In natural language processing (NLP), the context of a word or sentence plays an essential role. Contextual information such as the semantic representation of a passage or historical dialogue forms an essential part of a conversation and a precise understanding of the present phrase or sentence. However, the standard attention mechanisms typically generate weights using query and key but ignore context, forming a Bi-Attention framework, despite their great success in modeling sequence alignment. This Bi-Attention mechanism does not explicitly model the interactions between the contexts, queries and keys of target sequences, missing important contextual information and resulting in poor attention performance. Accordingly, a novel and general triple-attention (Tri-Attention) framework expands the standard Bi-Attention mechanism and explicitly interacts query, key, and context by incorporating context as the third dimension in calculating relevance scores. Four variants of Tri-Attention are generated by expanding the two-dimensional vector-based additive, dot-product, scaled dot-product, and bilinear operations in Bi-Attention to the tensor operations for Tri-Attention. Extensive experiments on three NLP tasks demonstrate that Tri-Attention outperforms about 30 state-of-the-art non-attention, standard Bi-Attention, contextual Bi-Attention approaches and pretrained neural language models1.
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本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成(NLG)的研究提供了全面的审查,特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关,以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在(a)给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合,以及该领域采用的建筑;(b)详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集,并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战,专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;(c)强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题,因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加,例如计算机视觉,文本和计算创造力。
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排名模型是信息检索系统的主要组成部分。排名的几种方法是基于传统的机器学习算法,使用一组手工制作的功能。最近,研究人员在信息检索中利用了深度学习模型。这些模型的培训结束于结束,以提取来自RAW数据的特征来排序任务,因此它们克服了手工制作功能的局限性。已经提出了各种深度学习模型,每个模型都呈现了一组神经网络组件,以提取用于排名的特征。在本文中,我们在不同方面比较文献中提出的模型,以了解每个模型的主要贡献和限制。在我们对文献的讨论中,我们分析了有前途的神经元件,并提出了未来的研究方向。我们还显示文档检索和其他检索任务之间的类比,其中排名的项目是结构化文档,答案,图像和视频。
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The goal of building dialogue agents that can converse with humans naturally has been a long-standing dream of researchers since the early days of artificial intelligence. The well-known Turing Test proposed to judge the ultimate validity of an artificial intelligence agent on the indistinguishability of its dialogues from humans'. It should come as no surprise that human-level dialogue systems are very challenging to build. But, while early effort on rule-based systems found limited success, the emergence of deep learning enabled great advance on this topic. In this thesis, we focus on methods that address the numerous issues that have been imposing the gap between artificial conversational agents and human-level interlocutors. These methods were proposed and experimented with in ways that were inspired by general state-of-the-art AI methodologies. But they also targeted the characteristics that dialogue systems possess.
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连接视觉和语言在生成智能中起着重要作用。因此,已经致力于图像标题的大型研究工作,即用句法和语义有意义的句子描述图像。从2015年开始,该任务通常通过由Visual Encoder组成的管道和文本生成的语言模型来解决任务。在这些年来,两种组件通过对象区域,属性,介绍多模态连接,完全关注方法和伯特早期融合策略的利用而显着发展。但是,无论令人印象深刻的结果,图像标题的研究还没有达到结论性答案。这项工作旨在提供图像标题方法的全面概述,从视觉编码和文本生成到培训策略,数据集和评估度量。在这方面,我们量化地比较了许多相关的最先进的方法来确定架构和培训策略中最有影响力的技术创新。此外,讨论了问题的许多变体及其开放挑战。这项工作的最终目标是作为理解现有文献的工具,并突出显示计算机视觉和自然语言处理的研究领域的未来方向可以找到最佳的协同作用。
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Chatbots are expected to be knowledgeable across multiple domains, e.g. for daily chit-chat, exchange of information, and grounding in emotional situations. To effectively measure the quality of such conversational agents, a model-based automatic dialogue evaluation metric (ADEM) is expected to perform well across multiple domains. Despite significant progress, an ADEM that works well in one domain does not necessarily generalize to another. This calls for a dedicated network architecture for domain generalization. To tackle the multi-domain dialogue evaluation task, we propose a Panel of Experts (PoE), a multitask network that consists of a shared transformer encoder and a collection of lightweight adapters. The shared encoder captures the general knowledge of dialogues across domains, while each adapter specializes in one specific domain and serves as a domain expert. To validate the idea, we construct a high-quality multi-domain dialogue dataset leveraging data augmentation and pseudo-labeling. The PoE network is comprehensively assessed on 16 dialogue evaluation datasets spanning a wide range of dialogue domains. It achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of mean Spearman correlation over all the evaluation datasets. It exhibits better zero-shot generalization than existing state-of-the-art ADEMs and the ability to easily adapt to new domains with few-shot transfer learning.
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The rapid advancement of AI technology has made text generation tools like GPT-3 and ChatGPT increasingly accessible, scalable, and effective. This can pose serious threat to the credibility of various forms of media if these technologies are used for plagiarism, including scientific literature and news sources. Despite the development of automated methods for paraphrase identification, detecting this type of plagiarism remains a challenge due to the disparate nature of the datasets on which these methods are trained. In this study, we review traditional and current approaches to paraphrase identification and propose a refined typology of paraphrases. We also investigate how this typology is represented in popular datasets and how under-representation of certain types of paraphrases impacts detection capabilities. Finally, we outline new directions for future research and datasets in the pursuit of more effective paraphrase detection using AI.
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Image-text retrieval (ITR) is a challenging task in the field of multimodal information processing due to the semantic gap between different modalities. In recent years, researchers have made great progress in exploring the accurate alignment between image and text. However, existing works mainly focus on the fine-grained alignment between image regions and sentence fragments, which ignores the guiding significance of context background information. Actually, integrating the local fine-grained information and global context background information can provide more semantic clues for retrieval. In this paper, we propose a novel Hierarchical Graph Alignment Network (HGAN) for image-text retrieval. First, to capture the comprehensive multimodal features, we construct the feature graphs for the image and text modality respectively. Then, a multi-granularity shared space is established with a designed Multi-granularity Feature Aggregation and Rearrangement (MFAR) module, which enhances the semantic corresponding relations between the local and global information, and obtains more accurate feature representations for the image and text modalities. Finally, the ultimate image and text features are further refined through three-level similarity functions to achieve the hierarchical alignment. To justify the proposed model, we perform extensive experiments on MS-COCO and Flickr30K datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed HGAN outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on both datasets, which demonstrates the effectiveness and superiority of our model.
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文本到SQL解析是一项必不可少且具有挑战性的任务。文本到SQL解析的目的是根据关系数据库提供的证据将自然语言(NL)问题转换为其相应的结构性查询语言(SQL)。来自数据库社区的早期文本到SQL解析系统取得了显着的进展,重度人类工程和用户与系统的互动的成本。近年来,深层神经网络通过神经生成模型显着提出了这项任务,该模型会自动学习从输入NL问题到输出SQL查询的映射功能。随后,大型的预训练的语言模型将文本到SQL解析任务的最新作品带到了一个新级别。在这项调查中,我们对文本到SQL解析的深度学习方法进行了全面的评论。首先,我们介绍了文本到SQL解析语料库,可以归类为单转和多转。其次,我们提供了预先训练的语言模型和现有文本解析方法的系统概述。第三,我们向读者展示了文本到SQL解析所面临的挑战,并探索了该领域的一些潜在未来方向。
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人类通过不同的渠道表达感受或情绪。以语言为例,它在不同的视觉声学上下文下需要不同的情绪。为了精确了解人类意图,并减少歧义和讽刺引起的误解,我们应该考虑多式联路信号,包括文本,视觉和声学信号。至关重要的挑战是融合不同的特征模式以进行情绪分析。为了有效地融合不同的方式携带的信息,更好地预测情绪,我们设计了一种基于新的多主题的融合网络,这是由任何两个对方式之间的相互作用不同的观察来启发,它们是不同的,并且它们不同样有助于最终的情绪预测。通过分配具有合理关注和利用残余结构的声学 - 视觉,声学 - 文本和视觉文本特征,我们参加了重要的特征。我们对四个公共多模式数据集进行了广泛的实验,包括中文和三种英文中的一个。结果表明,我们的方法优于现有的方法,并可以解释双模相互作用在多种模式中的贡献。
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旨在用自然语言和谐地与人类交流的智能对话体系对于促进人工智能时代的人机互动的发展非常出色。有了逐渐复杂的人类计算机交互要求(例如,多模式输入,时间敏感性),传统的基于文本的对话系统很难满足对更加生动和方便的交互的需求。因此,视觉背景增强对话系统(VAD)有可能通过感知和理解多模式信息(即图像或视频中的视觉上下文,文本对话历史记录)与人类进行交流,已成为主要的研究范式。 VAD受益于视觉和文本上下文之间的一致性和互补性,具有产生引人入胜和背景感知响应的潜力。为了描述VAD的开发,我们首先表征VAD的概念和独特功能,然后介绍其通用系统体系结构以说明系统工作流程。随后,对一些研究挑战和代表性作品进行了详细研究,然后进行了权威基准摘要。我们通过提出一些开放问题和有前途的VAD研究趋势来结束本文,例如,在跨模式对话环境下,人机对话的认知机制以及知识增强的跨模式语义互动。
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尽管不断努力提高代码搜索的有效性和效率,但仍未解决两个问题。首先,编程语言具有固有的牢固结构链接,并且代码的特征是文本表单将省略其中包含的结构信息。其次,代码和查询之间存在潜在的语义关系,跨序列对齐代码和文本是具有挑战性的,因此在相似性匹配期间,向量在空间上保持一致。为了解决这两个问题,在本文中,提出了一个名为CSSAM的代码搜索模型(代码语义和结构注意匹配)。通过引入语义和结构匹配机制,CSSAM有效提取并融合了多维代码功能。具体而言,开发了交叉和残留层,以促进代码和查询的高纬度空间比对。通过利用残差交互,匹配模块旨在保留更多的代码语义和描述性功能,从而增强了代码及其相应查询文本之间的附着力。此外,为了提高模型对代码固有结构的理解,提出了一个名为CSRG的代码表示结构(代码语义表示图),用于共同表示抽象语法树节点和代码的数据流。根据两个包含540K和330K代码段的公开可用数据集的实验结果,CSSAM在两个数据集中分别在获得最高的SR@1/5/10,MRR和NDCG@50方面大大优于基本线。此外,进行消融研究是为了定量衡量CSSAM每个关键组成部分对代码搜索效率和有效性的影响,这为改进高级代码搜索解决方案提供了见解。
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预先接受的语言模型实现了最先进的导致各种自然语言处理(NLP)任务。 GPT-3表明,缩放预先训练的语言模型可以进一步利用它们的巨大潜力。最近提出了一个名为Ernie 3.0的统一框架,以预先培训大型知识增强型号,并培训了具有10亿参数的模型。 Ernie 3.0在各种NLP任务上表现出最先进的模型。为了探讨缩放的表现,我们培养了百卢比的3.0泰坦参数型号,在PaddlePaddle平台上有高达260亿参数的泰坦。此外,我们设计了一种自我监督的对抗性损失和可控语言建模损失,以使ERNIE 3.0 TITAN产生可信和可控的文本。为了减少计算开销和碳排放,我们向Ernie 3.0泰坦提出了一个在线蒸馏框架,教师模型将同时教授学生和培训。埃塞尼3.0泰坦是迄今为止最大的中国密集预训练模型。经验结果表明,Ernie 3.0泰坦在68个NLP数据集中优于最先进的模型。
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Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a long-standing topic in natural language processing (NLP). The MRC task aims to answer a question based on the given context. Recently studies focus on multi-hop MRC which is a more challenging extension of MRC, which to answer a question some disjoint pieces of information across the context are required. Due to the complexity and importance of multi-hop MRC, a large number of studies have been focused on this topic in recent years, therefore, it is necessary and worth reviewing the related literature. This study aims to investigate recent advances in the multi-hop MRC approaches based on 31 studies from 2018 to 2022. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be introduced, then 31 models will be reviewed in detail with a strong focus on their multi-hop aspects. They also will be categorized based on their main techniques. Finally, a fine-grain comprehensive comparison of the models and techniques will be presented.
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多文件摘要(MDS)是信息聚合的有效工具,它从与主题相关文档集群生成信息和简洁的摘要。我们的调查是,首先,系统地概述了最近的基于深度学习的MDS模型。我们提出了一种新的分类学,总结神经网络的设计策略,并进行全面的最先进的概要。我们突出了在现有文献中很少讨论的各种客观函数之间的差异。最后,我们提出了与这个新的和令人兴奋的领域有关的几个方向。
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语言理解(SLU)是以任务为导向对话系统的核心组成部分,期望面对人类用户不耐烦的推理较短。现有的工作通过为单转弯任务设计非自动回旋模型来提高推理速度,但在面对对话历史记录时未能适用于多转移SLU。直观的想法是使所有历史言语串联并直接利用非自动进取模型。但是,这种方法严重错过了显着的历史信息,并遭受了不协调的问题。为了克服这些缺点,我们提出了一个新型模型,用于使用层改造的变压器(SHA-LRT),该模型名为“显着历史”,该模型由SHA模块组成,该模块由SHA模块组成,一种层的机制(LRM)和插槽标签生成(SLG)任务。 SHA通过历史悠久的注意机制捕获了从历史言论和结果进行的当前对话的显着历史信息。 LRM预测了Transferer的中间状态的初步SLU结果,并利用它们来指导最终预测,SLG获得了非自动进取编码器的顺序依赖性信息。公共数据集上的实验表明,我们的模型可显着提高多转弯性能(总体上为17.5%),并且加速(接近15倍)最先进的基线的推理过程,并且在单转弯方面有效SLU任务。
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本文通过将深度递归编码器添加到具有深递归编码器(BERT-DRE)的伯爵,提供了一种深度神经阵列匹配(NLSM)。我们对模型行为的分析表明,BERT仍未捕获文本的全部复杂性,因此伯特顶部应用了一个深递归编码器。具有残留连接的三个Bi-LSTM层用于设计递归编码器,并在此编码器顶部使用注意模块。为了获得最终的载体,使用由平均值和最大池组成的池化层。我们在四个基准,SNLI,贝尔船,Multinli,Scitail和新的波斯宗教问题数据集上进行模型。本文侧重于改善NLSM任务中的BERT结果。在这方面,进行BERT-DRE和BERT之间的比较,并且显示在所有情况下,BERT-DRE优于伯特。宗教数据集的BERT算法实现了89.70%的精度,并且BERT-DRE架构使用相同的数据集提高了90.29%。
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随着未来以数据为中心的决策,对数据库的无缝访问至关重要。关于创建有效的文本到SQL(Text2SQL)模型以访问数据库的数据有广泛的研究。使用自然语言是可以通过有效访问数据库(尤其是对于非技术用户)来弥合数据和结果之间差距的最佳接口之一。它将打开门,并在精通技术技能或不太熟练的查询语言的用户中引起极大的兴趣。即使提出或研究了许多基于深度学习的算法,在现实工作场景中使用自然语言来解决数据查询问题仍然非常具有挑战性。原因是在不同的研究中使用不同的数据集,这带来了其局限性和假设。同时,我们确实缺乏对这些提议的模型及其对其训练的特定数据集的局限性的彻底理解。在本文中,我们试图介绍过去几年研究的24种神经网络模型的整体概述,包括其涉及卷积神经网络,经常性神经网络,指针网络,强化学习,生成模型等的架构。我们还概述11个数据集,这些数据集被广泛用于训练Text2SQL技术的模型。我们还讨论了无缝数据查询中文本2SQL技术的未来应用可能性。
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Deep Learning and Machine Learning based models have become extremely popular in text processing and information retrieval. However, the non-linear structures present inside the networks make these models largely inscrutable. A significant body of research has focused on increasing the transparency of these models. This article provides a broad overview of research on the explainability and interpretability of natural language processing and information retrieval methods. More specifically, we survey approaches that have been applied to explain word embeddings, sequence modeling, attention modules, transformers, BERT, and document ranking. The concluding section suggests some possible directions for future research on this topic.
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医学对话生成是一项重要但具有挑战性的任务。以前的大多数作品都依赖于注意力机制和大规模预处理的语言模型。但是,这些方法通常无法从长时间的对话历史中获取关键信息,从而产生准确和信息丰富的响应,因为医疗实体通常散布在多种话语中以及它们之间的复杂关系。为了减轻此问题,我们提出了一个具有关键信息召回(Medpir)的医疗响应生成模型,该模型建立在两个组件上,即知识吸引的对话图形编码器和召回增强的生成器。知识吸引的对话图编码器通过利用话语中的实体之间的知识关系,并使用图形注意力网络对话图来构建对话图。然后,召回增强的发电机通过在产生实际响应之前生成对话的摘要来增强这些关键信息的使用。两个大型医学对话数据集的实验结果表明,Medpir在BLEU分数和医疗实体F1度量中的表现优于强大的基准。
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