Deep nets generalize well despite having more parameters than the number of training samples. Recent works try to give an explanation using PAC-Bayes and Margin-based analyses, but do not as yet result in sample complexity bounds better than naive parameter counting. The current paper shows generalization bounds that're orders of magnitude better in practice. These rely upon new succinct reparametrizations of the trained net -a compression that is explicit and efficient. These yield generalization bounds via a simple compression-based framework introduced here. Our results also provide some theoretical justification for widespread empirical success in compressing deep nets.Analysis of correctness of our compression relies upon some newly identified "noise stability"properties of trained deep nets, which are also experimentally verified. The study of these properties and resulting generalization bounds are also extended to convolutional nets, which had eluded earlier attempts on proving generalization.
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The fundamental learning theory behind neural networks remains largely open. What classes of functions can neural networks actually learn? Why doesn't the trained network overfit when it is overparameterized?In this work, we prove that overparameterized neural networks can learn some notable concept classes, including two and three-layer networks with fewer parameters and smooth activations. Moreover, the learning can be simply done by SGD (stochastic gradient descent) or its variants in polynomial time using polynomially many samples. The sample complexity can also be almost independent of the number of parameters in the network.On the technique side, our analysis goes beyond the so-called NTK (neural tangent kernel) linearization of neural networks in prior works. We establish a new notion of quadratic approximation of the neural network (that can be viewed as a second-order variant of NTK), and connect it to the SGD theory of escaping saddle points.
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我们研究神经网络的基于规范的统一收敛范围,旨在密切理解它们如何受到规范约束的架构和类型的影响,对于简单的标量价值一类隐藏的一层网络,并在其中界定了输入。欧几里得规范。我们首先证明,通常,控制隐藏层重量矩阵的光谱规范不足以获得均匀的收敛保证(与网络宽度无关),而更强的Frobenius Norm Control是足够的,扩展并改善了以前的工作。在证明构造中,我们识别和分析了两个重要的设置,在这些设置中(可能令人惊讶)仅光谱规范控制就足够了:首先,当网络的激活函数足够平滑时(结果扩展到更深的网络);其次,对于某些类型的卷积网络。在后一种情况下,我们研究样品复杂性如何受到参数的影响,例如斑块之间的重叠量和斑块的总数。
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This paper presents a margin-based multiclass generalization bound for neural networks that scales with their margin-normalized spectral complexity: their Lipschitz constant, meaning the product of the spectral norms of the weight matrices, times a certain correction factor. This bound is empirically investigated for a standard AlexNet network trained with SGD on the mnist and cifar10 datasets, with both original and random labels; the bound, the Lipschitz constants, and the excess risks are all in direct correlation, suggesting both that SGD selects predictors whose complexity scales with the difficulty of the learning task, and secondly that the presented bound is sensitive to this complexity.
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现代神经网络通常以强烈的过度构造状态运行:它们包含许多参数,即使实际标签被纯粹随机的标签代替,它们也可以插入训练集。尽管如此,他们在看不见的数据上达到了良好的预测错误:插值训练集并不会导致巨大的概括错误。此外,过度散色化似乎是有益的,因为它简化了优化景观。在这里,我们在神经切线(NT)制度中的两层神经网络的背景下研究这些现象。我们考虑了一个简单的数据模型,以及各向同性协变量的矢量,$ d $尺寸和$ n $隐藏的神经元。我们假设样本量$ n $和尺寸$ d $都很大,并且它们在多项式上相关。我们的第一个主要结果是对过份术的经验NT内核的特征结构的特征。这种表征意味着必然的表明,经验NT内核的最低特征值在$ ND \ gg n $后立即从零界限,因此网络可以在同一制度中精确插值任意标签。我们的第二个主要结果是对NT Ridge回归的概括误差的表征,包括特殊情况,最小值-ULL_2 $ NORD插值。我们证明,一旦$ nd \ gg n $,测试误差就会被内核岭回归之一相对于无限宽度内核而近似。多项式脊回归的误差依次近似后者,从而通过与激活函数的高度组件相关的“自我诱导的”项增加了正则化参数。多项式程度取决于样本量和尺寸(尤其是$ \ log n/\ log d $)。
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古典统计学习理论表示,拟合太多参数导致过度舒服和性能差。尽管大量参数矛盾,但是现代深度神经网络概括了这一发现,并构成了解释深度学习成功的主要未解决的问题。随机梯度下降(SGD)引起的隐式正规被认为是重要的,但其特定原则仍然是未知的。在这项工作中,我们研究了当地最小值周围的能量景观的局部几何学如何影响SGD的统计特性,具有高斯梯度噪声。我们争辩说,在合理的假设下,局部几何形状力强制SGD保持接近低维子空间,这会引起隐式正则化并导致深神经网络的泛化误差界定更严格的界限。为了获得神经网络的泛化误差界限,我们首先引入局部最小值周围的停滞迹象,并施加人口风险的局部基本凸性财产。在这些条件下,推导出SGD的下界,以保留在这些停滞套件中。如果发生停滞,我们会导出涉及权重矩阵的光谱规范的深神经网络的泛化误差的界限,但不是网络参数的数量。从技术上讲,我们的证据基于控制SGD中的参数值的变化以及基于局部最小值周围的合适邻域的熵迭代的参数值和局部均匀收敛。我们的工作试图通过统一收敛更好地连接非凸优化和泛化分析。
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在本文中,我们研究了学习最适合培训数据集的浅层人工神经网络的问题。我们在过度参数化的制度中研究了这个问题,在该制度中,观测值的数量少于模型中的参数数量。我们表明,通过二次激活,训练的优化景观这种浅神经网络具有某些有利的特征,可以使用各种局部搜索启发式方法有效地找到全球最佳模型。该结果适用于输入/输出对的任意培训数据。对于可区分的激活函数,我们还表明,适当初始化的梯度下降以线性速率收敛到全球最佳模型。该结果着重于选择输入的可实现模型。根据高斯分布和标签是根据种植的重量系数生成的。
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With a goal of understanding what drives generalization in deep networks, we consider several recently suggested explanations, including norm-based control, sharpness and robustness. We study how these measures can ensure generalization, highlighting the importance of scale normalization, and making a connection between sharpness and PAC-Bayes theory. We then investigate how well the measures explain different observed phenomena.
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最近的一项工作已经通过神经切线核(NTK)分析了深神经网络的理论特性。特别是,NTK的最小特征值与记忆能力,梯度下降算法的全球收敛性和深网的概括有关。但是,现有结果要么在两层设置中提供边界,要么假设对于多层网络,将NTK矩阵的频谱从0界限为界限。在本文中,我们在无限宽度和有限宽度的限制情况下,在最小的ntk矩阵的最小特征值上提供了紧密的界限。在有限宽度的设置中,我们认为的网络体系结构相当笼统:我们需要大致订购$ n $神经元的宽层,$ n $是数据示例的数量;剩余层宽度的缩放是任意的(取决于对数因素)。为了获得我们的结果,我们分析了各种量的独立兴趣:我们对隐藏特征矩阵的最小奇异值以及输入输出特征图的Lipschitz常数上的上限给出了下限。
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尽管使用对抗性训练捍卫深度学习模型免受对抗性扰动的经验成功,但到目前为止,仍然不清楚对抗性扰动的存在背后的原则是什么,而对抗性培训对神经网络进行了什么来消除它们。在本文中,我们提出了一个称为特征纯化的原则,在其中,我们表明存在对抗性示例的原因之一是在神经网络的训练过程中,在隐藏的重量中积累了某些小型密集混合物;更重要的是,对抗训练的目标之一是去除此类混合物以净化隐藏的重量。我们介绍了CIFAR-10数据集上的两个实验,以说明这一原理,并且一个理论上的结果证明,对于某些自然分类任务,使用随机初始初始化的梯度下降训练具有RELU激活的两层神经网络确实满足了这一原理。从技术上讲,我们给出了我们最大程度的了解,第一个结果证明,以下两个可以同时保持使用RELU激活的神经网络。 (1)对原始数据的训练确实对某些半径的小对抗扰动确实不舒适。 (2)即使使用经验性扰动算法(例如FGM),实际上也可以证明对对抗相同半径的任何扰动也可以证明具有强大的良好性。最后,我们还证明了复杂性的下限,表明该网络的低复杂性模型,例如线性分类器,低度多项式或什至是神经切线核,无论使用哪种算法,都无法防御相同半径的扰动训练他们。
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我们考虑培训多层过参数化神经网络的问题,以最大限度地减少损失函数引起的经验风险。在过度参数化的典型设置中,网络宽度$ M $远大于数据维度$ D $和培训数量$ N $($ m = \ mathrm {poly}(n,d)$),其中诱导禁止的大量矩阵$ w \ in \ mathbb {r} ^ {m \ times m} $每层。天真地,一个人必须支付$ O(m ^ 2)$时间读取权重矩阵并评估前向和后向计算中的神经网络功能。在这项工作中,我们展示了如何降低每个迭代的培训成本,具体而言,我们提出了一个仅在初始化阶段使用M ^ 2美元的框架,并且在$ M $的情况下实现了每次迭代的真正子种化成本。 ,$ m ^ {2- \ oomga(1)} $次迭代。为了获得此结果,我们利用各种技术,包括偏移的基于Relu的稀释器,懒惰的低级维护数据结构,快速矩阵矩阵乘法,张量的草图技术和预处理。
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Gradient descent finds a global minimum in training deep neural networks despite the objective function being non-convex. The current paper proves gradient descent achieves zero training loss in polynomial time for a deep overparameterized neural network with residual connections (ResNet). Our analysis relies on the particular structure of the Gram matrix induced by the neural network architecture. This structure allows us to show the Gram matrix is stable throughout the training process and this stability implies the global optimality of the gradient descent algorithm. We further extend our analysis to deep residual convolutional neural networks and obtain a similar convergence result.
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训练神经网络的一种常见方法是将所有权重初始化为独立的高斯向量。我们观察到,通过将权重初始化为独立对,每对由两个相同的高斯向量组成,我们可以显着改善收敛分析。虽然已经研究了类似的技术来进行随机输入[Daniely,Neurips 2020],但尚未使用任意输入进行分析。使用此技术,我们展示了如何显着减少两层relu网络所需的神经元数量,均在逻辑损失的参数化设置不足的情况下,大约$ \ gamma^{ - 8} $ [Ji and telgarsky,ICLR, 2020]至$ \ gamma^{ - 2} $,其中$ \ gamma $表示带有神经切线内核的分离边距,以及在与平方损失的过度参数化设置中,从大约$ n^4 $ [song [song]和Yang,2019年]至$ n^2 $,隐含地改善了[Brand,Peng,Song和Weinstein,ITCS 2021]的近期运行时间。对于参数不足的设置,我们还证明了在先前工作时改善的新下限,并且在某些假设下是最好的。
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我们研究了用于线性回归的主动采样算法,该算法仅旨在查询目标向量$ b \ in \ mathbb {r} ^ n $的少量条目,并将近最低限度输出到$ \ min_ {x \ In \ mathbb {r} ^ d} \ | ax-b \ | $,其中$ a \ in \ mathbb {r} ^ {n \ times d} $是一个设计矩阵和$ \ | \ cdot \ | $是一些损失函数。对于$ \ ell_p $ norm回归的任何$ 0 <p <\ idty $,我们提供了一种基于Lewis权重采样的算法,其使用只需$ \ tilde {o}输出$(1+ \ epsilon)$近似解决方案(d ^ {\ max(1,{p / 2})} / \ mathrm {poly}(\ epsilon))$查询到$ b $。我们表明,这一依赖于$ D $是最佳的,直到对数因素。我们的结果解决了陈和Derezi的最近开放问题,陈和Derezi \'{n} Ski,他们为$ \ ell_1 $ norm提供了附近的最佳界限,以及$ p \中的$ \ ell_p $回归的次优界限(1,2) $。我们还提供了$ O的第一个总灵敏度上限(D ^ {\ max \ {1,p / 2 \} \ log ^ 2 n)$以满足最多的$ p $多项式增长。这改善了Tukan,Maalouf和Feldman的最新结果。通过将此与我们的技术组合起来的$ \ ell_p $回归结果,我们获得了一个使$ \ tilde o的活动回归算法(d ^ {1+ \ max \ {1,p / 2 \}} / \ mathrm {poly}。 (\ epsilon))$疑问,回答陈和德里兹的另一个打开问题{n}滑雪。对于Huber损失的重要特殊情况,我们进一步改善了我们对$ \ tilde o的主动样本复杂性的绑定(d ^ {(1+ \ sqrt2)/ 2} / \ epsilon ^ c)$和非活跃$ \ tilde o的样本复杂性(d ^ {4-2 \ sqrt 2} / \ epsilon ^ c)$,由于克拉克森和伍德拉夫而改善了Huber回归的以前的D ^ 4 $。我们的敏感性界限具有进一步的影响,使用灵敏度采样改善了各种先前的结果,包括orlicz规范子空间嵌入和鲁棒子空间近似。最后,我们的主动采样结果为每种$ \ ell_p $ norm提供的第一个Sublinear时间算法。
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我们观察到,给定两个(兼容的)函数类别$ \ MATHCAL {f} $和$ \ MATHCAL {h} $,具有较小的容量,按其均匀覆盖的数字测量,组成类$ \ Mathcal {H} \ Circ \ Mathcal {f} $可能会变得非常大,甚至无限。然后,我们证明,在用$ \ Mathcal {h} $构成$ \ Mathcal {f} $的输出中,添加少量高斯噪声可以有效地控制$ \ Mathcal {H} \ Circ \ Mathcal { F} $,提供模块化设计的一般配方。为了证明我们的结果,我们定义了均匀覆盖随机函数数量的新概念,相对于总变异和瓦斯坦斯坦距离。我们将结果实例化,以实现多层Sigmoid神经​​网络。 MNIST数据集的初步经验结果表明,在现有统一界限上改善所需的噪声量在数值上可以忽略不计(即,元素的I.I.D. I.I.D.高斯噪声,具有标准偏差$ 10^{ - 240} $)。源代码可从https://github.com/fathollahpour/composition_noise获得。
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We present a generalization bound for feedforward neural networks with ReLU activations in terms of the product of the spectral norm of the layers and the Frobenius norm of the weights. The key ingredient is a bound on the changes in the output of a network with respect to perturbation of its weights, thereby bounding the sharpness of the network. We combine this perturbation bound with the PAC-Bayes analysis to derive the generalization bound.
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使用神经网络学习依赖于可代表功能的复杂性,但更重要的是,典型参数的特定分配与不同复杂度的功能。将激活区域的数量作为复杂性度量,最近的作品表明,深度释放网络的实际复杂性往往远远远非理论最大值。在这项工作中,我们表明这种现象也发生在具有颤扬(多参数)激活功能的网络中,并且在考虑分类任务中的决策边界时。我们还表明参数空间具有多维全维区域,具有广泛不同的复杂性,并在预期的复杂性上获得非竞争下限。最后,我们调查了不同的参数初始化程序,并表明他们可以提高培训的收敛速度。
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We study the fundamental task of outlier-robust mean estimation for heavy-tailed distributions in the presence of sparsity. Specifically, given a small number of corrupted samples from a high-dimensional heavy-tailed distribution whose mean $\mu$ is guaranteed to be sparse, the goal is to efficiently compute a hypothesis that accurately approximates $\mu$ with high probability. Prior work had obtained efficient algorithms for robust sparse mean estimation of light-tailed distributions. In this work, we give the first sample-efficient and polynomial-time robust sparse mean estimator for heavy-tailed distributions under mild moment assumptions. Our algorithm achieves the optimal asymptotic error using a number of samples scaling logarithmically with the ambient dimension. Importantly, the sample complexity of our method is optimal as a function of the failure probability $\tau$, having an additive $\log(1/\tau)$ dependence. Our algorithm leverages the stability-based approach from the algorithmic robust statistics literature, with crucial (and necessary) adaptations required in our setting. Our analysis may be of independent interest, involving the delicate design of a (non-spectral) decomposition for positive semi-definite matrices satisfying certain sparsity properties.
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How well does a classic deep net architecture like AlexNet or VGG19 classify on a standard dataset such as CIFAR-10 when its "width"-namely, number of channels in convolutional layers, and number of nodes in fully-connected internal layers -is allowed to increase to infinity? Such questions have come to the forefront in the quest to theoretically understand deep learning and its mysteries about optimization and generalization. They also connect deep learning to notions such as Gaussian processes and kernels. A recent paper [Jacot et al., 2018] introduced the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) which captures the behavior of fully-connected deep nets in the infinite width limit trained by gradient descent; this object was implicit in some other recent papers. An attraction of such ideas is that a pure kernel-based method is used to capture the power of a fully-trained deep net of infinite width. The current paper gives the first efficient exact algorithm for computing the extension of NTK to convolutional neural nets, which we call Convolutional NTK (CNTK), as well as an efficient GPU implementation of this algorithm. This results in a significant new benchmark for performance of a pure kernel-based method on CIFAR-10, being 10% higher than the methods reported in [Novak et al., 2019], and only 6% lower than the performance of the corresponding finite deep net architecture (once batch normalization etc. are turned off). Theoretically, we also give the first non-asymptotic proof showing that a fully-trained sufficiently wide net is indeed equivalent to the kernel regression predictor using NTK.
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我们研究了$ \ Mathcal {r} $的结构和统计属性 - 规范最小化由特定目标函数标记的数据集的内侧插值。$ \ MATHCAL {R} $ - 标准是两层神经网络的电感偏差的基础,最近引入了捕获网络权重大小的功能效果,与网络宽度无关。我们发现,即使有适合数据的脊函数,这些插值也是本质上的多元功能,而且$ \ Mathcal {r} $ - 规范归纳偏见不足以实现某些学习问题的统计上最佳概括。总的来说,这些结果为与实际神经网络训练有关的感应偏见提供了新的启示。
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