Traffic flow prediction is an important part of smart transportation. The goal is to predict future traffic conditions based on historical data recorded by sensors and the traffic network. As the city continues to build, parts of the transportation network will be added or modified. How to accurately predict expanding and evolving long-term streaming networks is of great significance. To this end, we propose a new simulation-based criterion that considers teaching autonomous agents to mimic sensor patterns, planning their next visit based on the sensor's profile (e.g., traffic, speed, occupancy). The data recorded by the sensor is most accurate when the agent can perfectly simulate the sensor's activity pattern. We propose to formulate the problem as a continuous reinforcement learning task, where the agent is the next flow value predictor, the action is the next time-series flow value in the sensor, and the environment state is a dynamically fused representation of the sensor and transportation network. Actions taken by the agent change the environment, which in turn forces the agent's mode to update, while the agent further explores changes in the dynamic traffic network, which helps the agent predict its next visit more accurately. Therefore, we develop a strategy in which sensors and traffic networks update each other and incorporate temporal context to quantify state representations evolving over time.

Graph learning is a popular approach for performing machine learning on graph-structured data. It has revolutionized the machine learning ability to model graph data to address downstream tasks. Its application is wide due to the availability of graph data ranging from all types of networks to information systems. Most graph learning methods assume that the graph is static and its complete structure is known during training. This limits their applicability since they cannot be applied to problems where the underlying graph grows over time and/or new tasks emerge incrementally. Such applications require a lifelong learning approach that can learn the graph continuously and accommodate new information whilst retaining previously learned knowledge. Lifelong learning methods that enable continuous learning in regular domains like images and text cannot be directly applied to continuously evolving graph data, due to its irregular structure. As a result, graph lifelong learning is gaining attention from the research community. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in graph lifelong learning, including the categorization of existing methods, and the discussions of potential applications and open research problems.

交通预测对于新时代智能城市的交通建设至关重要。但是，流量数据的复杂空间和时间依赖性使流量预测极具挑战性。大多数现有的流量预测方法都依赖于预定义的邻接矩阵来对时空依赖性建模。但是，道路交通状态是高度实时的，因此邻接矩阵应随着时间的推移而动态变化。本文介绍了一个新的多空间融合图复发网络（MSTFGRN），以解决上述问题。该网络提出了一种数据驱动的加权邻接矩阵生成方法，以补偿预定义的邻接矩阵未反映的实时空间依赖性。它还通过在不同矩的平行时空关系上执行新的双向时空融合操作来有效地学习隐藏的时空依赖性。最后，通过将全局注意机制集成到时空融合模块中，同时捕获了全局时空依赖性。对四个大型现实世界流量数据集进行的广泛试验表明，与替代基线相比，我们的方法实现了最先进的性能。

在本文中，我们重点介绍了在流中为在线POI推荐的动态地球人类相互作用建模的问题。具体而言，我们将式的地球人类相互作用建模问题提出到一个新颖的深层交互式增强学习框架中，在该框架中，代理是推荐的，而动作是下一个要访问的POI。我们将强化学习环境独特地建模为用户和地理空间环境（POI，POI类别，功能区）的联合组成和连接的组成。用户在流中访问POI的事件更新了用户和地理空间环境的状态；代理商认为更新的环境状态可以提出在线建议。具体而言，我们通过将所有用户，访问和地理空间上下文统一为动态知识图流来对混合用户事件流进行建模，以模拟人类，地理 - 人类，地理geo互动的建模。我们设计了一种解决过期信息挑战的退出机制，设计了一种元路径方法来应对推荐候选人的生成挑战，并开发了一种新的深层政策网络结构来应对不同的行动空间挑战，最后提出有效的对抗性优化的培训方法。最后，我们提出了广泛的实验，以证明方法的增强性能。

Accurate short-term traffic prediction plays a pivotal role in various smart mobility operation and management systems. Currently, most of the state-of-the-art prediction models are based on graph neural networks (GNNs), and the required training samples are proportional to the size of the traffic network. In many cities, the available amount of traffic data is substantially below the minimum requirement due to the data collection expense. It is still an open question to develop traffic prediction models with a small size of training data on large-scale networks. We notice that the traffic states of a node for the near future only depend on the traffic states of its localized neighborhoods, which can be represented using the graph relational inductive biases. In view of this, this paper develops a graph network (GN)-based deep learning model LocaleGN that depicts the traffic dynamics using localized data aggregating and updating functions, as well as the node-wise recurrent neural networks. LocaleGN is a light-weighted model designed for training on few samples without over-fitting, and hence it can solve the problem of few-sample traffic prediction. The proposed model is examined on predicting both traffic speed and flow with six datasets, and the experimental results demonstrate that LocaleGN outperforms existing state-of-the-art baseline models. It is also demonstrated that the learned knowledge from LocaleGN can be transferred across cities. The research outcomes can help to develop light-weighted traffic prediction systems, especially for cities lacking historically archived traffic data.

交通预测是智能交通系统的问题（ITS），并为个人和公共机构是至关重要的。因此，研究高度重视应对准确预报交通系统的复杂的时空相关性。但是，有两个挑战：1）大多数流量预测研究主要集中在造型相邻传感器的相关性，而忽略远程传感器，例如，商务区有类似的时空模式的相关性; 2）使用静态邻接矩阵中曲线图的卷积网络（GCNs）的现有方法不足以反映在交通系统中的动态空间依赖性。此外，它采用自注意所有的传感器模型动态关联细粒度方法忽略道路网络分层信息，并有二次计算复杂性。在本文中，我们提出了一种新动态多图形卷积递归网络（DMGCRN），以解决上述问题，可以同时距离的空间相关性，结构的空间相关性，和所述时间相关性进行建模。那么，只使用基于距离的曲线图来捕获空间信息从节点是接近距离也构建了一个新潜曲线图，其编码的道路之间的相关性的结构来捕获空间信息从节点在结构上相似。此外，我们在不同的时间将每个传感器的邻居到粗粒区域，并且动态地分配不同的权重的每个区域。同时，我们整合动态多图卷积网络到门控重复单元（GRU）来捕获时间依赖性。三个真实世界的交通数据集大量的实验证明，我们提出的算法优于国家的最先进的基线。

Traffic state prediction in a transportation network is paramount for effective traffic operations and management, as well as informed user and system-level decision-making. However, long-term traffic prediction (beyond 30 minutes into the future) remains challenging in current research. In this work, we integrate the spatio-temporal dependencies in the transportation network from network modeling, together with the graph convolutional network (GCN) and graph attention network (GAT). To further tackle the dramatic computation and memory cost caused by the giant model size (i.e., number of weights) caused by multiple cascaded layers, we propose sparse training to mitigate the training cost, while preserving the prediction accuracy. It is a process of training using a fixed number of nonzero weights in each layer in each iteration. We consider the problem of long-term traffic speed forecasting for a real large-scale transportation network data from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) Performance Measurement System (PeMS). Experimental results show that the proposed GCN-STGT and GAT-STGT models achieve low prediction errors on short-, mid- and long-term prediction horizons, of 15, 30 and 45 minutes in duration, respectively. Using our sparse training, we could train from scratch with high sparsity (e.g., up to 90%), equivalent to 10 times floating point operations per second (FLOPs) reduction on computational cost using the same epochs as dense training, and arrive at a model with very small accuracy loss compared with the original dense training

交通流量预测是智能运输系统的重要组成部分，从而受到了研究人员的关注。但是，交通道路之间的复杂空间和时间依赖性使交通流量的预测具有挑战性。现有方法通常是基于图形神经网络，使用交通网络的预定义空间邻接图来建模空间依赖性，而忽略了道路节点之间关系的动态相关性。此外，他们通常使用独立的时空组件来捕获时空依赖性，并且不会有效地对全局时空依赖性进行建模。本文提出了一个新的时空因果图形注意网络（STCGAT），以解决上述挑战。在STCGAT中，我们使用一种节点嵌入方法，可以在每个时间步骤中自适应生成空间邻接子图，而无需先验地理知识和对不同时间步骤动态生成图的拓扑的精细颗粒建模。同时，我们提出了一个有效的因果时间相关成分，其中包含节点自适应学习，图形卷积以及局部和全局因果关系卷积模块，以共同学习局部和全局时空依赖性。在四个真正的大型流量数据集上进行的广泛实验表明，我们的模型始终优于所有基线模型。

最近，深度学习方法在交通预测方面取得了长足的进步，但它们的性能取决于大量的历史数据。实际上，我们可能会面临数据稀缺问题。在这种情况下，深度学习模型无法获得令人满意的性能。转移学习是解决数据稀缺问题的一种有前途的方法。但是，流量预测中现有的转移学习方法主要基于常规网格数据，这不适用于流量网络中固有的图形数据。此外，现有的基于图的模型只能在道路网络中捕获共享的流量模式，以及如何学习节点特定模式也是一个挑战。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的传输学习方法来解决流量预测，几乎可以将知识从数据富的源域转移到数据范围的目标域。首先，提出了一个空间图形神经网络，该网络可以捕获不同道路网络的节点特异性时空交通模式。然后，为了提高转移的鲁棒性，我们设计了一种基于模式的转移策略，我们利用基于聚类的机制来提炼源域中的常见时空模式，并使用这些知识进一步提高了预测性能目标域。现实世界数据集的实验验证了我们方法的有效性。

检测，预测和减轻交通拥堵是针对改善运输网络的服务水平的目标。随着对更高分辨率的更大数据集的访问，深度学习对这种任务的相关性正在增加。近年来几篇综合调查论文总结了运输领域的深度学习应用。然而，运输网络的系统动态在非拥挤状态和拥塞状态之间变化大大变化 - 从而需要清楚地了解对拥堵预测特异性特异性的挑战。在这项调查中，我们在与检测，预测和缓解拥堵相关的任务中，介绍了深度学习应用的当前状态。重复和非经常性充血是单独讨论的。我们的调查导致我们揭示了当前研究状态的固有挑战和差距。最后，我们向未来的研究方向提出了一些建议，因为所确定的挑战的答案。

由于流量大数据的增加，交通预测逐渐引起了研究人员的注意力。因此，如何在交通数据中挖掘复杂的时空相关性以预测交通状况更准确地成为难题。以前的作品组合图形卷积网络（GCNS）和具有深度序列模型的自我关注机制（例如，复发性神经网络），分别捕获时空相关性，忽略时间和空间的关系。此外，GCNS受到过平滑问题的限制，自我关注受到二次问题的限制，导致GCN缺乏全局代表能力，自我注意力效率低下捕获全球空间依赖性。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的交通预测深入学习模型，命名为多语境意识的时空关节线性关注（STJLA），其对时空关节图应用线性关注以捕获所有时空之间的全球依赖性节点有效。更具体地，STJLA利用静态结构上下文和动态语义上下文来提高模型性能。基于Node2VEC和单热编码的静态结构上下文丰富了时空位置信息。此外，基于多头扩散卷积网络的动态空间上下文增强了局部空间感知能力，并且基于GRU的动态时间上下文分别稳定了线性关注的序列位置信息。在两个现实世界交通数据集，英格兰和PEMSD7上的实验表明，我们的Stjla可以获得高达9.83％和3.08％，在最先进的基线上的衡量标准的准确性提高。

The stock market prediction has been a traditional yet complex problem researched within diverse research areas and application domains due to its non-linear, highly volatile and complex nature. Existing surveys on stock market prediction often focus on traditional machine learning methods instead of deep learning methods. Deep learning has dominated many domains, gained much success and popularity in recent years in stock market prediction. This motivates us to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the research on stock market prediction focusing on deep learning techniques. We present four elaborated subtasks of stock market prediction and propose a novel taxonomy to summarize the state-of-the-art models based on deep neural networks from 2011 to 2022. In addition, we also provide detailed statistics on the datasets and evaluation metrics commonly used in the stock market. Finally, we highlight some open issues and point out several future directions by sharing some new perspectives on stock market prediction.

The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.

Proper functioning of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is crucial for the safety and efficiency of future intelligent transport systems. Meanwhile, transitioning to fully autonomous driving requires a long period of mixed autonomy traffic, including both CAVs and human-driven vehicles. Thus, collaboration decision-making for CAVs is essential to generate appropriate driving behaviors to enhance the safety and efficiency of mixed autonomy traffic. In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely used in solving decision-making problems. However, the existing DRL-based methods have been mainly focused on solving the decision-making of a single CAV. Using the existing DRL-based methods in mixed autonomy traffic cannot accurately represent the mutual effects of vehicles and model dynamic traffic environments. To address these shortcomings, this article proposes a graph reinforcement learning (GRL) approach for multi-agent decision-making of CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic. First, a generic and modular GRL framework is designed. Then, a systematic review of DRL and GRL methods is presented, focusing on the problems addressed in recent research. Moreover, a comparative study on different GRL methods is further proposed based on the designed framework to verify the effectiveness of GRL methods. Results show that the GRL methods can well optimize the performance of multi-agent decision-making for CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic compared to the DRL methods. Finally, challenges and future research directions are summarized. This study can provide a valuable research reference for solving the multi-agent decision-making problems of CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic and can promote the implementation of GRL-based methods into intelligent transportation systems. The source code of our work can be found at https://github.com/Jacklinkk/Graph_CAVs.

流量预测在智能运输系统中交通控制和调度任务的实现中起着重要作用。随着数据源的多元化，合理地使用丰富的流量数据来对流量流中复杂的时空依赖性和非线性特征进行建模是智能运输系统的关键挑战。此外，清楚地评估从不同数据中提取的时空特征的重要性成为一个挑战。提出了双层 - 空间时间特征提取和评估（DL -STFEE）模型。 DL-STFEE的下层是时空特征提取层。流量数据中的空间和时间特征是通过多画图卷积和注意机制提取的，并生成了空间和时间特征的不同组合。 DL-STFEE的上层是时空特征评估层。通过高维自我注意力发项机制产生的注意力评分矩阵，空间特征组合被融合和评估，以便获得不同组合对预测效应的影响。在实际的流量数据集上进行了三组实验，以表明DL-STFEE可以有效地捕获时空特征并评估不同时空特征组合的重要性。

我们都取决于流动性，车辆运输会影响我们大多数人的日常生活。因此，预测道路网络中流量状态的能力是一项重要的功能和具有挑战性的任务。流量数据通常是从部署在道路网络中的传感器获得的。关于时空图神经网络的最新建议通过将流量数据建模为扩散过程，在交通数据中建模复杂的时空相关性方面取得了巨大进展。但是，直观地，流量数据包含两种不同类型的隐藏时间序列信号，即扩散信号和固有信号。不幸的是，几乎所有以前的作品都将交通信号完全视为扩散的结果，同时忽略了固有的信号，这会对模型性能产生负面影响。为了提高建模性能，我们提出了一种新型的脱钩时空框架（DSTF），该框架以数据驱动的方式将扩散和固有的交通信息分开，其中包含独特的估计门和残差分解机制。分离的信号随后可以通过扩散和固有模块分别处理。此外，我们提出了DSTF的实例化，分离的动态时空图神经网络（D2STGNN），可捕获时空相关性，还具有动态图学习模块，该模块针对学习流量网络动态特征的学习。使用四个现实世界流量数据集进行的广泛实验表明，该框架能够推进最先进的框架。

准确的实时流量预测对于智能运输系统（ITS）至关重要，它是各种智能移动应用程序的基石。尽管该研究领域以深度学习为主，但最近的研究表明，开发新模型结构的准确性提高正变得边缘。取而代之的是，我们设想可以通过在具有不同数据分布和网络拓扑的城市之间转移“与预测相关的知识”来实现改进。为此，本文旨在提出一个新型的可转移流量预测框架：域对抗空间 - 颞网（DASTNET）。 Dastnet已在多个源网络上进行了预训练，并通过目标网络的流量数据进行了微调。具体而言，我们利用图表表示学习和对抗域的适应技术来学习域不变的节点嵌入，这些嵌入式嵌入将进一步合并以建模时间流量数据。据我们所知，我们是第一个使用对抗性多域改编来解决网络范围的流量预测问题的人。 Dastnet始终优于三个基准数据集上的所有最新基线方法。训练有素的dastnet应用于香港的新交通探测器，并且在可用的探测器可用时（一天之内）可以立即（在一天之内）提供准确的交通预测。总体而言，这项研究提出了一种增强交通预测方法的替代方法，并为缺乏历史流量数据的城市提供了实际含义。

“轨迹”是指由地理空间中的移动物体产生的迹线，通常由一系列按时间顺序排列的点表示，其中每个点由地理空间坐标集和时间戳组成。位置感应和无线通信技术的快速进步使我们能够收集和存储大量的轨迹数据。因此，许多研究人员使用轨迹数据来分析各种移动物体的移动性。在本文中，我们专注于“城市车辆轨迹”，这是指城市交通网络中车辆的轨迹，我们专注于“城市车辆轨迹分析”。城市车辆轨迹分析提供了前所未有的机会，可以了解城市交通网络中的车辆运动模式，包括以用户为中心的旅行经验和系统范围的时空模式。城市车辆轨迹数据的时空特征在结构上相互关联，因此，许多先前的研究人员使用了各种方法来理解这种结构。特别是，由于其强大的函数近似和特征表示能力，深度学习模型是由于许多研究人员的注意。因此，本文的目的是开发基于深度学习的城市车辆轨迹分析模型，以更好地了解城市交通网络的移动模式。特别是，本文重点介绍了两项研究主题，具有很高的必要性，重要性和适用性：下一个位置预测，以及合成轨迹生成。在这项研究中，我们向城市车辆轨迹分析提供了各种新型模型，使用深度学习。

Graph mining tasks arise from many different application domains, ranging from social networks, transportation to E-commerce, etc., which have been receiving great attention from the theoretical and algorithmic design communities in recent years, and there has been some pioneering work employing the research-rich Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques to address graph data mining tasks. However, these graph mining methods and RL models are dispersed in different research areas, which makes it hard to compare them. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of RL and graph mining methods and generalize these methods to Graph Reinforcement Learning (GRL) as a unified formulation. We further discuss the applications of GRL methods across various domains and summarize the method descriptions, open-source codes, and benchmark datasets of GRL methods. Furthermore, we propose important directions and challenges to be solved in the future. As far as we know, this is the latest work on a comprehensive survey of GRL, this work provides a global view and a learning resource for scholars. In addition, we create an online open-source for both interested scholars who want to enter this rapidly developing domain and experts who would like to compare GRL methods.

由于运输网络中复杂的时空依赖性，准确的交通预测是智能运输系统中一项艰巨的任务。许多现有的作品利用复杂的时间建模方法与图形卷积网络（GCN）合并，以捕获短期和长期时空依赖性。但是，这些具有复杂设计的分离模块可以限制时空表示学习的有效性和效率。此外，大多数以前的作品都采用固定的图形构造方法来表征全局时空关系，这限制了模型在不同时间段甚至不同的数据方案中的学习能力。为了克服这些局限性，我们提出了一个自动扩张的时空同步图网络，称为Auto-DSTSGN用于流量预测。具体而言，我们设计了自动扩张的时空同步图（自动-DSTSG）模块，以捕获短期和长期时空相关性，通过在增加顺序的扩张因子中堆叠更深的层。此外，我们提出了一种图形结构搜索方法，以自动构建可以适应不同数据方案的时空同步图。在四个现实世界数据集上进行的广泛实验表明，与最先进的方法相比，我们的模型可以取得约10％的改善。源代码可在https://github.com/jinguangyin/auto-dstsgn上找到。