最近,蒙面的预测预训练在自我监督的学习(SSL)方面取得了显着的进展,以进行语音识别。它通常需要以无监督的方式获得的代码簿,从而使其准确和难以解释。我们提出了两种监督指导的代码书生成方法,以提高自动语音识别(ASR)的性能以及预训练效率,要么通过使用混合ASR系统来解码以生成音素级别对准(命名为PBERT),要么通过在上进行集群进行聚类。从端到端CTC模型(命名CTC聚类)提取的监督语音功能。混合动力和CTC模型均经过与微调相同的少量标记语音训练。实验表明,我们的方法对各种SSL和自我训练基准的优势具有显着优势,相对减少了17.0%。我们的预训练模型在非ASR语音任务中还显示出良好的可传递性。
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最近,先驱工作发现,演讲预训练模型可以解决全堆栈语音处理任务,因为该模型利用底层学习扬声器相关信息和顶层以编码与内容相关的信息。由于网络容量有限,我们认为如果模型专用于音频内容信息学习,则可以进一步提高语音识别性能。为此,我们向自我监督学习(ILS-SSL)提出中间层监督,这将模型通过在中间层上添加额外的SSL丢失来尽可能地专注于内容信息。 LibrisPeech测试 - 其他集合的实验表明,我们的方法显着优于Hubert,这实现了基数/大型模型的W / O语言模型设置的相对字错误率降低了23.5%/ 11.6%。详细分析显示我们模型的底层与拼音单元具有更好的相关性,这与我们的直觉一致,并解释了我们对ASR的方法的成功。
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Self-supervised approaches for speech representation learning are challenged by three unique problems: (1) there are multiple sound units in each input utterance, (2) there is no lexicon of input sound units during the pre-training phase, and (3) sound units have variable lengths with no explicit segmentation. To deal with these three problems, we propose the Hidden-Unit BERT (HuBERT) approach for self-supervised speech representation learning, which utilizes an offline clustering step to provide aligned target labels for a BERT-like prediction loss. A key ingredient of our approach is applying the prediction loss over the masked regions only, which forces the model to learn a combined acoustic and language model over the continuous inputs. HuBERT relies primarily on the consistency of the unsupervised clustering step rather than the intrinsic quality of the assigned cluster labels. Starting with a simple k-means teacher of 100 clusters, and using two iterations of clustering, the HuBERT model either matches or improves upon the state-ofthe-art wav2vec 2.0 performance on the Librispeech (960h) and Libri-light (60,000h) benchmarks with 10min, 1h, 10h, 100h, and 960h fine-tuning subsets. Using a 1B parameter model, HuBERT shows up to 19% and 13% relative WER reduction on the more challenging dev-other and test-other evaluation subsets. 1
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自我监督学习(SSL)在语音识别方面取得了巨大的成功,而有限的探索已尝试完成其他语音处理任务。由于语音信号包含多方面的信息,包括说话者身份,副语言学,口语内容等,学习所有语音任务的通用表示都具有挑战性。为了解决该问题,我们提出了一个新的预培训模型WAVLM,以解决全堆栈的下游语音任务。 Wavlm共同学习了蒙面的语音预测和预训练。通过这种方式,WAVLM不仅可以通过掩盖的语音预测来保持语音内容建模能力,而且还可以通过语音denoing来提高非ASR任务的潜力。此外,WAVLM还采用封闭式的变压器结构的封闭相对位置偏置,以更好地捕获输入语音的序列排序。我们还将培训数据集从60k小时扩展到94K小时。 WAVLM大型在精湛的基准上实现了最先进的性能,并在其代表性基准上为各种语音处理任务带来了重大改进。代码和预培训模型可在https://aka.ms/wavlm上找到。
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本文研究了一种新型的预训练技术,该技术具有未配对的语音数据Segend2C,用于基于编码器的自动语音识别(ASR)。在一个多任务学习框架内,我们使用声音单元(即伪代码)介绍了编码器 - 编码器网络的两个预训练任务,这些任务来自离线聚类模型。一种是通过在编码器输出中通过掩盖语言建模来预测伪代码,例如Hubert模型,而另一个使解码器学会学会重建伪代码自动加工,而不是生成文本脚本。通过这种方式,解码器学会了在学习生成正确的文本之前先用代码重建原始语音信息。在Librispeech语料库上进行的综合实验表明,在没有解码器预训练的情况下,提出的Speek2C可以相对将单词错误率(WER)降低19.2%,并且在最先进的WAV2VEC 2.0和HUBERT上的表现显着优于微调子集为10h和100h。我们在https://github.com/microsoft/speecht5/tree/main/main/speech2c上发布代码和模型。
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语音的视频录制包含相关的音频和视觉信息,为语音表示从扬声器的唇部运动和产生的声音提供了强大的信号。我们介绍了视听隐藏单元BERT(AV-HUBERT),是视听语音的自我监督的代表学习框架,这些屏幕屏蔽了多流视频输入并预测自动发现和迭代地精制多模式隐藏单元。 AV-HUBERT学习强大的视听语音表示,这些语音表示受益于唇读和自动语音识别。在最大的公众唇读基准LRS3(433小时)中,AV-Hubert达到32.5%WER,只有30个小时的标签数据,优于前一种最先进的方法(33.6%)培训,达到了一千次转录的视频数据(31k小时)。当使用来自LRS3的所有433小时的标记数据并结合自培训时,唇读WER进一步降低至26.9%。使用我们在相同的基准测试中使用您的视听表示,用于音频语音识别的相对效率为40%,而最先进的性能(1.3%Vs 2.3%)。我们的代码和模型可在https://github.com/facebookResearch/av_hubert获得
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我们利用Libri-Light数据集的未标记音频来获得半监督学习中最新的发展的最新发展,以获得自动语音识别的最新结果。更确切地说,我们使用使用WAV2VEC 2.0预训练的巨型构象模型进行了嘈杂的学生培训,并使用巨型构象模型进行了训练。通过这样做,我们能够在Librispeech测试/测试中获得1.4%/2.6%的单词率率(WERS),而目前的最新设备为1.7%/3.3%。
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我们总结了使用巨大的自动语音识别(ASR)模型的大量努力的结果,该模型使用包含大约一百万小时音频的大型,多样的未标记数据集进行了预训练。我们发现,即使对于拥有数万个小时的标记数据的非常大的任务,预训练,自我培训和扩大模型大小的组合也大大提高了数据效率。特别是,在具有34K小时标记数据的ASR任务上,通过微调80亿个参数预先训练的构象异构体模型,我们可以匹配最先进的(SOTA)性能(SOTA)的性能,只有3%的培训数据和通过完整的训练集可以显着改善SOTA。我们还报告了从使用大型预训练和自我训练的模型来完成一系列下游任务所获得的普遍利益,这些任务涵盖了广泛的语音域,并涵盖了多个数据集大小的大小,包括在许多人中获得SOTA性能公共基准。此外,我们利用预先训练的网络的学会表示,在非ASR任务上实现SOTA结果。
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We show for the first time that learning powerful representations from speech audio alone followed by fine-tuning on transcribed speech can outperform the best semi-supervised methods while being conceptually simpler. wav2vec 2.0 masks the speech input in the latent space and solves a contrastive task defined over a quantization of the latent representations which are jointly learned. Experiments using all labeled data of Librispeech achieve 1.8/3.3 WER on the clean/other test sets. When lowering the amount of labeled data to one hour, wav2vec 2.0 outperforms the previous state of the art on the 100 hour subset while using 100 times less labeled data. Using just ten minutes of labeled data and pre-training on 53k hours of unlabeled data still achieves 4.8/8.2 WER. This demonstrates the feasibility of speech recognition with limited amounts of labeled data. 1 1 Code and models are available at https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq Preprint. Under review.
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学习高级语音表征的自学学习(SSL)一直是在低资源环境中构建自动语音识别(ASR)系统的一种流行方法。但是,文献中提出的共同假设是,可以使用可用于SSL预训练的相同域或语言的大量未标记数据,我们承认,在现实世界中,这是不可行的。在本文中,作为Interspeech Gram Vaani ASR挑战的一部分,我们尝试研究域,语言,数据集大小和上游训练SSL数据对最终性能下游ASR任务的效果。我们还建立在持续的训练范式的基础上,以研究使用SSL训练的模型所拥有的先验知识的效果。广泛的实验和研究表明,ASR系统的性能易受用于SSL预训练的数据。它们的性能随着相似性和预训练数据量的增加而提高。我们认为,我们的工作将有助于语音社区在低资源环境中建立更好的ASR系统,并引导研究改善基于SSL的语音系统预培训的概括。
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Self-supervised learning via masked prediction pre-training (MPPT) has shown impressive performance on a range of speech-processing tasks. This paper proposes a method to bias self-supervised learning towards a specific task. The core idea is to slightly finetune the model that is used to obtain the target sequence. This leads to better performance and a substantial increase in training speed. Furthermore, this paper proposes a variant of MPPT that allows low-footprint streaming models to be trained effectively by computing the MPPT loss on masked and unmasked frames. These approaches are evaluated for automatic speech recognition on the Librispeech corpus, where 100 hours of data served as the labelled data and 860 hours as the unlabelled data. The biased training outperforms the unbiased training by 15.5% after 250k updates and 23.8% after 100k updates on test-other. For the streaming models, the pre-training approach yields a reduction in word error rate of 44.1%.
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由于训练和测试分布之间的不匹配,自动语音识别(ASR)的跨域性能可能会受到严重阻碍。由于目标域通常缺乏标记的数据,并且在声学和语言水平上存在域移位,因此对ASR进行无监督的域适应性(UDA)是一项挑战。先前的工作表明,通过利用未标记的数据的自我检查,自我监督的学习(SSL)或伪标记(PL)可以有效地进行UDA。但是,这些自我介绍也面临不匹配的域分布中的性能退化,而以前的工作未能解决。这项工作提出了一个系统的UDA框架,可以在预训练和微调范式中充分利用具有自学贴标签的未标记数据。一方面,我们应用持续的预训练和数据重播技术来减轻SSL预训练模型的域不匹配。另一方面,我们提出了一种基于PL技术的域自适应微调方法,并具有三种独特的修改:首先,我们设计了一种双分支PL方法,以降低对错误的伪标签的敏感性;其次,我们设计了一种不确定性感知的置信度过滤策略,以提高伪标签的正确性。第三,我们引入了两步PL方法,以结合目标域语言知识,从而产生更准确的目标域伪标记。各种跨域场景的实验结果表明,所提出的方法可以有效地提高跨域的性能,并显着超过以前的方法。
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当前的领先错误发音检测和诊断(MDD)系统通过端到端音素识别实现有希望的性能。这种端到端解决方案的一个挑战是在自然L2语音上缺乏人类注销的音素。在这项工作中,我们通过伪标记(PL)程序利用未标记的L2语音,并扩展基于预先训练的自我监督学习(SSL)模型的微调方法。具体而言,我们使用WAV2VEC 2.0作为我们的SSL模型,并使用原始标记的L2语音样本以及创建的伪标记的L2语音样本进行微调。我们的伪标签是动态的,是由在线模型的合奏生成的,这确保了我们的模型对伪标签的噪声具有强大的功能。我们表明,使用伪标签进行微调可实现5.35%的音素错误率降低和2.48%的MDD F1得分在仅标签样本的基线基线。提出的PL方法还显示出优于常规的离线PL方法。与最先进的MDD系统相比,我们的MDD解决方案会产生更准确,一致的语音误差诊断。此外,我们对单独的UTD-4ACCENTS数据集进行了开放测试,在该数据集中,我们的系统识别输出基于重音和清晰度,与人类感知有着密切的相关性。
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Collecting sufficient labeled data for spoken language understanding (SLU) is expensive and time-consuming. Recent studies achieved promising results by using pre-trained models in low-resource scenarios. Inspired by this, we aim to ask: which (if any) pre-training strategies can improve performance across SLU benchmarks? To answer this question, we employ four types of pre-trained models and their combinations for SLU. We leverage self-supervised speech and language models (LM) pre-trained on large quantities of unpaired data to extract strong speech and text representations. We also explore using supervised models pre-trained on larger external automatic speech recognition (ASR) or SLU corpora. We conduct extensive experiments on the SLU Evaluation (SLUE) benchmark and observe self-supervised pre-trained models to be more powerful, with pre-trained LM and speech models being most beneficial for the Sentiment Analysis and Named Entity Recognition task, respectively.
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In this paper, we propose a novel multi-modal multi-task encoder-decoder pre-training framework (MMSpeech) for Mandarin automatic speech recognition (ASR), which employs both unlabeled speech and text data. The main difficulty in speech-text joint pre-training comes from the significant difference between speech and text modalities, especially for Mandarin speech and text. Unlike English and other languages with an alphabetic writing system, Mandarin uses an ideographic writing system where character and sound are not tightly mapped to one another. Therefore, we propose to introduce the phoneme modality into pre-training, which can help capture modality-invariant information between Mandarin speech and text. Specifically, we employ a multi-task learning framework including five self-supervised and supervised tasks with speech and text data. For end-to-end pre-training, we introduce self-supervised speech-to-pseudo-codes (S2C) and phoneme-to-text (P2T) tasks utilizing unlabeled speech and text data, where speech-pseudo-codes pairs and phoneme-text pairs are a supplement to the supervised speech-text pairs. To train the encoder to learn better speech representation, we introduce self-supervised masked speech prediction (MSP) and supervised phoneme prediction (PP) tasks to learn to map speech into phonemes. Besides, we directly add the downstream supervised speech-to-text (S2T) task into the pre-training process, which can further improve the pre-training performance and achieve better recognition results even without fine-tuning. Experiments on AISHELL-1 show that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance, with a more than 40% relative improvement compared with other pre-training methods.
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The massive growth of self-supervised learning (SSL) has been witnessed in language, vision, speech, and audio domains over the past few years. While discrete label prediction is widely adopted for other modalities, the state-of-the-art audio SSL models still employ reconstruction loss for pre-training. Compared with reconstruction loss, semantic-rich discrete label prediction encourages the SSL model to abstract the high-level audio semantics and discard the redundant details as in human perception. However, a semantic-rich acoustic tokenizer for general audio pre-training is usually not straightforward to obtain, due to the continuous property of audio and unavailable phoneme sequences like speech. To tackle this challenge, we propose BEATs, an iterative audio pre-training framework to learn Bidirectional Encoder representation from Audio Transformers, where an acoustic tokenizer and an audio SSL model are optimized by iterations. In the first iteration, we use random projection as the acoustic tokenizer to train an audio SSL model in a mask and label prediction manner. Then, we train an acoustic tokenizer for the next iteration by distilling the semantic knowledge from the pre-trained or fine-tuned audio SSL model. The iteration is repeated with the hope of mutual promotion of the acoustic tokenizer and audio SSL model. The experimental results demonstrate our acoustic tokenizers can generate discrete labels with rich audio semantics and our audio SSL models achieve state-of-the-art results across various audio classification benchmarks, even outperforming previous models that use more training data and model parameters significantly. Specifically, we set a new state-of-the-art mAP 50.6% on AudioSet-2M for audio-only models without using any external data, and 98.1% accuracy on ESC-50. The code and pre-trained models are available at https://aka.ms/beats.
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自我监督的预训练可以有效地改善低资源自动语音识别(ASR)的性能。但是,现有的自我监督的预训练是任务不合时宜的,即可以应用于各种下游任务。尽管它扩大了其应用的范围,但预训练模型的容量并未完全用于ASR任务,并且学习的表示形式可能对ASR不最佳。在这项工作中,为了为低资源ASR构建更好的预训练模型,我们提出了一种称为WAV2VEC-S的预训练方法,我们使用特定于任务的半监督预培训来完善自我监督的预培训因此,ASR任务的预训练模型更有效地利用了预培训模型的能力来生成针对ASR的任务特定表示。实验表明,与WAV2VEC 2.0相比,WAV2VEC-S仅需要训练前时间的边际增长,但可以显着改善在内域,跨域和跨语言数据集上的ASR性能。 1H和10H微调分别为24.5%和6.6%。此外,我们表明,半监督的预训练可以通过规范相关分析来弥合自我监管的预训练模型与相应的微调模型之间的表示差距。
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自我监督的学习(SSL)在各种与语音有关的下游任务(包括自动语音识别(ASR))中表现出巨大的成功。 SSL模型的输出嵌入被视为语音信号的强大短期表示。但是,在ASR任务中,主要目标是获得正确的声学单元,字符或字节对编码(BPE)的正确顺序。通常,对于ASR等序列到序列任务,编码器解码器架构非常出色。因此,在本文中,我们提出了一个新的范式,该范式在自学学习过程中利用解码器的力量。我们使用隐藏的单位Bert(Hubert)SSL框架来计算编码器的常规掩蔽预测损失。此外,我们在SSL框架中引入了解码器,并为解码器提出了目标准备策略。最后,我们使用多任务SSL设置,其中我们共同优化编码器和解码器损耗。我们假设SSL模型中的解码器的存在有助于它学习基于声学单元的语言模型,这可能会改善ASR下游任务的性能。我们将我们提出的SSL模型与Hubert进行了比较,并通过对各种LibrisPeech子集进行填充,在ASR上的性能相对相对提高了25%。
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最近,即使预训练目标是为语音识别而设计的,自我监督学习(SSL)即使在说话者的识别方面表现出了很强的表现。在本文中,我们研究了哪些因素导致对与说话者相关的任务的自我监督学习成功,例如扬声器验证(SV)通过一系列精心设计的实验。我们对Voxceleb-1数据集的经验结果表明,SSL对SV任务的好处是来自蒙版语音预测丢失,数据量表和模型大小的组合,而SSL量化器具有较小的影响。我们进一步采用了综合梯度归因方法和损失景观可视化,以了解说话者识别性能的自我监督学习的有效性。
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While the Turkish language is listed among low-resource languages, literature on Turkish automatic speech recognition (ASR) is relatively old. In this report, we present our findings on Turkish ASR with speech representation learning using HUBERT. We investigate pre-training HUBERT for Turkish with large-scale data curated from online resources. We pre-train our model using 6,500 hours of speech data from YouTube. The results show that the models are not ready for commercial use since they are not robust against disturbances that typically occur in real-world settings such as variations in accents, slang, background noise and interference. We analyze typical errors and the limitations of the models for use in commercial settings.
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