Temporal relational reasoning, the ability to link meaningful transformations of objects or entities over time, is a fundamental property of intelligent species. In this paper, we introduce an effective and interpretable network module, the Temporal Relation Network (TRN), designed to learn and reason about temporal dependencies between video frames at multiple time scales. We evaluate TRN-equipped networks on activity recognition tasks using three recent video datasets -Something-Something, Jester, and Charades -which fundamentally depend on temporal relational reasoning. Our results demonstrate that the proposed TRN gives convolutional neural networks a remarkable capacity to discover temporal relations in videos. Through only sparsely sampled video frames, TRN-equipped networks can accurately predict human-object interactions in the Something-Something dataset and identify various human gestures on the Jester dataset with very competitive performance. TRN-equipped networks also outperform two-stream networks and 3D convolution networks in recognizing daily activities in the Charades dataset. Further analyses show that the models learn intuitive and interpretable visual common sense knowledge in videos 1 .

Human activity recognition (HAR) using drone-mounted cameras has attracted considerable interest from the computer vision research community in recent years. A robust and efficient HAR system has a pivotal role in fields like video surveillance, crowd behavior analysis, sports analysis, and human-computer interaction. What makes it challenging are the complex poses, understanding different viewpoints, and the environmental scenarios where the action is taking place. To address such complexities, in this paper, we propose a novel Sparse Weighted Temporal Attention (SWTA) module to utilize sparsely sampled video frames for obtaining global weighted temporal attention. The proposed SWTA is comprised of two parts. First, temporal segment network that sparsely samples a given set of frames. Second, weighted temporal attention, which incorporates a fusion of attention maps derived from optical flow, with raw RGB images. This is followed by a basenet network, which comprises a convolutional neural network (CNN) module along with fully connected layers that provide us with activity recognition. The SWTA network can be used as a plug-in module to the existing deep CNN architectures, for optimizing them to learn temporal information by eliminating the need for a separate temporal stream. It has been evaluated on three publicly available benchmark datasets, namely Okutama, MOD20, and Drone-Action. The proposed model has received an accuracy of 72.76%, 92.56%, and 78.86% on the respective datasets thereby surpassing the previous state-of-the-art performances by a margin of 25.26%, 18.56%, and 2.94%, respectively.

Drone-camera based human activity recognition (HAR) has received significant attention from the computer vision research community in the past few years. A robust and efficient HAR system has a pivotal role in fields like video surveillance, crowd behavior analysis, sports analysis, and human-computer interaction. What makes it challenging are the complex poses, understanding different viewpoints, and the environmental scenarios where the action is taking place. To address such complexities, in this paper, we propose a novel Sparse Weighted Temporal Fusion (SWTF) module to utilize sparsely sampled video frames for obtaining global weighted temporal fusion outcome. The proposed SWTF is divided into two components. First, a temporal segment network that sparsely samples a given set of frames. Second, weighted temporal fusion, that incorporates a fusion of feature maps derived from optical flow, with raw RGB images. This is followed by base-network, which comprises a convolutional neural network module along with fully connected layers that provide us with activity recognition. The SWTF network can be used as a plug-in module to the existing deep CNN architectures, for optimizing them to learn temporal information by eliminating the need for a separate temporal stream. It has been evaluated on three publicly available benchmark datasets, namely Okutama, MOD20, and Drone-Action. The proposed model has received an accuracy of 72.76%, 92.56%, and 78.86% on the respective datasets thereby surpassing the previous state-of-the-art performances by a significant margin.

Deep convolutional networks have achieved great success for visual recognition in still images. However, for action recognition in videos, the advantage over traditional methods is not so evident. This paper aims to discover the principles to design effective ConvNet architectures for action recognition in videos and learn these models given limited training samples. Our first contribution is temporal segment network (TSN), a novel framework for video-based action recognition. which is based on the idea of long-range temporal structure modeling. It combines a sparse temporal sampling strategy and video-level supervision to enable efficient and effective learning using the whole action video. The other contribution is our study on a series of good practices in learning ConvNets on video data with the help of temporal segment network. Our approach obtains the state-the-of-art performance on the datasets of HMDB51 (69.4%) and UCF101 (94.2%). We also visualize the learned ConvNet models, which qualitatively demonstrates the effectiveness of temporal segment network and the proposed good practices. 1

In this paper, we develop an efficient multi-scale network to predict action classes in partial videos in an end-to-end manner. Unlike most existing methods with offline feature generation, our method directly takes frames as input and further models motion evolution on two different temporal scales.Therefore, we solve the complexity problems of the two stages of modeling and the problem of insufficient temporal and spatial information of a single scale. Our proposed End-to-End MultiScale Network (E2EMSNet) is composed of two scales which are named segment scale and observed global scale. The segment scale leverages temporal difference over consecutive frames for finer motion patterns by supplying 2D convolutions. For observed global scale, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is incorporated to capture motion features of observed frames. Our model provides a simple and efficient modeling framework with a small computational cost. Our E2EMSNet is evaluated on three challenging datasets: BIT, HMDB51, and UCF101. The extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for action prediction in videos.

有效地对视频中的空间信息进行建模对于动作识别至关重要。为了实现这一目标，最先进的方法通常采用卷积操作员和密集的相互作用模块，例如非本地块。但是，这些方法无法准确地符合视频中的各种事件。一方面，采用的卷积是有固定尺度的，因此在各种尺度的事件中挣扎。另一方面，密集的相互作用建模范式仅在动作 - 欧元零件时实现次优性能，给最终预测带来了其他噪音。在本文中，我们提出了一个统一的动作识别框架，以通过引入以下设计来研究视频内容的动态性质。首先，在提取本地提示时，我们会生成动态尺度的时空内核，以适应各种事件。其次，为了将这些线索准确地汇总为全局视频表示形式，我们建议仅通过变压器在一些选定的前景对象之间进行交互，从而产生稀疏的范式。我们将提出的框架称为事件自适应网络（EAN），因为这两个关键设计都适应输入视频内容。为了利用本地细分市场内的短期运动，我们提出了一种新颖有效的潜在运动代码（LMC）模块，进一步改善了框架的性能。在几个大规模视频数据集上进行了广泛的实验，例如，某种东西，动力学和潜水48，验证了我们的模型是否在低拖鞋上实现了最先进或竞争性的表演。代码可在：https：//github.com/tianyuan168326/ean-pytorch中找到。

由于其低成本和快速移动性，无人驾驶汽车（UAV）现在已广泛应用于数据获取。随着航空视频量的增加，对这些视频自动解析的需求正在激增。为了实现这一目标，当前的研究主要集中于在空间和时间维度沿着卷积的整体特征提取整体特征。但是，这些方法受到小时接收场的限制，无法充分捕获长期的时间依赖性，这对于描述复杂动力学很重要。在本文中，我们提出了一个新颖的深神经网络，称为futh-net，不仅为整体特征建模，而且还模拟了空中视频分类的时间关系。此外，在新型融合模块中，多尺度的时间关系可以完善整体特征，以产生更具歧视性的视频表示。更特别地，FUTH-NET采用了两条道路架构：（1）学习框架外观和短期时间变化的一般特征的整体代表途径，以及（2）捕获跨任意跨越任意时间关系的时间关系途径框架，提供长期的时间依赖性。之后，提出了一个新型的融合模块，以时空整合从这两种途径中学到的两个特征。我们的模型对两个航空视频分类数据集进行了评估，即ERA和无人机操作，并实现了最新结果。这表明了其在不同识别任务（事件分类和人类行动识别）之间的有效性和良好的概括能力。为了促进进一步的研究，我们在https://gitlab.lrz.de/ai4eo/reasoning/futh-net上发布该代码。

The paucity of videos in current action classification datasets (UCF-101 and HMDB-51) has made it difficult to identify good video architectures, as most methods obtain similar performance on existing small-scale benchmarks. This paper re-evaluates state-of-the-art architectures in light of the new Kinetics Human Action Video dataset. Kinetics has two orders of magnitude more data, with 400 human action classes and over 400 clips per class, and is collected from realistic, challenging YouTube videos. We provide an analysis on how current architectures fare on the task of action classification on this dataset and how much performance improves on the smaller benchmark datasets after pre-training on Kinetics.We also introduce a new Two-Stream Inflated 3D Con-vNet (I3D) that is based on 2D ConvNet inflation: filters and pooling kernels of very deep image classification ConvNets are expanded into 3D, making it possible to learn seamless spatio-temporal feature extractors from video while leveraging successful ImageNet architecture designs and even their parameters. We show that, after pre-training on Kinetics, I3D models considerably improve upon the state-of-the-art in action classification, reaching 80.9% on HMDB-51 and 98.0% on UCF-101.

设计可以成功部署在日常生活环境中的活动检测系统需要构成现实情况典型挑战的数据集。在本文中，我们介绍了一个新的未修剪日常生存数据集，该数据集具有几个现实世界中的挑战：Toyota Smarthome Untrimmed（TSU）。 TSU包含以自发方式进行的各种活动。数据集包含密集的注释，包括基本的，复合活动和涉及与对象相互作用的活动。我们提供了对数据集所需的现实世界挑战的分析，突出了检测算法的开放问题。我们表明，当前的最新方法无法在TSU数据集上实现令人满意的性能。因此，我们提出了一种新的基线方法，以应对数据集提供的新挑战。此方法利用一种模态（即视线流）生成注意力权重，以指导另一种模态（即RGB）以更好地检测活动边界。这对于检测以高时间差异为特征的活动特别有益。我们表明，我们建议在TSU和另一个受欢迎的挑战数据集Charades上优于最先进方法的方法。

Spatiotemporal and motion features are two complementary and crucial information for video action recognition. Recent state-of-the-art methods adopt a 3D CNN stream to learn spatiotemporal features and another flow stream to learn motion features. In this work, we aim to efficiently encode these two features in a unified 2D framework. To this end, we first propose an STM block, which contains a Channel-wise SpatioTemporal Module (CSTM) to present the spatiotemporal features and a Channel-wise Motion Module (CMM) to efficiently encode motion features. We then replace original residual blocks in the ResNet architecture with STM blcoks to form a simple yet effective STM network by introducing very limited extra computation cost. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed STM network outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on both temporal-related datasets (i.e., Something-Something v1 & v2 and Jester) and scene-related datasets (i.e., Kinetics-400, UCF-101, and HMDB-51) with the help of encoding spatiotemporal and motion features together. * The work was done during an internship at SenseTime.

人类行动识别是计算机视觉中的重要应用领域。它的主要目的是准确地描述人类的行为及其相互作用，从传感器获得的先前看不见的数据序列中。识别，理解和预测复杂人类行动的能力能够构建许多重要的应用，例如智能监视系统，人力计算机界面，医疗保健，安全和军事应用。近年来，计算机视觉社区特别关注深度学习。本文使用深度学习技术的视频分析概述了当前的动作识别最新识别。我们提出了识别人类行为的最重要的深度学习模型，并分析它们，以提供用于解决人类行动识别问题的深度学习算法的当前进展，以突出其优势和缺点。基于文献中报道的识别精度的定量分析，我们的研究确定了动作识别中最新的深层体系结构，然后为该领域的未来工作提供当前的趋势和开放问题。

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been extensively applied for image recognition problems giving stateof-the-art results on recognition, detection, segmentation and retrieval. In this work we propose and evaluate several deep neural network architectures to combine image information across a video over longer time periods than previously attempted. We propose two methods capable of handling full length videos. The first method explores various convolutional temporal feature pooling architectures, examining the various design choices which need to be made when adapting a CNN for this task. The second proposed method explicitly models the video as an ordered sequence of frames. For this purpose we employ a recurrent neural network that uses Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) cells which are connected to the output of the underlying CNN. Our best networks exhibit significant performance improvements over previously published results on the Sports 1 million dataset (73.1% vs. 60.9%) and the UCF-101 datasets with (88.6% vs. 88.0%) and without additional optical flow information (82.6% vs. 73.0%).

由于研究和应用意义，人类行动认可在近年来造成了很多关注。行动识别的大多数现有工程侧重于学习视频的有效空间特征，但忽视了前提，行动和效果之间的强烈因果关系。这种关系对动作识别的准确性来说也是至关重要的。在本文中，我们建议根据前提条件和效果模拟因果关系，以提高行动识别性能。具体地，提出了一种循环推理模型来捕获动作识别的因果关系。为此，我们向大规模动作数据集注释了前提条件和效果。实验结果表明，所提出的循环推理模型可以有效地推理前提和效果，可以提高行动识别性能。

未来的活动预期是在Egocentric视觉中具有挑战性问题。作为标准的未来活动预期范式，递归序列预测遭受错误的累积。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个简单有效的自我监管的学习框架，旨在使中间表现为连续调节中间代表性，以产生表示（a）与先前观察到的对比的当前时间戳框架中的新颖信息内容和（b）反映其与先前观察到的帧的相关性。前者通过最小化对比损失来实现，并且后者可以通过动态重量机制来实现在观察到的内容中的信息帧中，具有当前帧的特征与观察到的帧之间的相似性比较。通过多任务学习可以进一步增强学习的最终视频表示，该多任务学习在目标活动标签上执行联合特征学习和自动检测到的动作和对象类令牌。在大多数自我传统视频数据集和两个第三人称视频数据集中，SRL在大多数情况下急剧表现出现有的现有最先进。通过实验性事实，还可以准确识别支持活动语义的行动和对象概念的实验性。

视频自我监督的学习是一项挑战的任务，这需要模型的显着表达力量来利用丰富的空间时间知识，并从大量未标记的视频产生有效的监督信号。但是，现有方法未能提高未标记视频的时间多样性，并以明确的方式忽略精心建模的多尺度时间依赖性。为了克服这些限制，我们利用视频中的多尺度时间依赖性，并提出了一个名为时间对比图学习（TCGL）的新型视频自我监督学习框架，该框架共同模拟了片段间和片段间的时间依赖性用混合图对比学习策略学习的时间表示学习。具体地，首先引入空间 - 时间知识发现（STKD）模块以基于离散余弦变换的频域分析从视频中提取运动增强的空间时间表。为了显式模拟未标记视频的多尺度时间依赖性，我们的TCGL将关于帧和片段命令的先前知识集成到图形结构中，即片段/间隙间时间对比图（TCG）。然后，特定的对比学习模块旨在最大化不同图形视图中节点之间的协议。为了为未标记的视频生成监控信号，我们介绍了一种自适应片段订购预测（ASOP）模块，它利用视频片段之间的关系知识来学习全局上下文表示并自适应地重新校准通道明智的功能。实验结果表明我们的TCGL在大规模行动识别和视频检索基准上的最先进方法中的优势。

人类相互作用的分析是人类运动分析的一个重要研究主题。它已经使用第一人称视觉（FPV）或第三人称视觉（TPV）进行了研究。但是，到目前为止，两种视野的联合学习几乎没有引起关注。原因之一是缺乏涵盖FPV和TPV的合适数据集。此外，FPV或TPV的现有基准数据集具有多个限制，包括样本数量有限，参与者，交互类别和模态。在这项工作中，我们贡献了一个大规模的人类交互数据集，即FT-HID数据集。 FT-HID包含第一人称和第三人称愿景的成对对齐的样本。该数据集是从109个不同受试者中收集的，并具有三种模式的90K样品。该数据集已通过使用几种现有的动作识别方法验证。此外，我们还引入了一种新型的骨骼序列的多视图交互机制，以及针对第一人称和第三人称视野的联合学习多流框架。两种方法都在FT-HID数据集上产生有希望的结果。可以预期，这一视力一致的大规模数据集的引入将促进FPV和TPV的发展，以及他们用于人类行动分析的联合学习技术。该数据集和代码可在\ href {https://github.com/endlichere/ft-hid} {here} {herefichub.com/endlichere.com/endlichere}中获得。

具有注释的缺乏大规模的真实数据集使转移学习视频活动的必要性。我们的目标是为少数行动分类开发几次拍摄转移学习的有效方法。我们利用独立培训的本地视觉提示来学习可以从源域传输的表示，该源域只能使用少数示例来从源域传送到不同的目标域。我们使用的视觉提示包括对象 - 对象交互，手掌和地区内的动作，这些地区是手工位置的函数。我们采用了一个基于元学习的框架，以提取部署的视觉提示的独特和域不变组件。这使得能够在使用不同的场景和动作配置捕获的公共数据集中传输动作分类模型。我们呈现了我们转让学习方法的比较结果，并报告了阶级阶级和数据间数据间际传输的最先进的行动分类方法。

We present an unsupervised representation learning approach using videos without semantic labels. We leverage the temporal coherence as a supervisory signal by formulating representation learning as a sequence sorting task. We take temporally shuffled frames (i.e., in non-chronological order) as inputs and train a convolutional neural network to sort the shuffled sequences. Similar to comparison-based sorting algorithms, we propose to extract features from all frame pairs and aggregate them to predict the correct order. As sorting shuffled image sequence requires an understanding of the statistical temporal structure of images, training with such a proxy task allows us to learn rich and generalizable visual representation. We validate the effectiveness of the learned representation using our method as pre-training on high-level recognition problems. The experimental results show that our method compares favorably against state-of-the-art methods on action recognition, image classification and object detection tasks.

深度神经网络的视频活动识别对于许多课程令人印象深刻。然而，它缺乏人类性能，特别是为了挑战歧视活动。人类通过识别明确识别的物体和部件之间的关键时空关系来区分这些复杂的活动，例如输入容器的孔径的物体。深度神经网络可以有效地努力学习这些关键关系。因此，我们提出了一种更有人类的识别方法，其解释了顺序时间阶段的视频，并在这些阶段中提取物体和手中的特定关系。随机森林分类器从这些提取的关系中学到。我们将该方法应用于某种东西的具有挑战性的数据集，并对挑战活动的神经网络基线实现更强大的性能。