation study and real data analysis are carried out to demonstrate the utilities of our eBO framework by applying the eBO to various optimization problems over manifolds such as the sphere, the Grassmannian, and the manifold of positive definite matrices.

Optical flow, which computes the apparent motion from a pair of video frames, is a critical tool for scene motion estimation. Correlation volume is the central component of optical flow computational neural models. It estimates the pairwise matching costs between cross-frame features, and is then used to decode optical flow. However, traditional correlation volume is frequently noisy, outlier-prone, and sensitive to motion blur. We observe that, although the recent RAFT algorithm also adopts the traditional correlation volume, its additional context encoder provides semantically representative features to the flow decoder, implicitly compensating for the deficiency of the correlation volume. However, the benefits of this context encoder has been barely discussed or exploited. In this paper, we first investigate the functionality of RAFT's context encoder, then propose a new Context Guided Correlation Volume (CGCV) via gating and lifting schemes. CGCV can be universally integrated with RAFT-based flow computation methods for enhanced performance, especially effective in the presence of motion blur, de-focus blur and atmospheric effects. By incorporating the proposed CGCV with previous Global Motion Aggregation (GMA) method, at a minor cost of 0.5% extra parameters, the rank of GMA is lifted by 23 places on KITTI 2015 Leader Board, and 3 places on Sintel Leader Board. Moreover, at a similar model size, our correlation volume achieves competitive or superior performance to state of the art peer supervised models that employ Transformers or Graph Reasoning, as verified by extensive experiments.

The recent advent of large language models - large neural networks trained on a simple predictive objective over a massive corpus of natural language - has reinvigorated debate over whether human cognitive capacities might emerge in such generic models given sufficient training data. Of particular interest is the ability of these models to reason about novel problems zero-shot, without any direct training on those problems. In human cognition, this capacity is closely tied to an ability to reason by analogy. Here, we performed a direct comparison between human reasoners and a large language model (GPT-3) on a range of analogical tasks, including a novel text-based matrix reasoning task closely modeled on Raven's Progressive Matrices. We found that GPT-3 displayed a surprisingly strong capacity for abstract pattern induction, matching or even surpassing human capabilities in most settings. Our results indicate that large language models such as GPT-3 have acquired an emergent ability to find zero-shot solutions to a broad range of analogy problems.

Image harmonization aims to produce visually harmonious composite images by adjusting the foreground appearance to be compatible with the background. When the composite image has photographic foreground and painterly background, the task is called painterly image harmonization. There are only few works on this task, which are either time-consuming or weak in generating well-harmonized results. In this work, we propose a novel painterly harmonization network consisting of a dual-domain generator and a dual-domain discriminator, which harmonizes the composite image in both spatial domain and frequency domain. The dual-domain generator performs harmonization by using AdaIn modules in the spatial domain and our proposed ResFFT modules in the frequency domain. The dual-domain discriminator attempts to distinguish the inharmonious patches based on the spatial feature and frequency feature of each patch, which can enhance the ability of generator in an adversarial manner. Extensive experiments on the benchmark dataset show the effectiveness of our method. Our code and model are available at https://github.com/bcmi/PHDNet-Painterly-Image-Harmonization.

Automatic defect detection for 3D printing processes, which shares many characteristics with change detection problems, is a vital step for quality control of 3D printed products. However, there are some critical challenges in the current state of practice. First, existing methods for computer vision-based process monitoring typically work well only under specific camera viewpoints and lighting situations, requiring expensive pre-processing, alignment, and camera setups. Second, many defect detection techniques are specific to pre-defined defect patterns and/or print schematics. In this work, we approach the automatic defect detection problem differently using a novel Semi-Siamese deep learning model that directly compares a reference schematic of the desired print and a camera image of the achieved print. The model then solves an image segmentation problem, identifying the locations of defects with respect to the reference frame. Unlike most change detection problems, our model is specially developed to handle images coming from different domains and is robust against perturbations in the imaging setup such as camera angle and illumination. Defect localization predictions were made in 2.75 seconds per layer using a standard MacBookPro, which is comparable to the typical tens of seconds or less for printing a single layer on an inkjet-based 3D printer, while achieving an F1-score of more than 0.9.

As a neural network compression technique, post-training quantization (PTQ) transforms a pre-trained model into a quantized model using a lower-precision data type. However, the prediction accuracy will decrease because of the quantization noise, especially in extremely low-bit settings. How to determine the appropriate quantization parameters (e.g., scaling factors and rounding of weights) is the main problem facing now. Many existing methods determine the quantization parameters by minimizing the distance between features before and after quantization. Using this distance as the metric to optimize the quantization parameters only considers local information. We analyze the problem of minimizing local metrics and indicate that it would not result in optimal quantization parameters. Furthermore, the quantized model suffers from overfitting due to the small number of calibration samples in PTQ. In this paper, we propose PD-Quant to solve the problems. PD-Quant uses the information of differences between network prediction before and after quantization to determine the quantization parameters. To mitigate the overfitting problem, PD-Quant adjusts the distribution of activations in PTQ. Experiments show that PD-Quant leads to better quantization parameters and improves the prediction accuracy of quantized models, especially in low-bit settings. For example, PD-Quant pushes the accuracy of ResNet-18 up to 53.08% and RegNetX-600MF up to 40.92% in weight 2-bit activation 2-bit. The code will be released at https://github.com/hustvl/PD-Quant.