神经辐射场（NERF）是数据驱动3D重建中的流行方法。鉴于其简单性和高质量的渲染，正在开发许多NERF应用程序。但是，NERF的大量的速度很大。许多尝试如何加速NERF培训和推理，包括复杂的代码级优化和缓存，使用复杂的数据结构以及通过多任务和元学习的摊销。在这项工作中，我们通过NERF之前通过经典技术镜头重新审视NERF的基本构建块。我们提出了Voxel-Accelated Nerf（VaxnerF），与Visual Hull集成了Nerf，一种经典的3D重建技术，只需要每张图像的二进制前景背景像素标签。可视船体，可在大约10秒内优化，可以提供粗略的现场分离，以省略NERF中的大量网络评估。我们在流行的JAXNERF Codebase提供了一个干净的全力验光，基于JAX的实现，其仅包括大约30行的代码更改和模块化视觉船体子程序，并在高度表现的JAXNERF之上实现了大约2-8倍的速度学习基线具有零劣化呈现质量。具有足够的计算，这有效地将单位训练从小时到30分钟缩小到30分钟。我们希望VAXNERF - 一种仔细组合具有深入方法的经典技术（可谓更换它） - 可以赋予并加速新的NERF扩展和应用，以其简单，可移植性和可靠的性能收益。代码在https://github.com/naruya/vaxnerf提供。

We introduce a method to render Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) in real time using PlenOctrees, an octree-based 3D representation which supports view-dependent effects. Our method can render 800×800 images at more than 150 FPS, which is over 3000 times faster than conventional NeRFs. We do so without sacrificing quality while preserving the ability of NeRFs to perform free-viewpoint rendering of scenes with arbitrary geometry and view-dependent effects. Real-time performance is achieved by pre-tabulating the NeRF into a PlenOctree. In order to preserve viewdependent effects such as specularities, we factorize the appearance via closed-form spherical basis functions. Specifically, we show that it is possible to train NeRFs to predict a spherical harmonic representation of radiance, removing the viewing direction as an input to the neural network. Furthermore, we show that PlenOctrees can be directly optimized to further minimize the reconstruction loss, which leads to equal or better quality compared to competing methods. Moreover, this octree optimization step can be used to reduce the training time, as we no longer need to wait for the NeRF training to converge fully. Our real-time neural rendering approach may potentially enable new applications such as 6-DOF industrial and product visualizations, as well as next generation AR/VR systems. PlenOctrees are amenable to in-browser rendering as well; please visit the project page for the interactive online demo, as well as video and code: https://alexyu. net/plenoctrees.

我们介绍了Plenoxels（plenoptic voxels），是一种光电型观测合成系统。Plenoxels表示作为具有球形谐波的稀疏3D网格的场景。该表示可以通过梯度方法和正则化从校准图像进行优化，而没有任何神经元件。在标准，基准任务中，Plenoxels优化了比神经辐射场更快的两个数量级，无需视觉质量损失。

Photo-realistic free-viewpoint rendering of real-world scenes using classical computer graphics techniques is challenging, because it requires the difficult step of capturing detailed appearance and geometry models. Recent studies have demonstrated promising results by learning scene representations that implicitly encode both geometry and appearance without 3D supervision. However, existing approaches in practice often show blurry renderings caused by the limited network capacity or the difficulty in finding accurate intersections of camera rays with the scene geometry. Synthesizing high-resolution imagery from these representations often requires time-consuming optical ray marching. In this work, we introduce Neural Sparse Voxel Fields (NSVF), a new neural scene representation for fast and high-quality free-viewpoint rendering. NSVF defines a set of voxel-bounded implicit fields organized in a sparse voxel octree to model local properties in each cell. We progressively learn the underlying voxel structures with a diffentiable ray-marching operation from only a set of posed RGB images. With the sparse voxel octree structure, rendering novel views can be accelerated by skipping the voxels containing no relevant scene content. Our method is typically over 10 times faster than the state-of-the-art (namely, NeRF (Mildenhall et al., 2020)) at inference time while achieving higher quality results. Furthermore, by utilizing an explicit sparse voxel representation, our method can easily be applied to scene editing and scene composition. We also demonstrate several challenging tasks, including multi-scene learning, free-viewpoint rendering of a moving human, and large-scale scene rendering. Code and data are available at our website: https://github.com/facebookresearch/NSVF.

我们提出了逐渐变化的辐射场（PDRF），这是一种从模糊图像中有效重建高质量辐射场的新方法。虽然当前的最先进的（SOTA）场景重建方法实现了光真实的渲染，因此清洁源视图会导致其性能在源视图受模糊影响的影响时会受到影响，这通常是野外图像的观察。以前的脱毛方法要么不考虑3D几何形状，要么是计算强度。为了解决这些问题，PDRF是Radiance Field建模中逐渐消除的方案，通过合并3D场景上下文来准确地模拟模糊。 PDRF进一步使用了有效的重要性采样方案，从而导致快速场景优化。具体而言，PDRF提出了一个粗射线渲染器，以快速估计体素密度和特征。然后，使用精细的体素渲染器来实现高质量的射线追踪。我们执行广泛的实验，并表明PDRF比以前的SOTA快15倍，同时在合成场景和真实场景上都取得更好的性能。

Volumetric neural rendering methods like NeRF generate high-quality view synthesis results but are optimized per-scene leading to prohibitive reconstruction time. On the other hand, deep multi-view stereo methods can quickly reconstruct scene geometry via direct network inference. Point-NeRF combines the advantages of these two approaches by using neural 3D point clouds, with associated neural features, to model a radiance field. Point-NeRF can be rendered efficiently by aggregating neural point features near scene surfaces, in a ray marching-based rendering pipeline. Moreover, Point-NeRF can be initialized via direct inference of a pre-trained deep network to produce a neural point cloud; this point cloud can be finetuned to surpass the visual quality of NeRF with 30X faster training time. Point-NeRF can be combined with other 3D reconstruction methods and handles the errors and outliers in such methods via a novel pruning and growing mechanism. The experiments on the DTU, the NeRF Synthetics , the ScanNet and the Tanks and Temples datasets demonstrate Point-NeRF can surpass the existing methods and achieve the state-of-the-art results.

学习辐射场对新型视图综合显示出了显着的结果。学习过程通常会花费大量时间，这激发了最新方法，通过没有神经网络或使用更有效的数据结构来通过学习来加快学习过程。但是，这些专门设计的方法不适用于大多数基于辐射的方法的方法。为了解决此问题，我们引入了一项一般策略，以加快几乎所有基于辐射的方法的学习过程。我们的关键想法是通过在多视图卷渲染过程中拍摄较少的射线来减少冗余，这是几乎所有基于辐射的方法的基础。我们发现，在具有巨大色彩变化的像素上的射击不仅显着减轻了训练负担，而且几乎不会影响学到的辐射场的准确性。此外，我们还根据树中每个节点的平均渲染误差将每个视图自适应地细分为Quadtree，这使我们在更复杂的区域中动态射击更多的射线，并具有较大的渲染误差。我们在广泛使用的基准下使用不同的基于辐射的方法评估我们的方法。实验结果表明，我们的方法通过更快的训练获得了与最先进的可比精度。

我们介绍了一种超快速的收敛方法来重建从一组图像中捕获具有已知姿势的场景的图像的每场辐射场。该任务通常适用于新颖的视图综合，最近是由神经辐射领域（NERF）彻底改革为其最先进的质量和灵活性。然而，NERF及其变体需要漫长的训练时间来为单个场景的数小时到几天。相比之下，我们的方法实现了NERF相当的质量，并通过单个GPU在不到15分钟内从划痕中迅速收敛。我们采用由密度体素网格组成的表示，用于场景几何形状和具有浅网络的特征体素网格，用于复杂的视图依赖性外观。用明确和离散化卷表示的建模并不是新的，但我们提出了两种简单而非琐碎的技术，有助于快速收敛速度和高质量的输出。首先，我们介绍了体素密度的激活后插值，其能够以较低的网格分辨率产生尖锐的表面。其次，直接体素密度优化容易发生次优几何解决方案，因此我们通过施加多个前沿来强制优化过程。最后，对五个内向的基准评估表明，我们的方法匹配，如果没有超越Nerf的质量，但它只需15分钟即可从头开始训练新场景。

本文旨在减少透明辐射场的渲染时间。一些最近的作品用图像编码器配备了神经辐射字段，能够跨越场景概括，这避免了每场景优化。但是，它们的渲染过程通常很慢。主要因素是，在推断辐射场时，它们在空间中的大量点。在本文中，我们介绍了一个混合场景表示，它结合了最佳的隐式辐射场和显式深度映射，以便有效渲染。具体地，我们首先构建级联成本量，以有效地预测场景的粗糙几何形状。粗糙几何允许我们在场景表面附近的几个点来样，并显着提高渲染速度。该过程是完全可疑的，使我们能够仅从RGB图像共同学习深度预测和辐射现场网络。实验表明，该方法在DTU，真正的前瞻性和NERF合成数据集上展示了最先进的性能，而不是比以前的最可推广的辐射现场方法快至少50倍。我们还展示了我们的方法实时综合动态人类执行者的自由观点视频。代码将在https://zju3dv.github.io/enerf/处提供。

b) MVS-NeRF no fine-tuning c) MVS-NeRF 6 min fine-tuning d) NeRF 5.1h optimization a) Source views SSIM:0.766 SSIM: 0.923 SSIM:0.924 * Equal contribution Research done when Anpei Chen was in a remote internship with UCSD.generalizable radiance field reconstruction. Moreover, if dense images are captured, our estimated radiance field representation can be easily fine-tuned; this leads to fast per-scene reconstruction with higher rendering quality and substantially less optimization time than NeRF.

在本文中，我们为复杂场景进行了高效且强大的深度学习解决方案。在我们的方法中，3D场景表示为光场，即，一组光线，每组在到达图像平面时具有相应的颜色。对于高效的新颖视图渲染，我们采用了光场的双面参数化，其中每个光线的特征在于4D参数。然后，我们将光场配向作为4D函数，即将4D坐标映射到相应的颜色值。我们训练一个深度完全连接的网络以优化这种隐式功能并记住3D场景。然后，特定于场景的模型用于综合新颖视图。与以前需要密集的视野的方法不同，需要密集的视野采样来可靠地呈现新颖的视图，我们的方法可以通过采样光线来呈现新颖的视图并直接从网络查询每种光线的颜色，从而使高质量的灯场呈现稀疏集合训练图像。网络可以可选地预测每光深度，从而使诸如自动重新焦点的应用。我们的小说视图合成结果与最先进的综合结果相当，甚至在一些具有折射和反射的具有挑战性的场景中优越。我们在保持交互式帧速率和小的内存占地面积的同时实现这一点。

神经辐射场（NERF）在代表3D场景和合成新颖视图中示出了很大的潜力，但是在推理阶段的NERF的计算开销仍然很重。为了减轻负担，我们进入了NERF的粗细分，分层采样过程，并指出粗阶段可以被我们命名神经样本场的轻量级模块代替。所提出的示例场地图光线进入样本分布，可以将其转换为点坐标并进料到radiance字段以进行体积渲染。整体框架被命名为Neusample。我们在现实合成360 $ ^ {\ circ} $和真正的前瞻性，两个流行的3D场景集上进行实验，并表明Neusample在享受更快推理速度时比NERF实现更好的渲染质量。Neusample进一步压缩，以提出的样品场提取方法朝向质量和速度之间的更好的权衡。

Neural Radiance Field (NeRF), a new novel view synthesis with implicit scene representation has taken the field of Computer Vision by storm. As a novel view synthesis and 3D reconstruction method, NeRF models find applications in robotics, urban mapping, autonomous navigation, virtual reality/augmented reality, and more. Since the original paper by Mildenhall et al., more than 250 preprints were published, with more than 100 eventually being accepted in tier one Computer Vision Conferences. Given NeRF popularity and the current interest in this research area, we believe it necessary to compile a comprehensive survey of NeRF papers from the past two years, which we organized into both architecture, and application based taxonomies. We also provide an introduction to the theory of NeRF based novel view synthesis, and a benchmark comparison of the performance and speed of key NeRF models. By creating this survey, we hope to introduce new researchers to NeRF, provide a helpful reference for influential works in this field, as well as motivate future research directions with our discussion section.

潜水员在NERF的关键思想和其变体 - 密度模型和体积渲染的关键思想中建立 - 学习可以从少量图像实际渲染的3D对象模型。与所有先前的NERF方法相比，潜水员使用确定性而不是体积渲染积分的随机估计。潜水员的表示是基于体素的功能领域。为了计算卷渲染积分，将光线分为间隔，每个体素;使用MLP的每个间隔的特征估计体渲染积分的组件，并且组件聚合。结果，潜水员可以呈现其他集成商错过的薄半透明结构。此外，潜水员的表示与其他这样的方法相比相对暴露的语义 - 在体素空间中的运动特征向量导致自然编辑。对当前最先进的方法的广泛定性和定量比较表明，潜水员产生（1）在最先进的质量或高于最先进的质量，（2）的情况下非常小而不会被烘烤，（3）在不被烘烤的情况下渲染非常快，并且（4）可以以自然方式编辑。

We present a method that synthesizes novel views of complex scenes by interpolating a sparse set of nearby views. The core of our method is a network architecture that includes a multilayer perceptron and a ray transformer that estimates radiance and volume density at continuous 5D locations (3D spatial locations and 2D viewing directions), drawing appearance information on the fly from multiple source views. By drawing on source views at render time, our method hearkens back to classic work on image-based rendering (IBR), and allows us to render high-resolution imagery. Unlike neural scene representation work that optimizes per-scene functions for rendering, we learn a generic view interpolation function that generalizes to novel scenes. We render images using classic volume rendering, which is fully differentiable and allows us to train using only multiview posed images as supervision. Experiments show that our method outperforms recent novel view synthesis methods that also seek to generalize to novel scenes. Further, if fine-tuned on each scene, our method is competitive with state-of-the-art single-scene neural rendering methods. 1

Neural implicit 3D representations have emerged as a powerful paradigm for reconstructing surfaces from multiview images and synthesizing novel views. Unfortunately, existing methods such as DVR or IDR require accurate perpixel object masks as supervision. At the same time, neural radiance fields have revolutionized novel view synthesis. However, NeRF's estimated volume density does not admit accurate surface reconstruction. Our key insight is that implicit surface models and radiance fields can be formulated in a unified way, enabling both surface and volume rendering using the same model. This unified perspective enables novel, more efficient sampling procedures and the ability to reconstruct accurate surfaces without input masks. We compare our method on the DTU, BlendedMVS, and a synthetic indoor dataset. Our experiments demonstrate that we outperform NeRF in terms of reconstruction quality while performing on par with IDR without requiring masks.

神经辐射场（NERF）最近在新型视图合成中取得了令人印象深刻的结果。但是，以前的NERF作品主要关注以对象为中心的方案。在这项工作中，我们提出了360ROAM，这是一种新颖的场景级NERF系统，可以实时合成大型室内场景的图像并支持VR漫游。我们的系统首先从多个输入$ 360^\ circ $图像构建全向神经辐射场360NERF。然后，我们逐步估算一个3D概率的占用图，该概率占用图代表了空间密度形式的场景几何形状。跳过空的空间和上采样占据的体素本质上可以使我们通过以几何学意识的方式使用360NERF加速量渲染。此外，我们使用自适应划分和扭曲策略来减少和调整辐射场，以进一步改进。从占用地图中提取的场景的平面图可以为射线采样提供指导，并促进现实的漫游体验。为了显示我们系统的功效，我们在各种场景中收集了$ 360^\ Circ $图像数据集并进行广泛的实验。基线之间的定量和定性比较说明了我们在复杂室内场景的新型视图合成中的主要表现。

我们提出了HRF-NET，这是一种基于整体辐射场的新型视图合成方法，该方法使用一组稀疏输入来呈现新视图。最近的概括视图合成方法还利用了光辉场，但渲染速度不是实时的。现有的方法可以有效地训练和呈现新颖的观点，但它们无法概括地看不到场景。我们的方法解决了用于概括视图合成的实时渲染问题，并由两个主要阶段组成：整体辐射场预测指标和基于卷积的神经渲染器。该架构不仅基于隐式神经场的一致场景几何形状，而且还可以使用单个GPU有效地呈现新视图。我们首先在DTU数据集的多个3D场景上训练HRF-NET，并且网络只能仅使用光度损耗就看不见的真实和合成数据产生合理的新视图。此外，我们的方法可以利用单个场景的密集参考图像集来产生准确的新颖视图，而无需依赖其他明确表示，并且仍然保持了预训练模型的高速渲染。实验结果表明，HRF-NET优于各种合成和真实数据集的最先进的神经渲染方法。

We present a method that achieves state-of-the-art results for synthesizing novel views of complex scenes by optimizing an underlying continuous volumetric scene function using a sparse set of input views. Our algorithm represents a scene using a fully-connected (nonconvolutional) deep network, whose input is a single continuous 5D coordinate (spatial location (x, y, z) and viewing direction (θ, φ)) and whose output is the volume density and view-dependent emitted radiance at that spatial location. We synthesize views by querying 5D coordinates along camera rays and use classic volume rendering techniques to project the output colors and densities into an image. Because volume rendering is naturally differentiable, the only input required to optimize our representation is a set of images with known camera poses. We describe how to effectively optimize neural radiance fields to render photorealistic novel views of scenes with complicated geometry and appearance, and demonstrate results that outperform prior work on neural rendering and view synthesis. View synthesis results are best viewed as videos, so we urge readers to view our supplementary video for convincing comparisons.

最近，神经辐射场（NERF）正在彻底改变新型视图合成（NVS）的卓越性能。但是，NERF及其变体通常需要进行冗长的每场训练程序，其中将多层感知器（MLP）拟合到捕获的图像中。为了解决挑战，已经提出了体素网格表示，以显着加快训练的速度。但是，这些现有方法只能处理静态场景。如何开发有效，准确的动态视图合成方法仍然是一个开放的问题。将静态场景的方法扩展到动态场景并不简单，因为场景几何形状和外观随时间变化。在本文中，基于素素网格优化的最新进展，我们提出了一种快速变形的辐射场方法来处理动态场景。我们的方法由两个模块组成。第一个模块采用变形网格来存储3D动态功能，以及使用插值功能将观测空间中的3D点映射到规范空间的变形的轻巧MLP。第二个模块包含密度和颜色网格，以建模场景的几何形状和密度。明确对阻塞进行了建模，以进一步提高渲染质量。实验结果表明，我们的方法仅使用20分钟的训练就可以实现与D-NERF相当的性能，该训练比D-NERF快70倍以上，这清楚地证明了我们提出的方法的效率。