时空卷积通常无法学习视频中的运动动态,因此在野外的视频理解需要有效的运动表示。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于时空自相似性(STS)的丰富和强大的运动表示。给定一系列帧,STS表示每个局部区域作为空间和时间的邻居的相似度。通过将外观特征转换为关系值,它使学习者能够更好地识别空间和时间的结构模式。我们利用了整个STS,让我们的模型学会从中提取有效的运动表示。建议的神经块被称为自拍,可以轻松插入神经架构中,并在没有额外监督的情况下训练结束。在空间和时间内具有足够的邻域,它有效地捕获视频中的长期交互和快速运动,导致强大的动作识别。我们的实验分析证明了其对运动建模方法的优越性以及与直接卷积的时空特征的互补性。在标准动作识别基准测试中,某事-V1&V2,潜水-48和FineGym,该方法实现了最先进的结果。
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卷积是现代神经网络最重要的特征变革,导致深度学习的进步。最近的变压器网络的出现,取代具有自我关注块的卷积层,揭示了静止卷积粒的限制,并将门打开到动态特征变换的时代。然而,现有的动态变换包括自我关注,全部限制了视频理解,其中空间和时间的对应关系,即运动信息,对于有效表示至关重要。在这项工作中,我们引入了一个关系功能转换,称为关系自我关注(RSA),通过动态生成关系内核和聚合关系上下文来利用视频中丰富的时空关系结构。我们的实验和消融研究表明,RSA网络基本上表现出卷积和自我关注的同行,在标准的运动中心基准上实现了用于视频动作识别的标准主导的基准,例如用于V1&V2,潜水48和Filegym。
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自我关注学习成对相互作用以模型远程依赖性,从而产生了对视频动作识别的巨大改进。在本文中,我们寻求更深入地了解视频中的时间建模的自我关注。我们首先表明通过扁平所有像素通过扁平化的时空信息的缠结建模是次优的,未明确捕获帧之间的时间关系。为此,我们介绍了全球暂时关注(GTA),以脱钩的方式在空间关注之上进行全球时间关注。我们在像素和语义类似地区上应用GTA,以捕获不同水平的空间粒度的时间关系。与计算特定于实例的注意矩阵的传统自我关注不同,GTA直接学习全局注意矩阵,该矩阵旨在编码遍布不同样本的时间结构。我们进一步增强了GTA的跨通道多头方式,以利用通道交互以获得更好的时间建模。对2D和3D网络的广泛实验表明,我们的方法一致地增强了时间建模,并在三个视频动作识别数据集中提供最先进的性能。
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Spatiotemporal and motion features are two complementary and crucial information for video action recognition. Recent state-of-the-art methods adopt a 3D CNN stream to learn spatiotemporal features and another flow stream to learn motion features. In this work, we aim to efficiently encode these two features in a unified 2D framework. To this end, we first propose an STM block, which contains a Channel-wise SpatioTemporal Module (CSTM) to present the spatiotemporal features and a Channel-wise Motion Module (CMM) to efficiently encode motion features. We then replace original residual blocks in the ResNet architecture with STM blcoks to form a simple yet effective STM network by introducing very limited extra computation cost. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed STM network outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on both temporal-related datasets (i.e., Something-Something v1 & v2 and Jester) and scene-related datasets (i.e., Kinetics-400, UCF-101, and HMDB-51) with the help of encoding spatiotemporal and motion features together. * The work was done during an internship at SenseTime.
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Temporal modeling is key for action recognition in videos. It normally considers both short-range motions and long-range aggregations. In this paper, we propose a Temporal Excitation and Aggregation (TEA) block, including a motion excitation (ME) module and a multiple temporal aggregation (MTA) module, specifically designed to capture both short-and long-range temporal evolution. In particular, for short-range motion modeling, the ME module calculates the feature-level temporal differences from spatiotemporal features. It then utilizes the differences to excite the motion-sensitive channels of the features. The long-range temporal aggregations in previous works are typically achieved by stacking a large number of local temporal convolutions. Each convolution processes a local temporal window at a time. In contrast, the MTA module proposes to deform the local convolution to a group of subconvolutions, forming a hierarchical residual architecture. Without introducing additional parameters, the features will be processed with a series of sub-convolutions, and each frame could complete multiple temporal aggregations with neighborhoods. The final equivalent receptive field of temporal dimension is accordingly enlarged, which is capable of modeling the long-range temporal relationship over distant frames. The two components of the TEA block are complementary in temporal modeling. Finally, our approach achieves impressive results at low FLOPs on several action recognition benchmarks, such as Kinetics, Something-Something, HMDB51, and UCF101, which confirms its effectiveness and efficiency.
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作为视频的独特性,运动对于开发视频理解模型至关重要。现代深度学习模型通过执行时空3D卷积来利用运动,将3D卷积分别分为空间和时间卷积,或者沿时间维度计算自我注意力。这种成功背后的隐含假设是,可以很好地汇总连续帧的特征图。然而,该假设可能并不总是对具有较大变形的地区特别存在。在本文中,我们提出了一个新的框架间注意区块的食谱,即独立框架间注意力(SIFA),它在新颖的情况下深入研究了整个框架的变形,以估计每个空间位置上的局部自我注意力。从技术上讲,SIFA通过通过两个帧之间的差来重新缩放偏移预测来重新缩放可变形设计。将每个空间位置在当前帧中作为查询,下一帧中的本地可变形邻居被视为键/值。然后,SIFA衡量查询和键之间的相似性是对加权平均时间聚集值的独立关注。我们进一步将SIFA块分别插入Convnet和Vision Transformer,以设计SIFA-NET和SIFA-TransFormer。在四个视频数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,SIFA-NET和SIFA转换器的优越性是更强的骨架。更值得注意的是,SIFA转换器在动力学400数据集上的精度为83.1%。源代码可在\ url {https://github.com/fuchenustc/sifa}中获得。
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传统时空网络的建模,计算成本和准确性是视频动作识别中最集中的研究主题。传统的2D卷积具有较低的计算成本,但它无法捕获时间关系;基于3D卷积的卷积神经网络(CNNS)模型可以获得良好的性能,但其计算成本很高,参数的数量很大。在本文中,我们提出了一个即插即用的时空移位模块(STSM),它是一种有效且高性能的通用模块。具体地,在将STSM插入其他网络之后,可以在不增加计算和参数的数量的情况下提高网络的性能。特别是,当网络是2D CNN时,我们的STSM模块允许网络了解高效的时空特征。我们对该拟议模块进行了广泛的评估,进行了许多实验,以研究其在视频动作识别方面的有效性,并在动力学-400和某些东西上实现了最先进的结果 - 某种东西的数据集。
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在视频数据中,来自移动区域的忙碌运动细节在频域中的特定频率带宽内传送。同时,视频数据的其余频率是用具有实质冗余的安静信息编码,这导致现有视频模型中的低处理效率作为输入原始RGB帧。在本文中,我们考虑为处理重要忙碌信息的处理和对安静信息的计算的处理分配。我们设计可训练的运动带通量模块(MBPM),用于将繁忙信息从RAW视频数据中的安静信息分开。通过将MBPM嵌入到两个路径CNN架构中,我们定义了一个繁忙的网络(BQN)。 BQN的效率是通过避免由两个路径处理的特征空间中的冗余来确定:一个在低分辨率的安静特征上运行,而另一个处理繁忙功能。所提出的BQN在某物V1,Kinetics400,UCF101和HMDB51数据集中略高于最近最近的视频处理模型。
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有效地对视频中的空间信息进行建模对于动作识别至关重要。为了实现这一目标,最先进的方法通常采用卷积操作员和密集的相互作用模块,例如非本地块。但是,这些方法无法准确地符合视频中的各种事件。一方面,采用的卷积是有固定尺度的,因此在各种尺度的事件中挣扎。另一方面,密集的相互作用建模范式仅在动作 - 欧元零件时实现次优性能,给最终预测带来了其他噪音。在本文中,我们提出了一个统一的动作识别框架,以通过引入以下设计来研究视频内容的动态性质。首先,在提取本地提示时,我们会生成动态尺度的时空内核,以适应各种事件。其次,为了将这些线索准确地汇总为全局视频表示形式,我们建议仅通过变压器在一些选定的前景对象之间进行交互,从而产生稀疏的范式。我们将提出的框架称为事件自适应网络(EAN),因为这两个关键设计都适应输入视频内容。为了利用本地细分市场内的短期运动,我们提出了一种新颖有效的潜在运动代码(LMC)模块,进一步改善了框架的性能。在几个大规模视频数据集上进行了广泛的实验,例如,某种东西,动力学和潜水48,验证了我们的模型是否在低拖鞋上实现了最先进或竞争性的表演。代码可在:https://github.com/tianyuan168326/ean-pytorch中找到。
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动作检测的任务旨在在每个动作实例中同时推论动作类别和终点的本地化。尽管Vision Transformers推动了视频理解的最新进展,但由于在长时间的视频剪辑中,设计有效的架构以进行动作检测是不平凡的。为此,我们提出了一个有效的层次时空时空金字塔变压器(STPT)进行动作检测,这是基于以下事实:变压器中早期的自我注意力层仍然集中在局部模式上。具体而言,我们建议在早期阶段使用本地窗口注意来编码丰富的局部时空时空表示,同时应用全局注意模块以捕获后期的长期时空依赖性。通过这种方式,我们的STPT可以用冗余的大大减少来编码区域和依赖性,从而在准确性和效率之间进行有希望的权衡。例如,仅使用RGB输入,提议的STPT在Thumos14上获得了53.6%的地图,超过10%的I3D+AFSD RGB模型超过10%,并且对使用其他流量的额外流动功能的表现较少,该流量具有31%的GFLOPS ,它是一个有效,有效的端到端变压器框架,用于操作检测。
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自2020年推出以来,Vision Transformers(VIT)一直在稳步打破许多视觉任务的记录,通常被描述为``全部'''替换Convnet。而且对于嵌入式设备不友好。此外,最近的研究表明,标准的转话如果经过重新设计和培训,可以在准确性和可伸缩性方面与VIT竞争。在本文中,我们采用Convnet的现代化结构来设计一种新的骨干,以采取行动,以采取行动特别是我们的主要目标是为工业产品部署服务,例如仅支持标准操作的FPGA董事会。因此,我们的网络仅由2D卷积组成,而无需使用任何3D卷积,远程注意插件或变压器块。在接受较少的时期(5x-10x)训练时,我们的骨干线超过了(2+1)D和3D卷积的方法,并获得可比的结果s在两个基准数据集上具有vit。
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Vision Transformers (ViTs) have become a dominant paradigm for visual representation learning with self-attention operators. Although these operators provide flexibility to the model with their adjustable attention kernels, they suffer from inherent limitations: (1) the attention kernel is not discriminative enough, resulting in high redundancy of the ViT layers, and (2) the complexity in computation and memory is quadratic in the sequence length. In this paper, we propose a novel attention operator, called lightweight structure-aware attention (LiSA), which has a better representation power with log-linear complexity. Our operator learns structural patterns by using a set of relative position embeddings (RPEs). To achieve log-linear complexity, the RPEs are approximated with fast Fourier transforms. Our experiments and ablation studies demonstrate that ViTs based on the proposed operator outperform self-attention and other existing operators, achieving state-of-the-art results on ImageNet, and competitive results on other visual understanding benchmarks such as COCO and Something-Something-V2. The source code of our approach will be released online.
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In this paper we discuss several forms of spatiotemporal convolutions for video analysis and study their effects on action recognition. Our motivation stems from the observation that 2D CNNs applied to individual frames of the video have remained solid performers in action recognition. In this work we empirically demonstrate the accuracy advantages of 3D CNNs over 2D CNNs within the framework of residual learning. Furthermore, we show that factorizing the 3D convolutional filters into separate spatial and temporal components yields significantly gains in accuracy. Our empirical study leads to the design of a new spatiotemporal convolutional block "R(2+1)D" which produces CNNs that achieve results comparable or superior to the state-of-theart on Sports-1M, Kinetics, UCF101, and HMDB51.
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We propose a simple, yet effective approach for spatiotemporal feature learning using deep 3-dimensional convolutional networks (3D ConvNets) trained on a large scale supervised video dataset. Our findings are three-fold: 1) 3D ConvNets are more suitable for spatiotemporal feature learning compared to 2D ConvNets; 2) A homogeneous architecture with small 3 × 3 × 3 convolution kernels in all layers is among the best performing architectures for 3D ConvNets; and 3) Our learned features, namely C3D (Convolutional 3D), with a simple linear classifier outperform state-of-the-art methods on 4 different benchmarks and are comparable with current best methods on the other 2 benchmarks. In addition, the features are compact: achieving 52.8% accuracy on UCF101 dataset with only 10 dimensions and also very efficient to compute due to the fast inference of ConvNets. Finally, they are conceptually very simple and easy to train and use.
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The explosive growth in video streaming gives rise to challenges on performing video understanding at high accuracy and low computation cost. Conventional 2D CNNs are computationally cheap but cannot capture temporal relationships; 3D CNN based methods can achieve good performance but are computationally intensive, making it expensive to deploy. In this paper, we propose a generic and effective Temporal Shift Module (TSM) that enjoys both high efficiency and high performance. Specifically, it can achieve the performance of 3D CNN but maintain 2D CNN's complexity. TSM shifts part of the channels along the temporal dimension; thus facilitate information exchanged among neighboring frames. It can be inserted into 2D CNNs to achieve temporal modeling at zero computation and zero parameters. We also extended TSM to online setting, which enables real-time low-latency online video recognition and video object detection. TSM is accurate and efficient: it ranks the first place on the Something-Something leaderboard upon publication; on Jetson Nano and Galaxy Note8, it achieves a low latency of 13ms and 35ms for online video recognition. The code is available at: https://github. com/mit-han-lab/temporal-shift-module.
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高效的时空建模是视频动作识别的重要而挑战性问题。现有的最先进的方法利用相邻的特征差异,以获得短期时间建模的运动线索,简单的卷积。然而,只有一个本地卷积,由于接收领域有限而无法处理各种动作。此外,摄像机运动带来的动作耳鸣还将损害提取的运动功能的质量。在本文中,我们提出了一个时间显着积分(TSI)块,其主要包含突出运动激励(SME)模块和交叉感知时间集成(CTI)模块。具体地,中小企业旨在通过空间级局部 - 全局运动建模突出显示运动敏感区域,其中显着对准和金字塔型运动建模在相邻帧之间连续进行,以捕获由未对准背景引起的噪声较少的运动动态。 CTI旨在分别通过一组单独的1D卷积进行多感知时间建模。同时,不同看法的时间相互作用与注意机制相结合。通过这两个模块,通过引入有限的附加参数,可以有效地编码长短的短期时间关系。在几个流行的基准测试中进行了广泛的实验(即,某种东西 - 某种东西 - 东西 - 400,uCF-101和HMDB-51),这证明了我们所提出的方法的有效性。
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最近,视频变压器在视频理解方面取得了巨大成功,超过了CNN性能;然而,现有的视频变换器模型不会明确地模拟对象,尽管对象对于识别操作至关重要。在这项工作中,我们呈现对象区域视频变换器(Orvit),一个\ emph {对象为中心}方法,它与直接包含对象表示的块扩展视频变压器图层。关键的想法是从早期层开始融合以对象形式的表示,并将它们传播到变压器层中,从而影响整个网络的时空表示。我们的orvit块由两个对象级流组成:外观和动态。在外观流中,“对象区域关注”模块在修补程序上应用自我关注和\ emph {对象区域}。以这种方式,Visual对象区域与统一修补程序令牌交互,并通过上下文化对象信息来丰富它们。我们通过单独的“对象 - 动态模块”进一步模型对象动态,捕获轨迹交互,并显示如何集成两个流。我们在四个任务和五个数据集中评估我们的模型:在某事物中的某些问题和几次射击动作识别,以及在AVA上的某些时空动作检测,以及在某种东西上的标准动作识别 - 某种东西 - 东西,潜水48和EPIC-Kitchen100。我们在考虑的所有任务和数据集中展示了强大的性能改进,展示了将对象表示的模型的值集成到变压器体系结构中。对于代码和预用模型,请访问项目页面\ url {https://roeiherz.github.io/orvit/}
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由于细粒度的视觉细节中的运动和丰富内容的大变化,视频是复杂的。从这些信息密集型媒体中抽象有用的信息需要详尽的计算资源。本文研究了一个两步的替代方案,首先将视频序列冷凝到信息“框架”,然后在合成帧上利用现成的图像识别系统。有效问题是如何定义“有用信息”,然后将其从视频序列蒸发到一个合成帧。本文介绍了一种新颖的信息帧综合(IFS)架构,其包含三个客观任务,即外观重建,视频分类,运动估计和两个常规方案,即对抗性学习,颜色一致性。每个任务都配备了一个能力的合成框,而每个常规器可以提高其视觉质量。利用这些,通过以端到端的方式共同学习帧合成,预期产生的帧封装了用于视频分析的所需的时空信息。广泛的实验是在大型动力学数据集上进行的。与基线方法相比,将视频序列映射到单个图像,IFS显示出优异的性能。更值得注意地,IFS始终如一地展示了基于图像的2D网络和基于剪辑的3D网络的显着改进,并且通过了具有较少计算成本的最先进方法实现了相当的性能。
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Despite the steady progress in video analysis led by the adoption of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the relative improvement has been less drastic as that in 2D static image classification. Three main challenges exist including spatial (image) feature representation, temporal information representation, and model/computation complexity. It was recently shown by Carreira and Zisserman that 3D CNNs, inflated from 2D networks and pretrained on Ima-geNet, could be a promising way for spatial and temporal representation learning. However, as for model/computation complexity, 3D CNNs are much more expensive than 2D CNNs and prone to overfit. We seek a balance between speed and accuracy by building an effective and efficient video classification system through systematic exploration of critical network design choices. In particular, we show that it is possible to replace many of the 3D convolutions by low-cost 2D convolutions. Rather surprisingly, best result (in both speed and accuracy) is achieved when replacing the 3D convolutions at the bottom of the network, suggesting that temporal representation learning on high-level "semantic" features is more useful. Our conclusion generalizes to datasets with very different properties. When combined with several other cost-effective designs including separable spatial/temporal convolution and feature gating, our system results in an effective video classification system that that produces very competitive results on several action classification benchmarks (Kinetics, Something-something, UCF101 and HMDB), as well as two action detection (localization) benchmarks (JHMDB and UCF101-24).
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运动,作为视频中最明显的现象,涉及随时间的变化,对视频表示学习的发展是独一无二的。在本文中,我们提出了问题:特别是对自我监督视频表示学习的运动有多重要。为此,我们撰写了一个二重奏,用于利用对比学习政权的数据增强和特征学习的动作。具体而言,我们介绍了一种以前的对比学习(MCL)方法,其将这种二重奏视为基础。一方面,MCL大写视频中的每个帧的光流量,以在时间上和空间地样本地样本(即,横跨时间的相关帧斑块的序列)作为数据增强。另一方面,MCL进一步将卷积层的梯度图对准来自空间,时间和时空视角的光流程图,以便在特征学习中地进行地面运动信息。在R(2 + 1)D骨架上进行的广泛实验证明了我们MCL的有效性。在UCF101上,在MCL学习的表示上培训的线性分类器实现了81.91%的前1个精度,表现优于6.78%的训练预测。在动力学-400上,MCL在线方案下实现66.62%的前1个精度。代码可在https://github.com/yihengzhang-cv/mcl-motion-focused-contrastive-learning。
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