从单个图像中的新视图综合最近实现了显着的结果，尽管在训练时需要某种形式的3D，姿势或多视图监管限制了实际情况的部署。这项工作旨在放松这些假设，可实现新颖的观看综合的条件生成模型，以完全无人监测。我们首先使用3D感知GaN制定预先列车纯粹的生成解码器模型，同时训练编码器网络将映射从潜空间颠覆到图像。然后，我们将编码器和解码器交换，并将网络作为条件GaN培训，其混合物类似于自动化器的物镜和自蒸馏。在测试时间，给定对象的视图，我们的模型首先将图像内容嵌入到潜在代码中并通过保留代码固定并改变姿势来生成它的新颖视图。我们在ShapeNet等合成数据集上测试我们的框架，如ShapeNet和无约束的自然图像集合，在那里没有竞争方法可以训练。

最近已经示出了从2D图像中提取隐式3D表示的生成神经辐射场（GNERF）模型，以产生代表刚性物体的现实图像，例如人面或汽车。然而，他们通常难以产生代表非刚性物体的高质量图像，例如人体，这对许多计算机图形应用具有很大的兴趣。本文提出了一种用于人类图像综合的3D感知语义导向生成模型（3D-SAGGA），其集成了GNERF和纹理发生器。前者学习人体的隐式3D表示，并输出一组2D语义分段掩模。后者将这些语义面部掩模转化为真实的图像，为人类的外观添加了逼真的纹理。如果不需要额外的3D信息，我们的模型可以使用照片现实可控生成学习3D人类表示。我们在Deepfashion DataSet上的实验表明，3D-SAGGAN显着优于最近的基线。

We introduce ViewNeRF, a Neural Radiance Field-based viewpoint estimation method that learns to predict category-level viewpoints directly from images during training. While NeRF is usually trained with ground-truth camera poses, multiple extensions have been proposed to reduce the need for this expensive supervision. Nonetheless, most of these methods still struggle in complex settings with large camera movements, and are restricted to single scenes, i.e. they cannot be trained on a collection of scenes depicting the same object category. To address these issues, our method uses an analysis by synthesis approach, combining a conditional NeRF with a viewpoint predictor and a scene encoder in order to produce self-supervised reconstructions for whole object categories. Rather than focusing on high fidelity reconstruction, we target efficient and accurate viewpoint prediction in complex scenarios, e.g. 360{\deg} rotation on real data. Our model shows competitive results on synthetic and real datasets, both for single scenes and multi-instance collections.

2 Lambda Labs 3 Twitter Figure 1. HoloGAN learns to separate pose from identity (shape and appearance) only from unlabelled 2D images without sacrificing the visual fidelity of the generated images. All results shown here are sampled from HoloGAN for the same identities in each row but in different poses.

Recent 3D-aware GANs rely on volumetric rendering techniques to disentangle the pose and appearance of objects, de facto generating entire 3D volumes rather than single-view 2D images from a latent code. Complex image editing tasks can be performed in standard 2D-based GANs (e.g., StyleGAN models) as manipulation of latent dimensions. However, to the best of our knowledge, similar properties have only been partially explored for 3D-aware GAN models. This work aims to fill this gap by showing the limitations of existing methods and proposing LatentSwap3D, a model-agnostic approach designed to enable attribute editing in the latent space of pre-trained 3D-aware GANs. We first identify the most relevant dimensions in the latent space of the model controlling the targeted attribute by relying on the feature importance ranking of a random forest classifier. Then, to apply the transformation, we swap the top-K most relevant latent dimensions of the image being edited with an image exhibiting the desired attribute. Despite its simplicity, LatentSwap3D provides remarkable semantic edits in a disentangled manner and outperforms alternative approaches both qualitatively and quantitatively. We demonstrate our semantic edit approach on various 3D-aware generative models such as pi-GAN, GIRAFFE, StyleSDF, MVCGAN, EG3D and VolumeGAN, and on diverse datasets, such as FFHQ, AFHQ, Cats, MetFaces, and CompCars. The project page can be found: \url{https://enisimsar.github.io/latentswap3d/}.

StyleGAN has achieved great progress in 2D face reconstruction and semantic editing via image inversion and latent editing. While studies over extending 2D StyleGAN to 3D faces have emerged, a corresponding generic 3D GAN inversion framework is still missing, limiting the applications of 3D face reconstruction and semantic editing. In this paper, we study the challenging problem of 3D GAN inversion where a latent code is predicted given a single face image to faithfully recover its 3D shapes and detailed textures. The problem is ill-posed: innumerable compositions of shape and texture could be rendered to the current image. Furthermore, with the limited capacity of a global latent code, 2D inversion methods cannot preserve faithful shape and texture at the same time when applied to 3D models. To solve this problem, we devise an effective self-training scheme to constrain the learning of inversion. The learning is done efficiently without any real-world 2D-3D training pairs but proxy samples generated from a 3D GAN. In addition, apart from a global latent code that captures the coarse shape and texture information, we augment the generation network with a local branch, where pixel-aligned features are added to faithfully reconstruct face details. We further consider a new pipeline to perform 3D view-consistent editing. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art inversion methods in both shape and texture reconstruction quality. Code and data will be released.

Understanding the 3D world without supervision is currently a major challenge in computer vision as the annotations required to supervise deep networks for tasks in this domain are expensive to obtain on a large scale. In this paper, we address the problem of unsupervised viewpoint estimation. We formulate this as a self-supervised learning task, where image reconstruction provides the supervision needed to predict the camera viewpoint. Specifically, we make use of pairs of images of the same object at training time, from unknown viewpoints, to self-supervise training by combining the viewpoint information from one image with the appearance information from the other. We demonstrate that using a perspective spatial transformer allows efficient viewpoint learning, outperforming existing unsupervised approaches on synthetic data, and obtains competitive results on the challenging PASCAL3D+ dataset.

我们提出了IM2NERF，这是一个学习框架，该框架可以预测在野生中给出单个输入图像的连续神经对象表示，仅通过现成的识别方法进行分割输出而受到监督。构建神经辐射场的标准方法利用了多视图的一致性，需要对场景的许多校准视图，这一要求在野外学习大规模图像数据时无法满足。我们通过引入一个模型将输入图像编码到包含对象形状的代码，对象外观代码以及捕获对象图像的估计相机姿势的模型来迈出解决此缺点的一步。我们的模型条件在预测的对象表示上nerf，并使用卷渲染来从新视图中生成图像。我们将模型端到端训练大量输入图像。由于该模型仅配有单视图像，因此问题高度不足。因此，除了在合成的输入视图上使用重建损失外，我们还对新颖的视图使用辅助对手损失。此外，我们利用对象对称性和循环摄像头的姿势一致性。我们在Shapenet数据集上进行了广泛的定量和定性实验，并在开放图像数据集上进行了定性实验。我们表明，在所有情况下，IM2NERF都从野外的单视图像中实现了新视图合成的最新性能。

Nerf-based Generative models have shown impressive capacity in generating high-quality images with consistent 3D geometry. Despite successful synthesis of fake identity images randomly sampled from latent space, adopting these models for generating face images of real subjects is still a challenging task due to its so-called inversion issue. In this paper, we propose a universal method to surgically fine-tune these NeRF-GAN models in order to achieve high-fidelity animation of real subjects only by a single image. Given the optimized latent code for an out-of-domain real image, we employ 2D loss functions on the rendered image to reduce the identity gap. Furthermore, our method leverages explicit and implicit 3D regularizations using the in-domain neighborhood samples around the optimized latent code to remove geometrical and visual artifacts. Our experiments confirm the effectiveness of our method in realistic, high-fidelity, and 3D consistent animation of real faces on multiple NeRF-GAN models across different datasets.

最近的研究表明，基于预训练的gan的可控图像生成可以使广泛的计算机视觉任务受益。但是，较少的关注专用于3D视觉任务。鉴于此，我们提出了一个新颖的图像条件神经隐式领域，该领域可以利用GAN生成的多视图图像的2D监督，并执行通用对象的单视图重建。首先，提出了一个新颖的基于脱机的发电机，以生成具有对视点的完全控制的合理伪图像。然后，我们建议利用神经隐式函数，以及可区分的渲染器，从带有对象掩模和粗糙姿势初始化的伪图像中学习3D几何形状。为了进一步检测不可靠的监督，我们引入了一个新颖的不确定性模块来预测不确定性图，该模块可以补救伪图像中不确定区域的负面影响，从而导致更好的重建性能。我们方法的有效性是通过通用对象的出色单视3D重建结果证明的。

2D图像是对用几何形状，材料和照明组件描绘的3D物理世界的观察。从2D图像（也称为逆渲染）中恢复这些基本的内在组件通常需要有监督的设置，并从多个观点和照明条件中收集的配对图像，这是资源要求的。在这项工作中，我们提出了GAN2X，这是一种无监督的逆渲染方法，仅使用未配对的图像进行训练。与以前主要集中在3D形状的形状 - 从GAN的方法不同，我们首次尝试通过利用GAN生成的伪配对数据来恢复非陆层材料的性能。为了实现精确的逆渲染，我们设计了一种镜面感知的神经表面表示，该表示连续建模几何和材料特性。采用基于阴影的改进技术来进一步提炼目标图像中的信息并恢复更多细节。实验表明，GAN2X可以准确地将2D图像分解为不同对象类别的3D形状，反照率和镜面特性，并实现无监督的单视图3D面部重建的最先进性能。我们还显示了其在下游任务中的应用，包括真实的图像编辑和将2D GAN抬高到分解3D GAN。

Recently, a surge of high-quality 3D-aware GANs have been proposed, which leverage the generative power of neural rendering. It is natural to associate 3D GANs with GAN inversion methods to project a real image into the generator's latent space, allowing free-view consistent synthesis and editing, referred as 3D GAN inversion. Although with the facial prior preserved in pre-trained 3D GANs, reconstructing a 3D portrait with only one monocular image is still an ill-pose problem. The straightforward application of 2D GAN inversion methods focuses on texture similarity only while ignoring the correctness of 3D geometry shapes. It may raise geometry collapse effects, especially when reconstructing a side face under an extreme pose. Besides, the synthetic results in novel views are prone to be blurry. In this work, we propose a novel method to promote 3D GAN inversion by introducing facial symmetry prior. We design a pipeline and constraints to make full use of the pseudo auxiliary view obtained via image flipping, which helps obtain a robust and reasonable geometry shape during the inversion process. To enhance texture fidelity in unobserved viewpoints, pseudo labels from depth-guided 3D warping can provide extra supervision. We design constraints aimed at filtering out conflict areas for optimization in asymmetric situations. Comprehensive quantitative and qualitative evaluations on image reconstruction and editing demonstrate the superiority of our method.

我们介绍了一种基于神经辐射场的生成3D模型的方法，仅从每个对象的单个视图训练。虽然产生现实图像不再是一项艰巨的任务，产生相应的3D结构，使得它们可以从不同视图呈现是非微不足道的。我们表明，与现有方法不同，一个不需要多视图数据来实现这一目标。具体而言，我们表明，通过将许多图像对齐，与在共享潜在空间上的单个网络调节的近似规范姿势对齐，您可以学习模型为一类对象的形状和外观的辐射字段的空间。我们通过培训模型来展示这一点，以使用仅包含每个拍摄对象的一个视图的数据集重建对象类别而没有深度或几何信息。我们的实验表明，我们实现最先进的导致单眼深度预测的综合合成和竞争结果。

生成辐射场的进步推动了3D感知图像合成的边界。通过观察到3D对象应该从多个观点看起来真实的观察，这些方法将多视图约束引入正则化以从2D图像学习有效的3D辐射场。尽管有了进步，但由于形状彩色模糊，它们通常会缺少准确的3D形状，这限制了它们在下游任务中的适用性。在这项工作中，我们通过提出一种新的阴影引导的生成隐式模型来解决这种模糊性，能够学习持续改进的形状表示。我们的主要洞察力是，在不同的照明条件下，精确的3D形状还应产生逼真的渲染。通过明确地模拟照明和具有各种照明条件的阴影来实现这种多照明约束。通过将合成的图像馈送到鉴别器来导出梯度。为了补偿计算表面法线的额外计算负担，我们进一步通过表面跟踪设计了高效的体积渲染策略，将培训和推理时间分别将培训和推理时间减少了24％和48％。我们在多个数据集上的实验表明，该方法在捕获准确的基础3D形状时实现了光电型3D感知图像合成。我们展示了我们对现有方法的3D形重建的方法的改进性能，并展示了其对图像复兴的适用性。我们的代码将在https://github.com/xingangpan/shadegan发布。

We present a high-fidelity 3D generative adversarial network (GAN) inversion framework that can synthesize photo-realistic novel views while preserving specific details of the input image. High-fidelity 3D GAN inversion is inherently challenging due to the geometry-texture trade-off in 3D inversion, where overfitting to a single view input image often damages the estimated geometry during the latent optimization. To solve this challenge, we propose a novel pipeline that builds on the pseudo-multi-view estimation with visibility analysis. We keep the original textures for the visible parts and utilize generative priors for the occluded parts. Extensive experiments show that our approach achieves advantageous reconstruction and novel view synthesis quality over state-of-the-art methods, even for images with out-of-distribution textures. The proposed pipeline also enables image attribute editing with the inverted latent code and 3D-aware texture modification. Our approach enables high-fidelity 3D rendering from a single image, which is promising for various applications of AI-generated 3D content.

We have witnessed rapid progress on 3D-aware image synthesis, leveraging recent advances in generative visual models and neural rendering. Existing approaches however fall short in two ways: first, they may lack an underlying 3D representation or rely on view-inconsistent rendering, hence synthesizing images that are not multi-view consistent; second, they often depend upon representation network architectures that are not expressive enough, and their results thus lack in image quality. We propose a novel generative model, named Periodic Implicit Generative Adversarial Networks (π-GAN or pi-GAN), for high-quality 3D-aware image synthesis. π-GAN leverages neural representations with periodic activation functions and volumetric rendering to represent scenes as view-consistent radiance fields. The proposed approach obtains state-of-the-art results for 3D-aware image synthesis with multiple real and synthetic datasets.

What is a rose, visually? A rose comprises its intrinsics, including the distribution of geometry, texture, and material specific to its object category. With knowledge of these intrinsic properties, we may render roses of different sizes and shapes, in different poses, and under different lighting conditions. In this work, we build a generative model that learns to capture such object intrinsics from a single image, such as a photo of a bouquet. Such an image includes multiple instances of an object type. These instances all share the same intrinsics, but appear different due to a combination of variance within these intrinsics and differences in extrinsic factors, such as pose and illumination. Experiments show that our model successfully learns object intrinsics (distribution of geometry, texture, and material) for a wide range of objects, each from a single Internet image. Our method achieves superior results on multiple downstream tasks, including intrinsic image decomposition, shape and image generation, view synthesis, and relighting.

We introduce 3inGAN, an unconditional 3D generative model trained from 2D images of a single self-similar 3D scene. Such a model can be used to produce 3D "remixes" of a given scene, by mapping spatial latent codes into a 3D volumetric representation, which can subsequently be rendered from arbitrary views using physically based volume rendering. By construction, the generated scenes remain view-consistent across arbitrary camera configurations, without any flickering or spatio-temporal artifacts. During training, we employ a combination of 2D, obtained through differentiable volume tracing, and 3D Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) losses, across multiple scales, enforcing realism on both its 3D structure and the 2D renderings. We show results on semi-stochastic scenes of varying scale and complexity, obtained from real and synthetic sources. We demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of learning plausible view-consistent 3D scene variations from a single exemplar scene and provide qualitative and quantitative comparisons against recent related methods.

单视图重建的方法通常依赖于观点注释，剪影，缺乏背景，同一实例的多个视图，模板形状或对称性。我们通过明确利用不同对象实例的图像之间的一致性来避免所有此类监督和假设。结果，我们的方法可以从描述相同对象类别的大量未标记图像中学习。我们的主要贡献是利用跨境一致性的两种方法：（i）渐进式调理，一种培训策略，以逐步将模型从类别中逐步专业为课程学习方式进行实例； （ii）邻居重建，具有相似形状或纹理的实例之间的损失。对于我们方法的成功也至关重要的是：我们的结构化自动编码体系结构将图像分解为显式形状，纹理，姿势和背景；差异渲染的适应性公式；以及一个新的优化方案在3D和姿势学习之间交替。我们将我们的方法（独角兽）在多样化的合成造型数据集上进行比较，这是需要多种视图作为监督的方法的经典基准 - 以及标准的实数基准（Pascal3d+ Car，Cub，Cub，Cub，Cub），大多数方法都需要已知的模板和Silhouette注释。我们还展示了对更具挑战性的现实收藏集（Compcars，LSUN）的适用性，在该收藏中，剪影不可用，图像没有在物体周围裁剪。

随着几个行业正在朝着建模大规模的3D虚拟世界迈进，因此需要根据3D内容的数量，质量和多样性来扩展的内容创建工具的需求变得显而易见。在我们的工作中，我们旨在训练Parterant 3D生成模型，以合成纹理网格，可以通过3D渲染引擎直接消耗，因此立即在下游应用中使用。 3D生成建模的先前工作要么缺少几何细节，因此在它们可以生成的网格拓扑中受到限制，通常不支持纹理，或者在合成过程中使用神经渲染器，这使得它们在常见的3D软件中使用。在这项工作中，我们介绍了GET3D，这是一种生成模型，该模型直接生成具有复杂拓扑，丰富几何细节和高保真纹理的显式纹理3D网格。我们在可区分的表面建模，可区分渲染以及2D生成对抗网络中桥接了最新成功，以从2D图像集合中训练我们的模型。 GET3D能够生成高质量的3D纹理网格，从汽车，椅子，动物，摩托车和人类角色到建筑物，对以前的方法进行了重大改进。