Crowdsourcing, in which human intelligence and productivity is dynamically mobilized to tackle tasks too complex for automation alone to handle, has grown to be an important research topic and inspired new businesses (e.g., Uber, Airbnb). Over the years, crowdsourcing has morphed from providing a platform where workers and tasks can be matched up manually into one which leverages data-driven algorithmic management approaches powered by artificial intelligence (AI) to achieve increasingly sophisticated optimization objectives. In this paper, we provide a survey presenting a unique systematic overview on how AI can empower crowdsourcing - which we refer to as AI-Empowered Crowdsourcing(AIEC). We propose a taxonomy which divides algorithmic crowdsourcing into three major areas: 1) task delegation, 2) motivating workers, and 3) quality control, focusing on the major objectives which need to be accomplished. We discuss the limitations and insights, and curate the challenges of doing research in each of these areas to highlight promising future research directions.

联邦学习（FL）变得流行，并在训练大型机器学习（ML）模型的情况下表现出很大的潜力，而不会使所有者的原始数据曝光。在FL中，数据所有者可以根据其本地数据培训ML模型，并且仅将模型更新发送到模型更新，而不是原始数据到模型所有者进行聚合。为了提高模型准确性和培训完成时间的学习绩效，招募足够的参与者至关重要。同时，数据所有者是理性的，可能不愿意由于资源消耗而参与协作学习过程。为了解决这些问题，最近有各种作品旨在激励数据业主贡献其资源。在本文中，我们为文献中提出的经济和游戏理论方法提供了全面的审查，以设计刺激数据业主参加流程培训过程的各种计划。特别是，我们首先在激励机制设计中常用的佛罗里达州的基础和背景，经济理论。然后，我们审查博弈理论和经济方法应用于FL的激励机制的应用。最后，我们突出了一些开放的问题和未来关于FL激励机制设计的研究方向。

互联网连接系统的指数增长产生了许多挑战，例如频谱短缺问题，需要有效的频谱共享（SS）解决方案。复杂和动态的SS系统可以接触不同的潜在安全性和隐私问题，需要保护机制是自适应，可靠和可扩展的。基于机器学习（ML）的方法经常提议解决这些问题。在本文中，我们对最近的基于ML的SS方法，最关键的安全问题和相应的防御机制提供了全面的调查。特别是，我们详细说明了用于提高SS通信系统的性能的最先进的方法，包括基于ML基于ML的基于的数据库辅助SS网络，ML基于基于的数据库辅助SS网络，包括基于ML的数据库辅助的SS网络，基于ML的LTE-U网络，基于ML的环境反向散射网络和其他基于ML的SS解决方案。我们还从物理层和基于ML算法的相应防御策略的安全问题，包括主要用户仿真（PUE）攻击，频谱感测数据伪造（SSDF）攻击，干扰攻击，窃听攻击和隐私问题。最后，还给出了对ML基于ML的开放挑战的广泛讨论。这种全面的审查旨在为探索新出现的ML的潜力提供越来越复杂的SS及其安全问题，提供基础和促进未来的研究。

In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.

即将开发我们呼叫所体现的系统的新一代越来越自主和自学习系统。在将这些系统部署到真实上下文中，我们面临各种工程挑战，因为它以有益的方式协调所体现的系统的行为至关重要，确保他们与我们以人为本的社会价值观的兼容性，并且设计可验证安全可靠的人类-Machine互动。我们正在争辩说，引发系统工程将来自嵌入到体现系统的温室，并确保动态联合的可信度，这种情况意识到的情境意识，意图，探索，探险，不断发展，主要是不可预测的，越来越自主的体现系统在不确定，复杂和不可预测的现实世界环境中。我们还识别了许多迫切性的系统挑战，包括可信赖的体现系统，包括强大而人为的AI，认知架构，不确定性量化，值得信赖的自融化以及持续的分析和保证。

The advent of Federated Learning (FL) has ignited a new paradigm for parallel and confidential decentralized Machine Learning (ML) with the potential of utilizing the computational power of a vast number of IoT, mobile and edge devices without data leaving the respective device, ensuring privacy by design. Yet, in order to scale this new paradigm beyond small groups of already entrusted entities towards mass adoption, the Federated Learning Framework (FLF) has to become (i) truly decentralized and (ii) participants have to be incentivized. This is the first systematic literature review analyzing holistic FLFs in the domain of both, decentralized and incentivized federated learning. 422 publications were retrieved, by querying 12 major scientific databases. Finally, 40 articles remained after a systematic review and filtering process for in-depth examination. Although having massive potential to direct the future of a more distributed and secure AI, none of the analyzed FLF is production-ready. The approaches vary heavily in terms of use-cases, system design, solved issues and thoroughness. We are the first to provide a systematic approach to classify and quantify differences between FLF, exposing limitations of current works and derive future directions for research in this novel domain.

推荐系统已广泛应用于不同的应用领域，包括能量保存，电子商务，医疗保健，社交媒体等。此类应用需要分析和挖掘大量各种类型的用户数据，包括人口统计，偏好，社会互动等，以便开发准确和精确的推荐系统。此类数据集通常包括敏感信息，但大多数推荐系统专注于模型的准确性和忽略与安全性和用户隐私相关的问题。尽管使用不同的风险减少技术克服这些问题，但它们都没有完全成功，确保了对用户的私人信息的密码安全和保护。为了弥合这一差距，区块链技术作为推动推荐系统中的安全和隐私保存的有希望的策略，不仅是因为其安全性和隐私性突出特征，而且由于其恢复力，适应性，容错和信任特性。本文介绍了涵盖挑战，开放问题和解决方案的基于区块链的推荐系统的整体综述。因此，引入了精心设计的分类，以描述安全和隐私挑战，概述现有框架并在使用区块链之前讨论其应用程序和利益，以指示未来的研究机会。

大数据具有巨大的量，高速度，多样性，价值符合性和不确定性的特征，这些特征带领知识从他们那里学习充满了挑战。随着众包的出现，可以按需获得多功能信息，以便易于参与人群的智慧，以促进知识学习过程。在过去的十三年中，AI社区的研究人员竭尽全力消除人群学习领域的障碍。这份集中的调查论文全面回顾了从系统的角度来研究众包学习的技术进步，其中包括数据，模型和学习过程的三个维度。除了审查现有的重要工作外，本文还特别强调在每个维度上提供一些有希望的蓝图，并讨论从我们过去的研究工作中学到的经验教训，这将为新的研究人员提供道路，并鼓励他们追求新的研究。贡献。

In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.

通过整合人类的知识和经验，人在循环旨在以最低成本培训准确的预测模型。人类可以为机器学习应用提供培训数据，并直接完成在基于机器的方法中对管道中计算机中的难以实现的任务。在本文中，我们从数据的角度调查了人类循环的现有工作，并将它们分为三类具有渐进关系：（1）从数据处理中提高模型性能的工作，（2）通过介入模型培训提高模型性能，（3）系统的设计独立于循环的设计。使用上述分类，我们总结了该领域的主要方法;随着他们的技术优势/弱点以及自然语言处理，计算机愿景等的简单分类和讨论。此外，我们提供了一些开放的挑战和机遇。本调查打算为人类循环提供高级别的摘要，并激励有兴趣的读者，以考虑设计有效的循环解决方案的方法。

In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.

使用人工智能（AI）赋予无线网络中数据量的前所未有的数据量激增，为提供无处不在的数据驱动智能服务而开辟了新的视野。通过集中收集数据集和培训模型来实现传统的云彩中心学习（ML）基础的服务。然而，这种传统的训练技术包括两个挑战：（i）由于数据通信增加而导致的高通信和能源成本，（ii）通过允许不受信任的各方利用这些信息来威胁数据隐私。最近，鉴于这些限制，一种新兴的新兴技术，包括联合学习（FL），以使ML带到无线网络的边缘。通过以分布式方式培训全局模型，可以通过FL Server策划的全局模型来提取数据孤岛的好处。 FL利用分散的数据集和参与客户的计算资源，在不影响数据隐私的情况下开发广义ML模型。在本文中，我们介绍了对FL的基本面和能够实现技术的全面调查。此外，提出了一个广泛的研究，详细说明了无线网络中的流体的各种应用，并突出了他们的挑战和局限性。进一步探索了FL的疗效，其新兴的前瞻性超出了第五代（B5G）和第六代（6G）通信系统。本调查的目的是在关键的无线技术中概述了流动的技术，这些技术将作为建立对该主题的坚定了解的基础。最后，我们向未来的研究方向提供前进的道路。

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is transforming the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by enhancing the trust of end-users in machines. As the number of connected devices keeps on growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) market needs to be trustworthy for the end-users. However, existing literature still lacks a systematic and comprehensive survey work on the use of XAI for IoT. To bridge this lacking, in this paper, we address the XAI frameworks with a focus on their characteristics and support for IoT. We illustrate the widely-used XAI services for IoT applications, such as security enhancement, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Internet of City Things (IoCT). We also suggest the implementation choice of XAI models over IoT systems in these applications with appropriate examples and summarize the key inferences for future works. Moreover, we present the cutting-edge development in edge XAI structures and the support of sixth-generation (6G) communication services for IoT applications, along with key inferences. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic compilation on the development of XAI-based frameworks tailored for the demands of future IoT use cases.

COVID-19的大流行提出了对多个领域决策者的流行预测的重要性，从公共卫生到整个经济。虽然预测流行进展经常被概念化为类似于天气预测，但是它具有一些关键的差异，并且仍然是一项非平凡的任务。疾病的传播受到人类行为，病原体动态，天气和环境条件的多种混杂因素的影响。由于政府公共卫生和资助机构的倡议，捕获以前无法观察到的方面的丰富数据来源的可用性增加了研究的兴趣。这尤其是在“以数据为中心”的解决方案上进行的一系列工作，这些解决方案通过利用非传统数据源以及AI和机器学习的最新创新来增强我们的预测能力的潜力。这项调查研究了各种数据驱动的方法论和实践进步，并介绍了一个概念框架来导航它们。首先，我们列举了与流行病预测相关的大量流行病学数据集和新的数据流，捕获了各种因素，例如有症状的在线调查，零售和商业，流动性，基因组学数据等。接下来，我们将讨论关注最近基于数据驱动的统计和深度学习方法的方法和建模范式，以及将机械模型知识域知识与统计方法的有效性和灵活性相结合的新型混合模型类别。我们还讨论了这些预测系统的现实部署中出现的经验和挑战，包括预测信息。最后，我们重点介绍了整个预测管道中发现的一些挑战和开放问题。

通信技术和互联网的最新进展与人工智能（AI）启用了智能医疗保健。传统上，由于现代医疗保健网络的高性性和日益增长的数据隐私问题，AI技术需要集中式数据收集和处理，这可能在现实的医疗环境中可能是不可行的。作为一个新兴的分布式协作AI范例，通过协调多个客户（例如，医院）来执行AI培训而不共享原始数据，对智能医疗保健特别有吸引力。因此，我们对智能医疗保健的使用提供了全面的调查。首先，我们在智能医疗保健中展示了近期进程，动机和使用FL的要求。然后讨论了近期智能医疗保健的FL设计，从资源感知FL，安全和隐私感知到激励FL和个性化FL。随后，我们对关键医疗领域的FL新兴应用提供了最先进的综述，包括健康数据管理，远程健康监测，医学成像和Covid-19检测。分析了几个最近基于智能医疗保健项目，并突出了从调查中学到的关键经验教训。最后，我们讨论了智能医疗保健未来研究的有趣研究挑战和可能的指示。

联邦学习（FL）的最新进展为大规模的分布式客户带来了大规模的机器学习机会，具有绩效和数据隐私保障。然而，大多数当前的工作只关注FL中央控制器的兴趣，忽略了客户的利益。这可能导致不公平，阻碍客户积极参与学习过程并损害整个流动系统的可持续性。因此，在佛罗里达州确保公平的主题吸引了大量的研究兴趣。近年来，已经提出了各种公平知识的FL（FAFL）方法，以努力实现不同观点的流体公平。但是，没有全面的调查，帮助读者能够深入了解这种跨学科领域。本文旨在提供这样的调查。通过审查本领域现有文献所采用的基本和简化的假设，提出了涵盖FL的主要步骤的FAFL方法的分类，包括客户选择，优化，贡献评估和激励分配。此外，我们讨论了实验评估FAFL方法表现的主要指标，并建议了一些未来的未来研究方向。

In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.

在过去的十年中，计算机愿景，旨在了解视觉世界的人工智能分支，从简单地识别图像中的物体来描述图片，回答有关图像的问题，以及围绕物理空间的机器人操纵甚至产生新的视觉内容。随着这些任务和应用程序的现代化，因此依赖更多数据，用于模型培训或评估。在本章中，我们展示了新颖的互动策略可以为计算机愿景提供新的数据收集和评估。首先，我们提出了一种众群界面，以通过数量级加速付费数据收集，喂养现代视觉模型的数据饥饿性质。其次，我们探索使用自动社交干预措施增加志愿者贡献的方法。第三，我们开发一个系统，以确保人类对生成视觉模型的评估是可靠的，实惠和接地在心理物理学理论中。我们结束了人机互动的未来机会，以帮助计算机愿景。

We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.

随着全球人口越来越多的人口驱动世界各地的快速城市化，有很大的需要蓄意审议值得生活的未来。特别是，随着现代智能城市拥抱越来越多的数据驱动的人工智能服务，值得记住技术可以促进繁荣，福祉，城市居住能力或社会正义，而是只有当它具有正确的模拟补充时（例如竭尽全力，成熟机构，负责任治理）;这些智能城市的最终目标是促进和提高人类福利和社会繁荣。研究人员表明，各种技术商业模式和特征实际上可以有助于极端主义，极化，错误信息和互联网成瘾等社会问题。鉴于这些观察，解决了确保了诸如未来城市技术基岩的安全，安全和可解释性的哲学和道德问题，以为未来城市的技术基岩具有至关重要的。在全球范围内，有能够更加人性化和以人为本的技术。在本文中，我们分析和探索了在人以人为本的应用中成功部署AI的安全，鲁棒性，可解释性和道德（数据和算法）挑战的关键挑战，特别强调这些概念/挑战的融合。我们对这些关键挑战提供了对现有文献的详细审查，并分析了这些挑战中的一个可能导致他人的挑战方式或帮助解决其他挑战。本文还建议了这些域的当前限制，陷阱和未来研究方向，以及如何填补当前的空白并导致更好的解决方案。我们认为，这种严谨的分析将为域名的未来研究提供基准。