管道机器人是有前途的条件评估,泄漏检测,水质监测在管道网络中各种其他任务中的解决方案。由于对操作的高度不确定和令人不安的环境,智能导航是这些机器人的极其具有挑战性的任务。无线通信在操作期间控制这些机器人是不可行的,如果管材是金属,因为无线电信号在管道环境中被破坏,因此,这种挑战仍未解决。在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于粒子滤波和两相运动控制器的先前设计的管道机器人[1]的智能导航方法。机器人被赋予具有新方法的操作路径的地图,并且粒子过滤确定管道的直线和非直线配置。在直线路径中,机器人遵循线性二次调节器(LQR)和比例 - 积分衍生物(PID)基于基于的控制器,其稳定机器人并跟踪所需的速度。在非直接路径中,机器人遵循轨迹,该轨迹是机器人的运动轨迹发生器块的计划。该方法是用于智能导航的有希望的解决方案,无需无线通信并且能够检查水分配系统中的长距离。
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The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
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A reliable pose estimator robust to environmental disturbances is desirable for mobile robots. To this end, inertial measurement units (IMUs) play an important role because they can perceive the full motion state of the vehicle independently. However, it suffers from accumulative error due to inherent noise and bias instability, especially for low-cost sensors. In our previous studies on Wheel-INS \cite{niu2021, wu2021}, we proposed to limit the error drift of the pure inertial navigation system (INS) by mounting an IMU to the wheel of the robot to take advantage of rotation modulation. However, it still drifted over a long period of time due to the lack of external correction signals. In this letter, we propose to exploit the environmental perception ability of Wheel-INS to achieve simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) with only one IMU. To be specific, we use the road bank angles (mirrored by the robot roll angles estimated by Wheel-INS) as terrain features to enable the loop closure with a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter. The road bank angle is sampled and stored according to the robot position in the grid maps maintained by the particles. The weights of the particles are updated according to the difference between the currently estimated roll sequence and the terrain map. Field experiments suggest the feasibility of the idea to perform SLAM in Wheel-INS using the robot roll angle estimates. In addition, the positioning accuracy is improved significantly (more than 30\%) over Wheel-INS. Source code of our implementation is publicly available (https://github.com/i2Nav-WHU/Wheel-SLAM).
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We propose a multisensor fusion framework for onboard real-time navigation of a quadrotor in an indoor environment, by integrating sensor readings from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a camera-based object detection algorithm, and an Ultra-WideBand (UWB) localization system. The sensor readings from the camera-based object detection algorithm and the UWB localization system arrive intermittently, since the measurements are not readily available. We design a Kalman filter that manages intermittent observations in order to handle and fuse the readings and estimate the pose of the quadrotor for tracking a predefined trajectory. The system is implemented via a Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation technique, in which the dynamic model of the quadrotor is simulated in an open-source 3D robotics simulator tool, and the whole navigation system is implemented on Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled edge GPU. The simulation results show that our proposed framework offers low positioning and trajectory errors, while handling intermittent sensor measurements.
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移动机器人的精确位置信息对于导航和任务处理至关重要,尤其是对于多机器人系统(MRS),可以从该领域进行协作和收集有价值的数据。但是,在无法访问GPS信号(例如在环境控制,室内或地下环境中)的机器人发现很难单独使用其传感器找到。结果,机器人共享其本地信息以改善其本地化估计,使整个MRS团队受益。已经尝试使用无线电信号强度指标(RSSI)作为计算轴承信息的来源进行了几次尝试模拟基于多机器人的定位。我们还利用了通过系统中多个机器人的通信生成的无线网络,并旨在在动态环境中具有很高准确性和效率的定位代理,以共享信息融合以完善本地化估计。该估计器结构减少了一个测量相关性的来源,同时适当地纳入了其他相关性。本文提出了一个分散的多机器人协同定位系统(MRSL),以实现密集和动态的环境。每当从邻居那里收到新信息时,机器人都会更新其位置估计。当系统感觉到该地区其他机器人的存在时,它会交换位置估计并将接收到的数据合并以提高其本地化精度。我们的方法使用基于贝叶斯规则的集成,该集成已证明在计算上是有效的,适用于异步机器人通信。我们已经使用数量不同的机器人进行了广泛的仿真实验,以分析算法。 MRSL与RSSI的本地化准确性优于文献中的其他算法,对未来发展有很大的希望。
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Automation in farming processes is a growing field of research in both academia and industries. A considerable amount of work has been put into this field to develop systems robust enough for farming. Terrace farming, in particular, provides a varying set of challenges, including robust stair climbing methods and stable navigation in unstructured terrains. We propose the design of a novel autonomous terrace farming robot, Aarohi, that can effectively climb steep terraces of considerable heights and execute several farming operations. The design optimisation strategy for the overall mechanical structure is elucidated. Further, the embedded and software architecture along with fail-safe strategies are presented for a working prototype. Algorithms for autonomous traversal over the terrace steps using the scissor lift mechanism and performing various farming operations have also been discussed. The adaptability of the design to specific operational requirements and modular farm tools allow Aarohi to be customised for a wide variety of use cases.
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在过去的十年中,自动驾驶航空运输车辆引起了重大兴趣。这是通过空中操纵器和新颖的握手的技术进步来实现这一目标的。此外,改进的控制方案和车辆动力学能够更好地对有效载荷进行建模和改进的感知算法,以检测无人机(UAV)环境中的关键特征。在这项调查中,对自动空中递送车辆的技术进步和开放研究问题进行了系统的审查。首先,详细讨论了各种类型的操纵器和握手,以及动态建模和控制方法。然后,讨论了降落在静态和动态平台上的。随后,诸如天气状况,州估计和避免碰撞之类的风险以确保安全过境。最后,调查了交付的UAV路由,该路由将主题分为两个领域:无人机操作和无人机合作操作。
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In this paper, a complete framework for Autonomous Self Driving is implemented. LIDAR, Camera and IMU sensors are used together. The entire data communication is managed using Robot Operating System which provides a robust platform for implementation of Robotics Projects. Jetson Nano is used to provide powerful on-board processing capabilities. Sensor fusion is performed on the data received from the different sensors to improve the accuracy of the decision making and inferences that we derive from the data. This data is then used to create a localized map of the environment. In this step, the position of the vehicle is obtained with respect to the Mapping done using the sensor data.The different SLAM techniques used for this purpose are Hector Mapping and GMapping which are widely used mapping techniques in ROS. Apart from SLAM that primarily uses LIDAR data, Visual Odometry is implemented using a Monocular Camera. The sensor fused data is then used by Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization for car localization. Using the localized map developed, Path Planning techniques like "TEB planner" and "Dynamic Window Approach" are implemented for autonomous navigation of the vehicle. The last step in the Project is the implantation of Control which is the final decision making block in the pipeline that gives speed and steering data for the navigation that is compatible with Ackermann Kinematics. The implementation of such a control block under a ROS framework using the three sensors, viz, LIDAR, Camera and IMU is a novel approach that is undertaken in this project.
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本文提出了一种新方法,该方法融合了混响场中的声学测量和低临界性惯性测量单元(IMU)运动报告,以同时定位和映射(SLAM)。与仅使用声学数据进行到达方向(DOA)估计的现有研究不同,源与传感器的距离是通过直接到依次的能量比(DRR)计算的,并用作新约束以消除非线性噪声从运动报告。应用粒子过滤器估计临界距离,这是将源距离与DRR关联的关键。使用密钥帧方法来消除源位置估计向机器人的偏差。拟议的DOA-DRR声学大满贯(D-D大满贯)设计用于三维运动,适合大多数机器人。该方法是第一个在现实世界中仅包含声学数据和IMU测量值的现实世界室内场景数据集上验证的声学大满贯算法。与以前的方法相比,D-D SLAM在定位机器人和从现实世界室内数据集中构建源地图方面具有可接受的性能。平均位置精度为0.48 m,而源位置误差在2.8 s内收敛到小于0.25 m。这些结果证明了D-D SLAM在现实世界室内场景中的有效性,这可能在环境有雾(即不适合光或激光辐照的环境)之后特别有用。
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外部磁场可用于远程控制小尺寸的机器人,使其具有多样化的生物医学和工程应用的候选人。我们表明,我们的磁动毫罗罗布特是高度敏捷的,并且可以执行各种机车任务,例如枢轴行走和在水平面翻滚。在这里,我们专注于控制枢轴行走模式中该毫无米罗罗布特的运动效果。开发了系统的数学模型,派生了运动模型。还研究了机器人运动中扫描和倾斜角度的作用。我们提出了两个控制器来调节枢轴步行者的步态。第一个是比例几何控制器,它决定了Millobot应该使用的正确枢轴点。然后,它基于毫无槌和参考轨迹的中心之间的误差按比例地调节角速度。第二控制器基于梯度下降优化技术,其表示控制动作作为优化问题。这些控制算法使得MilliRobot能够在跟踪所需的轨迹时产生稳定的步态。我们进行一组不同的实验和模拟运行,以确定所提出的控制器在跟踪误差方面的不同扫描和倾斜角度的有效性。这两个控制器表现出适当的性能,但观察到基于梯度下降基于的控制器产生更快的收敛时间,更小的跟踪误差和更少的步数。最后,我们对扫描角度,倾斜角度和步进时间对跟踪误差的影响进行了广泛的实验参数分析。正如我们所预期的那样,基于优化的控制器优于基于几何的控制器。
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安装在微空中车辆(MAV)上的地面穿透雷达是有助于协助人道主义陆地间隙的工具。然而,合成孔径雷达图像的质量取决于雷达天线的准确和精确运动估计以及与MAV产生信息性的观点。本文介绍了一个完整的自动空气缩进的合成孔径雷达(GPSAR)系统。该系统由空间校准和时间上同步的工业级传感器套件组成,使得在地面上方,雷达成像和光学成像。自定义任务规划框架允许在地上控制地上的Stripmap和圆形(GPSAR)轨迹的生成和自动执行,以及空中成像调查飞行。基于因子图基于Dual接收机实时运动(RTK)全局导航卫星系统(GNSS)和惯性测量单元(IMU)的测量值,以获得精确,高速平台位置和方向。地面真理实验表明,传感器时机为0.8美元,正如0.1美元的那样,定位率为1 kHz。与具有不确定标题初始化的单个位置因子相比,双位置因子配方可提高高达40%,批量定位精度高达59%。我们的现场试验验证了本地化准确性和精度,使得能够相干雷达测量和检测在沙子中埋入的雷达目标。这验证了作为鸟瞰着地图检测系统的潜力。
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本文介绍了Cerberus机器人系统系统,该系统赢得了DARPA Subterranean挑战最终活动。出席机器人自主权。由于其几何复杂性,降解的感知条件以及缺乏GPS支持,严峻的导航条件和拒绝通信,地下设置使自动操作变得特别要求。为了应对这一挑战,我们开发了Cerberus系统,该系统利用了腿部和飞行机器人的协同作用,再加上可靠的控制,尤其是为了克服危险的地形,多模式和多机器人感知,以在传感器退化,以及在传感器退化的条件下进行映射以及映射通过统一的探索路径计划和本地运动计划,反映机器人特定限制的弹性自主权。 Cerberus基于其探索各种地下环境及其高级指挥和控制的能力,表现出有效的探索,对感兴趣的对象的可靠检测以及准确的映射。在本文中,我们报告了DARPA地下挑战赛的初步奔跑和最终奖项的结果,并讨论了为社区带来利益的教训所面临的亮点和挑战。
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自我定位是一种基本功能,移动机器人导航系统集成到使用地图从一个点转移到另一点。因此,任何提高本地化精度的增强对于执行精致的灵活性任务至关重要。本文描述了一个新的位置,该位置使用Monte Carlo定位(MCL)算法维护几个颗粒人群,始终选择最佳的粒子作为系统的输出。作为新颖性,我们的工作包括一种多尺度匹配匹配算法,以创建新的MCL群体和一个确定最可靠的指标。它还贡献了最新的实现,从错误的估计或未知的初始位置增加了恢复时间。在与NAV2完全集成的模块中评估了所提出的方法,并与当前的最新自适应ACML溶液进行了比较,从而获得了良好的精度和恢复时间。
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本文提出了一种新颖的方法,用于在具有复杂拓扑结构的地下领域的搜索和救援行动中自动合作。作为CTU-Cras-Norlab团队的一部分,拟议的系统在DARPA SubT决赛的虚拟轨道中排名第二。与专门为虚拟轨道开发的获奖解决方案相反,该建议的解决方案也被证明是在现实世界竞争极为严峻和狭窄的环境中飞行的机上实体无人机的强大系统。提出的方法可以使无缝模拟转移的无人机团队完全自主和分散的部署,并证明了其优于不同环境可飞行空间的移动UGV团队的优势。该论文的主要贡献存在于映射和导航管道中。映射方法采用新颖的地图表示形式 - 用于有效的风险意识长距离计划,面向覆盖范围和压缩的拓扑范围的LTVMAP领域,以允许在低频道通信下进行多机器人合作。这些表示形式与新的方法一起在导航中使用,以在一般的3D环境中可见性受限的知情搜索,而对环境结构没有任何假设,同时将深度探索与传感器覆盖的剥削保持平衡。所提出的解决方案还包括一条视觉感知管道,用于在没有专用GPU的情况下在5 Hz处进行四个RGB流中感兴趣的对象的板上检测和定位。除了参与DARPA SubT外,在定性和定量评估的各种环境中,在不同的环境中进行了广泛的实验验证,UAV系统的性能得到了支持。
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我们提出了通过现实的模拟和现实世界实验来支持可复制研究的多运动无人机控制(UAV)和估计系统。我们提出了一个独特的多帧本地化范式,用于同时使用多个传感器同时估算各种参考框架中的无人机状态。该系统可以在GNSS和GNSS贬低的环境中进行复杂的任务,包括室外室内过渡和执行冗余估计器,以备份不可靠的本地化源。提出了两种反馈控制设计:一个用于精确和激进的操作,另一个用于稳定和平稳的飞行,并进行嘈杂的状态估计。拟议的控制和估计管道是在3D中使用Euler/Tait-Bryan角度表示的,而无需使用Euler/Tait-Bryan角度表示。取而代之的是,我们依靠旋转矩阵和一个新颖的基于标题的惯例来代表标准多电流直升机3D中的一个自由旋转自由度。我们提供了积极维护且有据可查的开源实现,包括对无人机,传感器和本地化系统的现实模拟。拟议的系统是多年应用系统,空中群,空中操纵,运动计划和遥感的多年研究产物。我们所有的结果都得到了现实世界中的部署的支持,该系统部署将系统塑造成此处介绍的表单。此外,该系统是在我们团队从布拉格的CTU参与期间使用的,该系统在享有声望的MBZIRC 2017和2020 Robotics竞赛中,还参加了DARPA SubT挑战赛。每次,我们的团队都能在世界各地最好的竞争对手中获得最高位置。在每种情况下,挑战都促使团队改善系统,并在紧迫的期限内获得大量高质量的体验。
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近年来,空中机器人背景下的高速导航和环境互动已成为几个学术和工业研究研究的兴趣领域。特别是,由于其若干环境中的潜在可用性,因此搜索和拦截(SAI)应用程序造成引人注目的研究区域。尽管如此,SAI任务涉及有关感官权重,板载计算资源,致动设计和感知和控制算法的具有挑战性的发展。在这项工作中,已经提出了一种用于高速对象抓握的全自动空中机器人。作为一个额外的子任务,我们的系统能够自主地刺穿位于靠近表面的杆中的气球。我们的第一款贡献是在致动和感觉水平的致动和感觉水平的空中机器人的设计,包括具有额外传感器的新型夹具设计,使机器人能够高速抓住物体。第二种贡献是一种完整的软件框架,包括感知,状态估计,运动计划,运动控制和任务控制,以便快速且强大地执行自主掌握任务。我们的方法已在一个具有挑战性的国际竞争中验证,并显示出突出的结果,能够在室外环境中以6米/分来自动搜索,遵循和掌握移动物体
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目前使用的无线胶囊内窥镜检查(WCE)是在检查时间和柔韧性方面有限的,因为胶囊被蠕动被动地移动,并且不能精确定位。已经提出了基于同时磁力驱动和定位技术的WCE的有效运动来促进不同的方法。在这项工作中,我们研究了在管状环境中旋转磁性致动下的机器人胶囊问题的轨迹,以实现使用无线胶囊内窥镜在给定点对肠道的安全,高效准确地检查肠道。具体而言,基于PD控制器,自适应控制器,模型预测控制器和鲁棒的多级模型预测控制器,开发了四种轨迹之后的策略。此外,我们的方法通过在控制器设计期间模拟肠蠕动和摩擦来考虑肠环境中的不确定性。我们验证了我们在仿真中的方法以及在各种管状环境中的实际实验中,包括具有不同形状和前体内猪结肠的塑料幽灵。结果表明,我们的方法可以有效地致动往复旋转的胶囊,以遵循复杂的管状环境中的所需轨迹,从而具有能够对高质量诊断进行准确和可重复检查的肠道。
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Many aerial robotic applications require the ability to land on moving platforms, such as delivery trucks and marine research boats. We present a method to autonomously land an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle on a moving vehicle. A visual servoing controller approaches the ground vehicle using velocity commands calculated directly in image space. The control laws generate velocity commands in all three dimensions, eliminating the need for a separate height controller. The method has shown the ability to approach and land on the moving deck in simulation, indoor and outdoor environments, and compared to the other available methods, it has provided the fastest landing approach. Unlike many existing methods for landing on fast-moving platforms, this method does not rely on additional external setups, such as RTK, motion capture system, ground station, offboard processing, or communication with the vehicle, and it requires only the minimal set of hardware and localization sensors. The videos and source codes are also provided.
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本文介绍了一个基于立体图像的视觉伺服系统,用于通过非全面机器人的轨迹跟踪,而没有外部派生的姿势信息或已知的环境可视地图。它称为轨迹宣传片。关键组件是一种基于功能的间接同时定位和映射(SLAM)方法,可提供具有估计深度的可用功能池,因此可以及时向前传播它们以生成图像特征轨迹进行视觉伺服。短距离和长距离实验显示了轨迹伺服的好处,可以导航未知区域而没有绝对定位。从经验上讲,当两者都依靠相同的基础大满贯系统时,轨迹宣传片比基于姿势的反馈具有更好的轨迹跟踪性能。
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The performance of inertial navigation systems is largely dependent on the stable flow of external measurements and information to guarantee continuous filter updates and bind the inertial solution drift. Platforms in different operational environments may be prevented at some point from receiving external measurements, thus exposing their navigation solution to drift. Over the years, a wide variety of works have been proposed to overcome this shortcoming, by exploiting knowledge of the system current conditions and turning it into an applicable source of information to update the navigation filter. This paper aims to provide an extensive survey of information aided navigation, broadly classified into direct, indirect, and model aiding. Each approach is described by the notable works that implemented its concept, use cases, relevant state updates, and their corresponding measurement models. By matching the appropriate constraint to a given scenario, one will be able to improve the navigation solution accuracy, compensate for the lost information, and uncover certain internal states, that would otherwise remain unobservable.
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