在不同的情况下，需要计算和定位图像中的重复对象，例如生物学显微镜研究，生产线检查和监测记录分析。在大型类特定数据集接受训练时，使用监督的束缚神经网络（CNNS）实现了精确的对象检测。当需要在唯一对象类的图像中需要计数时，这种方法中的标签努力不会降低。假设没有预先训练的分类器可用，我们介绍了一种计数和本地化重复对象的新方法。我们的方法在很少有效地学习迭代中仔细收集一小组标签上的CNN。在每次迭代时，分析网络的潜在空间以提取最小数量的用户查询，以尽可能彻底地彻底地样本的歧管以及避免冗余标签。与现有用户辅助计数方法相比，我们的主动学习迭代在计数和定位准确性方面实现最先进的性能，用户鼠标点击数和运行时间。通过大型用户研究进行该评估，这些评估在各种图像类别上进行，具有不同的照明和闭塞条件。

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

The PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC) challenge is a benchmark in visual object category recognition and detection, providing the vision and machine learning communities with a standard dataset of images and annotation, and standard evaluation procedures. Organised annually from 2005 to present, the challenge and its associated dataset has become accepted as the benchmark for object detection.This paper describes the dataset and evaluation procedure. We review the state-of-the-art in evaluated methods for both classification and detection, analyse whether the methods are statistically different, what they are learning from the images (e.g. the object or its context), and what the methods find easy or confuse. The paper concludes with lessons learnt in the three year history of the challenge, and proposes directions for future improvement and extension.

The ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge is a benchmark in object category classification and detection on hundreds of object categories and millions of images. The challenge has been run annually from 2010 to present, attracting participation from more than fifty institutions. This paper describes the creation of this benchmark dataset and the advances in object recognition that have been possible as a result. We discuss the chal-

海洋生态系统及其鱼类栖息地越来越重要，因为它们在提供有价值的食物来源和保护效果方面的重要作用。由于它们的偏僻且难以接近自然，因此通常使用水下摄像头对海洋环境和鱼类栖息地进行监测。这些相机产生了大量数字数据，这些数据无法通过当前的手动处理方法有效地分析，这些方法涉及人类观察者。 DL是一种尖端的AI技术，在分析视觉数据时表现出了前所未有的性能。尽管它应用于无数领域，但仍在探索其在水下鱼类栖息地监测中的使用。在本文中，我们提供了一个涵盖DL的关键概念的教程，该教程可帮助读者了解对DL的工作原理的高级理解。该教程还解释了一个逐步的程序，讲述了如何为诸如水下鱼类监测等挑战性应用开发DL算法。此外，我们还提供了针对鱼类栖息地监测的关键深度学习技术的全面调查，包括分类，计数，定位和细分。此外，我们对水下鱼类数据集进行了公开调查，并比较水下鱼类监测域中的各种DL技术。我们还讨论了鱼类栖息地加工深度学习的新兴领域的一些挑战和机遇。本文是为了作为希望掌握对DL的高级了解，通过遵循我们的分步教程而为其应用开发的海洋科学家的教程，并了解如何发展其研究，以促进他们的研究。努力。同时，它适用于希望调查基于DL的最先进方法的计算机科学家，以进行鱼类栖息地监测。

视频人群本地化是一项至关重要但又具有挑战性的任务，旨在估算给定拥挤视频中人头的确切位置。为了模拟人类活动性的时空依赖性，我们提出了多焦点高斯邻里注意力（GNA），可以有效利用远程对应关系，同时保持输入视频的空间拓扑结构。特别是，我们的GNA还可以使用配备的多聚焦机制良好地捕获人头的尺度变化。基于多聚焦GNA，我们开发了一个名为GNANET的统一神经网络，以通过场景建模模块和上下文交叉意见模块充分聚合时空信息来准确地定位视频片段中的头部中心。此外，为了促进该领域的未来研究，我们介绍了一个名为VScrowd的大规模人群视频基准，该视频由60k+框架组成，这些框架在各种监视场景和2M+头部注释中捕获。最后，我们在包括我们的SenseCrowd在内的三个数据集上进行了广泛的实验，实验结果表明，所提出的方法能够实现视频人群本地化和计数的最新性能。

单图像人群计数是一个充满挑战的计算机视觉问题，在公共安全，城市规划，交通管理等方面进行了广泛的应用。随着深度学习技术的最新发展，近年来，人群的数量引起了很多关注并取得了巨大的成功。这项调查是为了通过系统审查和总结该地区的200多件作品来提供有关基于深度学习的人群计数技术的最新进展的全面摘要。我们的目标是提供最新的评论。在最近的方法中，并在该领域教育新研究人员的设计原理和权衡。在介绍了公开可用的数据集和评估指标之后，我们通过对三个主要的设计模块进行了详细比较来回顾最近的进展：深度神经网络设计，损失功能和监督信号。我们使用公共数据集和评估指标研究和比较方法。我们以一些未来的指示结束了调查。

We present an integrated framework for using Convolutional Networks for classification, localization and detection. We show how a multiscale and sliding window approach can be efficiently implemented within a ConvNet. We also introduce a novel deep learning approach to localization by learning to predict object boundaries. Bounding boxes are then accumulated rather than suppressed in order to increase detection confidence. We show that different tasks can be learned simultaneously using a single shared network. This integrated framework is the winner of the localization task of the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2013 (ILSVRC2013) and obtained very competitive results for the detection and classifications tasks. In post-competition work, we establish a new state of the art for the detection task. Finally, we release a feature extractor from our best model called OverFeat.

Image descriptors based on activations of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become dominant in image retrieval due to their discriminative power, compactness of representation, and search efficiency. Training of CNNs, either from scratch or fine-tuning, requires a large amount of annotated data, where a high quality of annotation is often crucial. In this work, we propose to fine-tune CNNs for image retrieval on a large collection of unordered images in a fully automated manner. Reconstructed 3D models obtained by the state-of-the-art retrieval and structure-from-motion methods guide the selection of the training data. We show that both hard-positive and hard-negative examples, selected by exploiting the geometry and the camera positions available from the 3D models, enhance the performance of particular-object retrieval. CNN descriptor whitening discriminatively learned from the same training data outperforms commonly used PCA whitening. We propose a novel trainable Generalized-Mean (GeM) pooling layer that generalizes max and average pooling and show that it boosts retrieval performance. Applying the proposed method to the VGG network achieves state-of-the-art performance on the standard benchmarks: Oxford Buildings, Paris, and Holidays datasets.

X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.

我们提出了一种新的四管齐下的方法，在文献中首次建立消防员的情境意识。我们构建了一系列深度学习框架，彼此之叠，以提高消防员在紧急首次响应设置中进行的救援任务的安全性，效率和成功完成。首先，我们使用深度卷积神经网络（CNN）系统，以实时地分类和识别来自热图像的感兴趣对象。接下来，我们将此CNN框架扩展了对象检测，跟踪，分割与掩码RCNN框架，以及具有多模级自然语言处理（NLP）框架的场景描述。第三，我们建立了一个深入的Q学习的代理，免受压力引起的迷失方向和焦虑，能够根据现场消防环境中观察和存储的事实来制定明确的导航决策。最后，我们使用了一种低计算无监督的学习技术，称为张量分解，在实时对异常检测进行有意义的特征提取。通过这些临时深度学习结构，我们建立了人工智能系统的骨干，用于消防员的情境意识。要将设计的系统带入消防员的使用，我们设计了一种物理结构，其中处理后的结果被用作创建增强现实的投入，这是一个能够建议他们所在地的消防员和周围的关键特征，这对救援操作至关重要在手头，以及路径规划功能，充当虚拟指南，以帮助迷彩的第一个响应者恢复安全。当组合时，这四种方法呈现了一种新颖的信息理解，转移和综合方法，这可能会大大提高消防员响应和功效，并降低寿命损失。

As an important data selection schema, active learning emerges as the essential component when iterating an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model. It becomes even more critical given the dominance of deep neural network based models, which are composed of a large number of parameters and data hungry, in application. Despite its indispensable role for developing AI models, research on active learning is not as intensive as other research directions. In this paper, we present a review of active learning through deep active learning approaches from the following perspectives: 1) technical advancements in active learning, 2) applications of active learning in computer vision, 3) industrial systems leveraging or with potential to leverage active learning for data iteration, 4) current limitations and future research directions. We expect this paper to clarify the significance of active learning in a modern AI model manufacturing process and to bring additional research attention to active learning. By addressing data automation challenges and coping with automated machine learning systems, active learning will facilitate democratization of AI technologies by boosting model production at scale.

使用深度学习模型从组织学数据中诊断癌症提出了一些挑战。这些图像中关注区域（ROI）的癌症分级和定位通常依赖于图像和像素级标签，后者需要昂贵的注释过程。深度弱监督的对象定位（WSOL）方法为深度学习模型的低成本培训提供了不同的策略。仅使用图像级注释，可以训练这些方法以对图像进行分类，并为ROI定位进行分类类激活图（CAM）。本文综述了WSOL的​​最先进的DL方法。我们提出了一种分类法，根据模型中的信息流，将这些方法分为自下而上和自上而下的方法。尽管后者的进展有限，但最近的自下而上方法目前通过深层WSOL方法推动了很多进展。早期作品的重点是设计不同的空间合并功能。但是，这些方法达到了有限的定位准确性，并揭示了一个主要限制 - 凸轮的不足激活导致了高假阴性定位。随后的工作旨在减轻此问题并恢复完整的对象。评估和比较了两个具有挑战性的组织学数据集的分类和本地化准确性，对我们的分类学方法进行了评估和比较。总体而言，结果表明定位性能差，特别是对于最初设计用于处理自然图像的通用方法。旨在解决组织学数据挑战的方法产生了良好的结果。但是，所有方法都遭受高假阳性/阴性定位的影响。在组织学中应用深WSOL方法的应用是四个关键的挑战 - 凸轮的激活下/过度激活，对阈值的敏感性和模型选择。

Object detection performance, as measured on the canonical PASCAL VOC dataset, has plateaued in the last few years. The best-performing methods are complex ensemble systems that typically combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context. In this paper, we propose a simple and scalable detection algorithm that improves mean average precision (mAP) by more than 30% relative to the previous best result on VOC 2012-achieving a mAP of 53.3%. Our approach combines two key insights:(1) one can apply high-capacity convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to bottom-up region proposals in order to localize and segment objects and (2) when labeled training data is scarce, supervised pre-training for an auxiliary task, followed by domain-specific fine-tuning, yields a significant performance boost. Since we combine region proposals with CNNs, we call our method R-CNN: Regions with CNN features. We also compare R-CNN to OverFeat, a recently proposed sliding-window detector based on a similar CNN architecture. We find that R-CNN outperforms OverFeat by a large margin on the 200-class ILSVRC2013 detection dataset. Source code for the complete system is available at http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/ ˜rbg/rcnn.

人群计数是公共场所情境意识的有效工具。使用图像和视频进行自动人群计数是一个有趣但充满挑战的问题，在计算机视觉中引起了极大的关注。在过去的几年中，已经开发了各种深度学习方法来实现最先进的表现。随着时间的流逝，这些方法在许多方面发生了变化，例如模型架构，输入管道，学习范式，计算复杂性和准确性提高等。在本文中，我们对人群计数领域中最重要的贡献进行了系统和全面的评论。 。尽管对该主题的调查很少，但我们的调查是最新的，并且在几个方面都不同。首先，它通过模型体系结构，学习方法（即损失功能）和评估方法（即评估指标）对最重要的贡献进行了更有意义的分类。我们选择了杰出和独特的作品，并排除了类似的作品。我们还通过基准数据集对著名人群计数模型进行分类。我们认为，这项调查可能是新手研究人员了解随着时间的推移和当前最新技术的逐步发展和贡献的好资源。

This paper aims to develop a method than can accurately estimate the crowd count from an individual image with arbitrary crowd density and arbitrary perspective. To this end, we have proposed a simple but effective Multi-column Convolutional Neural Network (MCNN) architecture to map the image to its crowd density map. The proposed MCNN allows the input image to be of arbitrary size or resolution. By utilizing filters with receptive fields of different sizes, the features learned by each column CNN are adaptive to variations in people/head size due to perspective effect or image resolution. Furthermore, the true density map is computed accurately based on geometry-adaptive kernels which do not need knowing the perspective map of the input image. Since exiting crowd counting datasets do not adequately cover all the challenging situations considered in our work, we have collected and labelled a large new dataset that includes 1198 images with about 330,000 heads annotated. On this challenging new dataset, as well as all existing datasets, we conduct extensive experiments to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and method. In particular, with the proposed simple MCNN model, our method outperforms all existing methods. In addition, experiments show that our model, once trained on one dataset, can be readily transferred to a new dataset.

由于准备点云的标记数据用于训练语义分割网络是一个耗时的过程，因此已经引入了弱监督的方法，以从一小部分数据中学习。这些方法通常是基于对比损失的学习，同时自动从一组稀疏的用户注销标签中得出每个点伪标签。在本文中，我们的关键观察是，选择要注释的样品的选择与这些样品的使用方式一样重要。因此，我们介绍了一种对3D场景进行弱监督分割的方法，该方法将自我训练与主动学习结合在一起。主动学习选择注释点可能会导致训练有素的模型的性能改进，而自我培训则可以有效利用用户提供的标签来学习模型。我们证明我们的方法会导致一种有效的方法，该方法可改善场景细分对以前的作品和基线，同时仅需要少量的用户注释。

尽管交互式图像分割方法的进展情况，但高质量的像素级注释仍然耗时和费力 - 几个深度学习应用的瓶颈。我们逐步回到由特征空间投影引导的多个图像提出的互动和同时段注释。该策略与现有的交互式分段方法呈现出与现有的交互式分段方法相比，该方法在图像域中进行注释。我们表明要素空间注释在前景分段数据集中使用最先进的方法实现了竞争结果：ICOSEG，DAVIS和屋顶。此外，在语义分割上下文中，它在CityScapes数据集中实现了91.5 \％的准确性，比原始注释程序快74.75倍.Further，我们的贡献揭示了可以与现有方法集成的新颖方向上的灯光。补充材料呈现视频演示。代码在https://github.com/lids-unicamp/rethinking-interactive-image-egation。

地理定位的概念是指确定地球上的某些“实体”的位置的过程，通常使用全球定位系统（GPS）坐标。感兴趣的实体可以是图像，图像序列，视频，卫星图像，甚至图像中可见的物体。由于GPS标记媒体的大规模数据集由于智能手机和互联网而迅速变得可用，而深入学习已经上升以提高机器学习模型的性能能力，因此由于其显着影响而出现了视觉和对象地理定位的领域广泛的应用，如增强现实，机器人，自驾驶车辆，道路维护和3D重建。本文提供了对涉及图像的地理定位的全面调查，其涉及从捕获图像（图像地理定位）或图像内的地理定位对象（对象地理定位）的地理定位的综合调查。我们将提供深入的研究，包括流行算法的摘要，对所提出的数据集的描述以及性能结果的分析来说明每个字段的当前状态。

Due to object detection's close relationship with video analysis and image understanding, it has attracted much research attention in recent years. Traditional object detection methods are built on handcrafted features and shallow trainable architectures. Their performance easily stagnates by constructing complex ensembles which combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context from object detectors and scene classifiers. With the rapid development in deep learning, more powerful tools, which are able to learn semantic, high-level, deeper features, are introduced to address the problems existing in traditional architectures. These models behave differently in network architecture, training strategy and optimization function, etc. In this paper, we provide a review on deep learning based object detection frameworks. Our review begins with a brief introduction on the history of deep learning and its representative tool, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Then we focus on typical generic object detection architectures along with some modifications and useful tricks to improve detection performance further. As distinct specific detection tasks exhibit different characteristics, we also briefly survey several specific tasks, including salient object detection, face detection and pedestrian detection. Experimental analyses are also provided to compare various methods and draw some meaningful conclusions. Finally, several promising directions and tasks are provided to serve as guidelines for future work in both object detection and relevant neural network based learning systems.