在这项工作中，我们估计具有高概率的张量的随机选择元素的数量，保证了黎曼梯度下降的局部收敛性，以便张力列车完成。基于展开奇异值的谐波平均值，我们从正交投影的正交投影推导出一个新的界限，并引入张力列车的核心相干概念。我们还将结果扩展到张力列车完成与侧面信息，并获得相应的本地收敛保证。

We consider a problem of considerable practical interest: the recovery of a data matrix from a sampling of its entries. Suppose that we observe m entries selected uniformly at random from a matrix M . Can we complete the matrix and recover the entries that we have not seen?We show that one can perfectly recover most low-rank matrices from what appears to be an incomplete set of entries. We prove that if the number m of sampled entries obeys m ≥ C n 1.2 r log n for some positive numerical constant C, then with very high probability, most n × n matrices of rank r can be perfectly recovered by solving a simple convex optimization program. This program finds the matrix with minimum nuclear norm that fits the data. The condition above assumes that the rank is not too large. However, if one replaces the 1.2 exponent with 1.25, then the result holds for all values of the rank. Similar results hold for arbitrary rectangular matrices as well. Our results are connected with the recent literature on compressed sensing, and show that objects other than signals and images can be perfectly reconstructed from very limited information.

We investigate the problem of recovering a partially observed high-rank matrix whose columns obey a nonlinear structure such as a union of subspaces, an algebraic variety or grouped in clusters. The recovery problem is formulated as the rank minimization of a nonlinear feature map applied to the original matrix, which is then further approximated by a constrained non-convex optimization problem involving the Grassmann manifold. We propose two sets of algorithms, one arising from Riemannian optimization and the other as an alternating minimization scheme, both of which include first- and second-order variants. Both sets of algorithms have theoretical guarantees. In particular, for the alternating minimization, we establish global convergence and worst-case complexity bounds. Additionally, using the Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz property, we show that the alternating minimization converges to a unique limit point. We provide extensive numerical results for the recovery of union of subspaces and clustering under entry sampling and dense Gaussian sampling. Our methods are competitive with existing approaches and, in particular, high accuracy is achieved in the recovery using Riemannian second-order methods.

We consider the nonlinear inverse problem of learning a transition operator $\mathbf{A}$ from partial observations at different times, in particular from sparse observations of entries of its powers $\mathbf{A},\mathbf{A}^2,\cdots,\mathbf{A}^{T}$. This Spatio-Temporal Transition Operator Recovery problem is motivated by the recent interest in learning time-varying graph signals that are driven by graph operators depending on the underlying graph topology. We address the nonlinearity of the problem by embedding it into a higher-dimensional space of suitable block-Hankel matrices, where it becomes a low-rank matrix completion problem, even if $\mathbf{A}$ is of full rank. For both a uniform and an adaptive random space-time sampling model, we quantify the recoverability of the transition operator via suitable measures of incoherence of these block-Hankel embedding matrices. For graph transition operators these measures of incoherence depend on the interplay between the dynamics and the graph topology. We develop a suitable non-convex iterative reweighted least squares (IRLS) algorithm, establish its quadratic local convergence, and show that, in optimal scenarios, no more than $\mathcal{O}(rn \log(nT))$ space-time samples are sufficient to ensure accurate recovery of a rank-$r$ operator $\mathbf{A}$ of size $n \times n$. This establishes that spatial samples can be substituted by a comparable number of space-time samples. We provide an efficient implementation of the proposed IRLS algorithm with space complexity of order $O(r n T)$ and per-iteration time complexity linear in $n$. Numerical experiments for transition operators based on several graph models confirm that the theoretical findings accurately track empirical phase transitions, and illustrate the applicability and scalability of the proposed algorithm.

我们使用张量奇异值分解（T-SVD）代数框架提出了一种新的快速流算法，用于抵抗缺失的低管级张量的缺失条目。我们展示T-SVD是三阶张量的研究型块术语分解的专业化，我们在该模型下呈现了一种算法，可以跟踪从不完全流2-D数据的可自由子模块。所提出的算法使用来自子空间的基层歧管的增量梯度下降的原理，以解决线性复杂度和时间样本的恒定存储器的张量完成问题。我们为我们的算法提供了局部预期的线性收敛结果。我们的经验结果在精确态度上具有竞争力，但在计算时间内比实际应用上的最先进的张量完成算法更快，以在有限的采样下恢复时间化疗和MRI数据。

In this paper, we consider the estimation of a low Tucker rank tensor from a number of noisy linear measurements. The general problem covers many specific examples arising from applications, including tensor regression, tensor completion, and tensor PCA/SVD. We consider an efficient Riemannian Gauss-Newton (RGN) method for low Tucker rank tensor estimation. Different from the generic (super)linear convergence guarantee of RGN in the literature, we prove the first local quadratic convergence guarantee of RGN for low-rank tensor estimation in the noisy setting under some regularity conditions and provide the corresponding estimation error upper bounds. A deterministic estimation error lower bound, which matches the upper bound, is provided that demonstrates the statistical optimality of RGN. The merit of RGN is illustrated through two machine learning applications: tensor regression and tensor SVD. Finally, we provide the simulation results to corroborate our theoretical findings.

Tensor完成是矩阵完成的自然高阶泛化，其中目标是从其条目的稀疏观察中恢复低级张量。现有算法在没有可证明的担保的情况下是启发式，基于解决运行不切实际的大型半纤维程序，或者需要强大的假设，例如需要因素几乎正交。在本文中，我们介绍了交替最小化的新变型，其又通过了解如何对矩阵设置中的交替最小化的收敛性的进展措施来调整到张量设置的启发。我们展示了强大的可证明的保证，包括表明我们的算法即使当因素高度相关时，我们的算法也会在真正的张量线上会聚，并且可以在几乎线性的时间内实现。此外，我们的算法也非常实用，我们表明我们可以完成具有千维尺寸的三阶张量，从观察其条目的微小一部分。相比之下，有些令人惊讶的是，我们表明，如果没有我们的新扭曲，则表明交替最小化的标准版本可以在实践中以急剧速度收敛。

提供了一种强大而灵活的模型，可用于代表多属数据和多种方式相互作用，在科学和工程中的各个领域中发挥着现代数据科学中的不可或缺的作用。基本任务是忠实地以统计和计算的有效方式从高度不完整的测量中恢复张量。利用Tucker分解中的张量的低级别结构，本文开发了一个缩放的梯度下降（Scaledgd）算法，可以直接恢复具有定制频谱初始化的张量因子，并表明它以与条件号无关的线性速率收敛对于两个规范问题的地面真理张量 - 张量完成和张量回归 - 一旦样本大小高于$ n ^ {3/2} $忽略其他参数依赖项，$ n $是维度张量。这导致与现有技术相比的低秩张力估计的极其可扩展的方法，这些方法具有以下至少一个缺点：对记忆和计算方面的对不良，偏移成本高的极度敏感性，或差样本复杂性保证。据我们所知，Scaledgd是第一算法，它可以同时实现近最佳统计和计算复杂性，以便与Tucker分解进行低级张力完成。我们的算法突出了加速非耦合统计估计在加速非耦合统计估计中的适当预处理的功率，其中迭代改复的预处理器促进轨迹的所需的不变性属性相对于低级张量分解中的底层对称性。

This paper is about a curious phenomenon. Suppose we have a data matrix, which is the superposition of a low-rank component and a sparse component. Can we recover each component individually? We prove that under some suitable assumptions, it is possible to recover both the low-rank and the sparse components exactly by solving a very convenient convex program called Principal Component Pursuit; among all feasible decompositions, simply minimize a weighted combination of the nuclear norm and of the 1 norm. This suggests the possibility of a principled approach to robust principal component analysis since our methodology and results assert that one can recover the principal components of a data matrix even though a positive fraction of its entries are arbitrarily corrupted. This extends to the situation where a fraction of the entries are missing as well. We discuss an algorithm for solving this optimization problem, and present applications in the area of video surveillance, where our methodology allows for the detection of objects in a cluttered background, and in the area of face recognition, where it offers a principled way of removing shadows and specularities in images of faces.

The affine rank minimization problem consists of finding a matrix of minimum rank that satisfies a given system of linear equality constraints. Such problems have appeared in the literature of a diverse set of fields including system identification and control, Euclidean embedding, and collaborative filtering. Although specific instances can often be solved with specialized algorithms, the general affine rank minimization problem is NP-hard, because it contains vector cardinality minimization as a special case.In this paper, we show that if a certain restricted isometry property holds for the linear transformation defining the constraints, the minimum rank solution can be recovered by solving a convex optimization problem, namely the minimization of the nuclear norm over the given affine space. We present several random ensembles of equations where the restricted isometry property holds with overwhelming probability, provided the codimension of the subspace is Ω(r(m + n) log mn), where m, n are the dimensions of the matrix, and r is its rank.The techniques used in our analysis have strong parallels in the compressed sensing framework. We discuss how affine rank minimization generalizes this pre-existing concept and outline a dictionary relating concepts from cardinality minimization to those of rank minimization. We also discuss several algorithmic approaches to solving the norm minimization relaxations, and illustrate our results with numerical examples.

最近以来，在理解与overparameterized模型非凸损失基于梯度的方法收敛性和泛化显著的理论进展。尽管如此，优化和推广，尤其是小的随机初始化的关键作用的许多方面都没有完全理解。在本文中，我们迈出玄机通过证明小的随机初始化这个角色的步骤，然后通过梯度下降的行为类似于流行谱方法的几个迭代。我们还表明，从小型随机初始化，这可证明是用于overparameterized车型更加突出这种隐含的光谱偏差，也使梯度下降迭代在一个特定的轨迹走向，不仅是全局最优的，但也很好期广义的解决方案。具体而言，我们专注于通过天然非凸制剂重构从几个测量值的低秩矩阵的问题。在该设置中，我们表明，从小的随机初始化的梯度下降迭代的轨迹可以近似分解为三个阶段：（Ⅰ）的光谱或对准阶段，其中，我们表明，该迭代具有一个隐含的光谱偏置类似于频谱初始化允许我们表明，在该阶段中进行迭代，并且下面的低秩矩阵的列空间被充分对准的端部，（II）一鞍回避/细化阶段，我们表明，该梯度的轨迹从迭代移动离开某些简并鞍点，和（III）的本地细化阶段，其中，我们表明，避免了鞍座后的迭代快速收敛到底层低秩矩阵。底层我们的分析是，可能有超出低等级的重建计算问题影响overparameterized非凸优化方案的分析见解。

张量火车的分解因其高维张量的简洁表示，因此在机器学习和量子物理学中广泛使用，克服了维度的诅咒。交叉近似 - 从近似形式开发用于从一组选定的行和列中表示矩阵，这是一种有效的方法，用于构建来自其少数条目的张量的张量列器分解。虽然张量列车交叉近似在实际应用中取得了显着的性能，但迄今为止缺乏其理论分析，尤其是在近似误差方面的理论分析。据我们所知，现有结果仅提供元素近似精度的保证，这会导致扩展到整个张量时的束缚非常松。在本文中，我们通过提供精确测量和嘈杂测量的整个张量来保证准确性来弥合这一差距。我们的结果说明了选定子观察器的选择如何影响交叉近似的质量，并且模型误差和/或测量误差引起的近似误差可能不会随着张量的顺序而指数增长。这些结果通过数值实验来验证，并且可能对高阶张量的交叉近似值（例如在量子多体状态的描述中遇到的）具有重要意义。

在本文中，我们提出了一个基于树张量网状状态的密度估计框架。所提出的方法包括使用Chow-Liu算法确定树拓扑，并获得线性系统通过草图技术定义张量 - 网络组件的线性系统。开发了草图功能的新颖选择，以考虑包含循环的图形模型。提供样品复杂性保证，并通过数值实验进一步证实。

The nonconvex formulation of matrix completion problem has received significant attention in recent years due to its affordable complexity compared to the convex formulation. Gradient descent (GD) is the simplest yet efficient baseline algorithm for solving nonconvex optimization problems. The success of GD has been witnessed in many different problems in both theory and practice when it is combined with random initialization. However, previous works on matrix completion require either careful initialization or regularizers to prove the convergence of GD. In this work, we study the rank-1 symmetric matrix completion and prove that GD converges to the ground truth when small random initialization is used. We show that in logarithmic amount of iterations, the trajectory enters the region where local convergence occurs. We provide an upper bound on the initialization size that is sufficient to guarantee the convergence and show that a larger initialization can be used as more samples are available. We observe that implicit regularization effect of GD plays a critical role in the analysis, and for the entire trajectory, it prevents each entry from becoming much larger than the others.

诸如压缩感测，图像恢复，矩阵/张恢复和非负矩阵分子等信号处理和机器学习中的许多近期问题可以作为约束优化。预计的梯度下降是一种解决如此约束优化问题的简单且有效的方法。本地收敛分析将我们对解决方案附近的渐近行为的理解，与全球收敛分析相比，收敛率的较小界限提供了较小的界限。然而，本地保证通常出现在机器学习和信号处理的特定问题领域。此稿件在约束最小二乘范围内，对投影梯度下降的局部收敛性分析提供了统一的框架。该建议的分析提供了枢转局部收敛性的见解，例如线性收敛的条件，收敛区域，精确的渐近收敛速率，以及达到一定程度的准确度所需的迭代次数的界限。为了证明所提出的方法的适用性，我们介绍了PGD的收敛分析的配方，并通过在四个基本问题上的配方的开始延迟应用来证明它，即线性约束最小二乘，稀疏恢复，最小二乘法使用单位规范约束和矩阵完成。

A simple nonrecursive form of the tensor decomposition in d dimensions is presented. It does not inherently suffer from the curse of dimensionality, it has asymptotically the same number of parameters as the canonical decomposition, but it is stable and its computation is based on lowrank approximation of auxiliary unfolding matrices. The new form gives a clear and convenient way to implement all basic operations efficiently. A fast rounding procedure is presented, as well as basic linear algebra operations. Examples showing the benefits of the decomposition are given, and the efficiency is demonstrated by the computation of the smallest eigenvalue of a 19-dimensional operator.

在本文中，我们提出{\ it \下划线{r} ecursive} {\ it \ usef \ undesline {i} mortance} {\ it \ it \ usew supsline {s} ketching} algorithM squares {\ it \下划线{o} ptimization}（risro）。 Risro的关键步骤是递归重要性草图，这是一个基于确定性设计的递归投影的新素描框架，它与文献中的随机素描\ Citep {Mahoney2011 randomized，Woodruff2014sketching}有很大不同。在这个新的素描框架下，可以重新解释文献中的几种现有算法，而Risro比它们具有明显的优势。 Risro易于实现，并在计算上有效，其中每次迭代中的核心过程是解决降低尺寸最小二乘问题的问题。我们在某些轻度条件下建立了Risro的局部二次线性和二次收敛速率。我们还发现了Risro与Riemannian Gauss-Newton算法在固定等级矩阵上的联系。在机器学习和统计数据中的两种应用中，RISRO的有效性得到了证明：低级别矩阵痕量回归和相位检索。仿真研究证明了Risro的出色数值性能。

我们研究了用$ q $ modes $ a \ in \ mathbb {r}^{n \ times \ ldots \ times n} $的近似给定张量的问题。图$ g =（v，e）$，其中$ | v | = q $，以及张张量的集合$ \ {u_v \ mid v \ in v \} $，以$ g $指定的方式收缩以获取张量$ t $。对于$ u_v $的每种模式，对应于$ v $的边缘事件，尺寸为$ k $，我们希望找到$ u_v $，以便最小化$ t $和$ a $之间的frobenius norm距离。这概括了许多众所周知的张量网络分解，例如张量列，张量环，塔克和PEPS分解。我们大约是二进制树网络$ t'$带有$ o（q）$核的大约$ a $，因此该网络的每个边缘上的尺寸最多是$ \ widetilde {o}（k^{o（dt） } \ cdot q/\ varepsilon）$，其中$ d $是$ g $的最大度，$ t $是其树宽，因此$ \ | a -t'-t'\ | _f^2 \ leq（1 + \ Varepsilon）\ | a -t \ | _f^2 $。我们算法的运行时间为$ o（q \ cdot \ text {nnz}（a）） + n \ cdot \ text {poly}（k^{dt} q/\ varepsilon）$，其中$ \ text {nnz }（a）$是$ a $的非零条目的数量。我们的算法基于一种可能具有独立感兴趣的张量分解的新维度降低技术。我们还开发了固定参数可处理的$（1 + \ varepsilon）$ - 用于张量火车和塔克分解的近似算法，改善了歌曲的运行时间，Woodruff和Zhong（Soda，2019），并避免使用通用多项式系统求解器。我们表明，我们的算法对$ 1/\ varepsilon $具有几乎最佳的依赖性，假设没有$ O（1）$ - 近似算法的$ 2 \至4 $ norm，并且运行时间比蛮力更好。最后，我们通过可靠的损失函数和固定参数可拖动CP分解给出了塔克分解的其他结果。

在本文中，我们介绍了一种草图算法，用于构建其样品概率密度的张量列车表示。我们的方法偏离了基于标准的递归SVD构建张量列车的程序。取而代之的是，我们为单个张量火车芯制定并求解一系列小型线性系统。这种方法可以避免维数的诅咒，从而威胁恢复问题的算法和样本复杂性。具体而言，对于马尔可夫模型，我们证明可以使用相对于尺寸恒定的样品复杂性回收张量芯。最后，我们通过几个数值实验说明了该方法的性能。

Artificial neural networks are functions depending on a finite number of parameters typically encoded as weights and biases. The identification of the parameters of the network from finite samples of input-output pairs is often referred to as the \emph{teacher-student model}, and this model has represented a popular framework for understanding training and generalization. Even if the problem is NP-complete in the worst case, a rapidly growing literature -- after adding suitable distributional assumptions -- has established finite sample identification of two-layer networks with a number of neurons $m=\mathcal O(D)$, $D$ being the input dimension. For the range $D<m<D^2$ the problem becomes harder, and truly little is known for networks parametrized by biases as well. This paper fills the gap by providing constructive methods and theoretical guarantees of finite sample identification for such wider shallow networks with biases. Our approach is based on a two-step pipeline: first, we recover the direction of the weights, by exploiting second order information; next, we identify the signs by suitable algebraic evaluations, and we recover the biases by empirical risk minimization via gradient descent. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.