降水控制地球气候，其日常时空波动具有重大的社会经济影响。通过改善温度和压力等各种物理领域的预测来衡量数值天气预测（NWP）的进步；然而，降水预测中存在很大的偏见。我们通过深度学习来增强著名的NWP模型CFSV2的输出，以创建一个混合模型，该模型在1日，2天和3天的交货时间内改善了短期全局降水量。为了混合使用，我们通过使用修改的DLWP-CS体系结构来解决全局数据的球形，从而将所有字段转换为立方体投影。动态模型沉淀和表面温度输出被喂入改良的DLWP-CS（UNET），以预测地面真相降水。虽然CFSV2的平均偏差为土地+5至+7毫米/天，但多元深度学习模型将其降低到-1至+1 mm/天。卡特里娜飓风在2005年，伊万飓风，2010年的中国洪水，2005年的印度洪水和2008年的缅甸风暴纳尔吉斯（Myanmar Storm Nargis）用于确认混合动力学深度学习模型的技能大大提高。 CFSV2通常在空间模式中显示中度至大偏置，并在短期时间尺度上高估了沉淀。拟议的深度学习增强了NWP模型可以解决这些偏见，并大大改善了预测降水的空间模式和幅度。与CFSV2相比，深度学习增强了CFSV2在重要的土地区域的平均偏差为1天铅1天。时空深度学习系统开辟了途径，以进一步提高全球短期降水预测的精度和准确性。

季节预测$ \ unicode {x2013} $预测温度和降水量为2至6周$ \ unicode {x2013} $，对于有效的水分配，野火管理，干旱和缓解洪水至关重要。最近的国际研究工作提高了操作动力学模型的亚季节能力，但是温度和降水预测技能仍然很差，部分原因是代表动态模型内大气动力学和物理学的顽固错误。为了应对这些错误，我们引入了一种自适应偏置校正（ABC）方法，该方法将最新的动力学预测与使用机器学习的观察结合在一起。当应用于欧洲中等天气预测中心（ECMWF）的领先的亚季节模型时，ABC将温度预测技能提高了60-90％，在美国的连续美国，降水预测技能提高了40-69％基于Shapley队列的实用工作流程，用于解释ABC技能的提高并根据特定的气候条件识别机遇的高技能窗口。

我们基准了一个简单学习模型的亚季节预测工具包，该工具包优于操作实践和最先进的机器学习和深度学习方法。这些模型，由Mouatadid等人引入。 （2022），包括（a）气候++，这是气候学的一种适应性替代品，对于降水而言，准确性9％，比美国运营气候预测系统（CFSV2）高9％，熟练250％； （b）CFSV2 ++，一种学习的CFSV2校正，可将温度和降水精度提高7-8％，技能提高50-275％； （c）持久性++是一种增强的持久性模型，将CFSV2预测与滞后测量相结合，以将温度和降水精度提高6-9％，技能提高40-130％。在整个美国，气候++，CFSV2 ++和持久性++工具包始终优于标准气象基准，最先进的机器和深度学习方法，以及欧洲中等范围的天气预报集合中心。

该调查侧重于地球系统科学中的当前问题，其中可以应用机器学习算法。它概述了以前的工作，在地球科学部，印度政府的持续工作，以及ML算法的未来应用到一些重要的地球科学问题。我们提供了与本次调查的比较的比较，这是与机器学习相关的多维地区的思想地图，以及地球系统科学（ESS）中机器学习的Gartner的炒作周期。我们主要关注地球科学的关键组成部分，包括大气，海洋，地震学和生物圈，以及覆盖AI / ML应用程序统计侦查和预测问题。

降水预测是一项重要的科学挑战，对社会产生广泛影响。从历史上看，这项挑战是使用数值天气预测（NWP）模型解决的，该模型基于基于物理的模拟。最近，许多作品提出了一种替代方法，使用端到端深度学习（DL）模型来替代基于物理的NWP。尽管这些DL方法显示出提高的性能和计算效率，但它们在长期预测中表现出局限性，并且缺乏NWP模型的解释性。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个混合NWP-DL工作流程，以填补独立NWP和DL方法之间的空白。在此工作流程下，NWP输出被馈入深层模型，该模型后处理数据以产生精致的降水预测。使用自动气象站（AWS）观测值作为地面真相标签，对深层模型进行了监督训练。这可以实现两全其美，甚至可以从NWP技术的未来改进中受益。为了促进朝这个方向进行研究，我们提出了一个专注于朝鲜半岛的新型数据集，该数据集称为KOMET（KOMEN（KOREA气象数据集），由NWP预测和AWS观察组成。对于NWP，我们使用全局数据同化和预测系统-KOREA集成模型（GDAPS-KIM）。

熟练的水流预测可以为水政策和管理各个领域的决策提供信息。我们集成了数值天气预测集合和分布式水文模型，以在中范围的交货时间（1-7天）下生成集合流量预测。我们展示了一项用于在美国东部的Susquehanna河流盆地的后处理过程中进行机器学习应用的案例研究。为了进行预测验证，我们使用不同的指标，例如技能得分和可靠性图，以提前时间，流量阈值和季节为条件。验证结果表明，机器学习后处理器可以改善相对于低复杂性预测（例如气候和时间持久性）以及确定性和原始集合预测的水流预测。与原始合奏相比，与较短的交货时间相比，在中等时间表的相对增益在后期时间表通常更高。与低压流相比，高流量和与凉爽的流量相比。总体而言，我们的结果突出了机器学习在许多方面的好处，以提高流量预测的技能和可靠性。

由于其对人类生命，运输，粮食生产和能源管理的高度影响，因此在科学上研究了预测天气的问题。目前的运营预测模型基于物理学，并使用超级计算机来模拟大气预测，提前预测数小时和日期。更好的基于物理的预测需要改进模型本身，这可能是一个实质性的科学挑战，以及潜在的分辨率的改进，可以计算令人望而却步。基于神经网络的新出现的天气模型代表天气预报的范式转变：模型学习来自数据的所需变换，而不是依赖于手工编码的物理，并计算效率。然而，对于神经模型，每个额外的辐射时间都会构成大量挑战，因为它需要捕获更大的空间环境并增加预测的不确定性。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个神经网络，能够提前十二小时的大规模降水预测，并且从相同的大气状态开始，该模型能够比最先进的基于物理的模型更高的技能HRRR和HREF目前在美国大陆运营。可解释性分析加强了模型学会模拟先进物理原则的观察。这些结果代表了建立与神经网络有效预测的新范式的实质性步骤。

We introduce a machine-learning (ML)-based weather simulator--called "GraphCast"--which outperforms the most accurate deterministic operational medium-range weather forecasting system in the world, as well as all previous ML baselines. GraphCast is an autoregressive model, based on graph neural networks and a novel high-resolution multi-scale mesh representation, which we trained on historical weather data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)'s ERA5 reanalysis archive. It can make 10-day forecasts, at 6-hour time intervals, of five surface variables and six atmospheric variables, each at 37 vertical pressure levels, on a 0.25-degree latitude-longitude grid, which corresponds to roughly 25 x 25 kilometer resolution at the equator. Our results show GraphCast is more accurate than ECMWF's deterministic operational forecasting system, HRES, on 90.0% of the 2760 variable and lead time combinations we evaluated. GraphCast also outperforms the most accurate previous ML-based weather forecasting model on 99.2% of the 252 targets it reported. GraphCast can generate a 10-day forecast (35 gigabytes of data) in under 60 seconds on Cloud TPU v4 hardware. Unlike traditional forecasting methods, ML-based forecasting scales well with data: by training on bigger, higher quality, and more recent data, the skill of the forecasts can improve. Together these results represent a key step forward in complementing and improving weather modeling with ML, open new opportunities for fast, accurate forecasting, and help realize the promise of ML-based simulation in the physical sciences.

Climate change is expected to aggravate wildfire activity through the exacerbation of fire weather. Improving our capabilities to anticipate wildfires on a global scale is of uttermost importance for mitigating their negative effects. In this work, we create a global fire dataset and demonstrate a prototype for predicting the presence of global burned areas on a sub-seasonal scale with the use of segmentation deep learning models. Particularly, we present an open-access global analysis-ready datacube, which contains a variety of variables related to the seasonal and sub-seasonal fire drivers (climate, vegetation, oceanic indices, human-related variables), as well as the historical burned areas and wildfire emissions for 2001-2021. We train a deep learning model, which treats global wildfire forecasting as an image segmentation task and skillfully predicts the presence of burned areas 8, 16, 32 and 64 days ahead of time. Our work motivates the use of deep learning for global burned area forecasting and paves the way towards improved anticipation of global wildfire patterns.

Weather forecasting centers currently rely on statistical postprocessing methods to minimize forecast error. This improves skill but can lead to predictions that violate physical principles or disregard dependencies between variables, which can be problematic for downstream applications and for the trustworthiness of postprocessing models, especially when they are based on new machine learning approaches. Building on recent advances in physics-informed machine learning, we propose to achieve physical consistency in deep learning-based postprocessing models by integrating meteorological expertise in the form of analytic equations. Applied to the post-processing of surface weather in Switzerland, we find that constraining a neural network to enforce thermodynamic state equations yields physically-consistent predictions of temperature and humidity without compromising performance. Our approach is especially advantageous when data is scarce, and our findings suggest that incorporating domain expertise into postprocessing models allows to optimize weather forecast information while satisfying application-specific requirements.

In this paper, we present Pangu-Weather, a deep learning based system for fast and accurate global weather forecast. For this purpose, we establish a data-driven environment by downloading $43$ years of hourly global weather data from the 5th generation of ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data and train a few deep neural networks with about $256$ million parameters in total. The spatial resolution of forecast is $0.25^\circ\times0.25^\circ$, comparable to the ECMWF Integrated Forecast Systems (IFS). More importantly, for the first time, an AI-based method outperforms state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction (NWP) methods in terms of accuracy (latitude-weighted RMSE and ACC) of all factors (e.g., geopotential, specific humidity, wind speed, temperature, etc.) and in all time ranges (from one hour to one week). There are two key strategies to improve the prediction accuracy: (i) designing a 3D Earth Specific Transformer (3DEST) architecture that formulates the height (pressure level) information into cubic data, and (ii) applying a hierarchical temporal aggregation algorithm to alleviate cumulative forecast errors. In deterministic forecast, Pangu-Weather shows great advantages for short to medium-range forecast (i.e., forecast time ranges from one hour to one week). Pangu-Weather supports a wide range of downstream forecast scenarios, including extreme weather forecast (e.g., tropical cyclone tracking) and large-member ensemble forecast in real-time. Pangu-Weather not only ends the debate on whether AI-based methods can surpass conventional NWP methods, but also reveals novel directions for improving deep learning weather forecast systems.

将间歇性可再生能源集成到大量的电网中是具有挑战性的。旨在解决这一困难的建立良好的方法涉及即将到来的能源供应可变性以适应电网的响应。在太阳能中，可以在全天空摄像机（前方30分钟）和卫星观测（提前6小时）的不同时间尺度上预测由遮挡云引起的短期变化。在这项研究中，我们将这两种互补的观点集成到单个机器学习框架中的云覆盖物上，以改善时间内（最高60分钟）的辐照度预测。确定性和概率预测均在不同的天气条件（晴朗，多云，阴天）以及不同的输入配置（天空图像，卫星观测和/或过去的辐照度值）中进行评估。我们的结果表明，混合模型在晴朗的条件下有益于预测，并改善了长期预测。这项研究为将来的新颖方法奠定了基础，即在单个学习框架中将天空图像和卫星观测结合起来，以推动太阳现象。

21世纪的现代旅游面临着许多挑战。这些挑战之一是太空有限地区的游客数量迅速增长，例如历史城市中心，博物馆或地理瓶颈，例如狭窄的山谷。在这种情况下，对特定领域内的旅游量和旅游流程的正确准确预测对于游客管理任务，例如游客流量控制和预防人满为患至关重要。静态流量控制方法，例如限制对热点或使用常规低级控制器的访问，无法解决问题。在本文中，我们通过使用旅游区提供的可用粒状数据，并将结果与​​Arima进行比较，并将结果与​​Arima进行比较经典统计方法。我们的结果表明，与Arima方法相比，深度学习模型可以产生更好的预测，同时具有更快的推理时间和能够结合其他输入功能。

后处理整体预测系统可以改善天气预报，尤其是对于极端事件预测。近年来，已经开发出不同的机器学习模型来提高后处理步骤的质量。但是，这些模型在很大程度上依赖数据并生成此类合奏成员需要以高计算成本的数值天气预测模型进行多次运行。本文介绍了ENS-10数据集，由十个合奏成员组成，分布在20年中（1998-2017）。合奏成员是通过扰动数值天气模拟来捕获地球的混乱行为而产生的。为了代表大气的三维状态，ENS-10在11个不同的压力水平以及0.5度分辨率的表面中提供了最相关的大气变量。该数据集以48小时的交货时间针对预测校正任务，这实质上是通过消除合奏成员的偏见来改善预测质量。为此，ENS-10为预测交货时间t = 0、24和48小时（每周两个数据点）提供了天气变量。我们在ENS-10上为此任务提供了一组基线，并比较了它们在纠正不同天气变量预测时的性能。我们还评估了使用数据集预测极端事件的基准。 ENS-10数据集可在创意共享归因4.0国际（CC By 4.0）许可下获得。

Producing high-quality forecasts of key climate variables such as temperature and precipitation on subseasonal time scales has long been a gap in operational forecasting. Recent studies have shown promising results using machine learning (ML) models to advance subseasonal forecasting (SSF), but several open questions remain. First, several past approaches use the average of an ensemble of physics-based forecasts as an input feature of these models. However, ensemble forecasts contain information that can aid prediction beyond only the ensemble mean. Second, past methods have focused on average performance, whereas forecasts of extreme events are far more important for planning and mitigation purposes. Third, climate forecasts correspond to a spatially-varying collection of forecasts, and different methods account for spatial variability in the response differently. Trade-offs between different approaches may be mitigated with model stacking. This paper describes the application of a variety of ML methods used to predict monthly average precipitation and two meter temperature using physics-based predictions (ensemble forecasts) and observational data such as relative humidity, pressure at sea level, or geopotential height, two weeks in advance for the whole continental United States. Regression, quantile regression, and tercile classification tasks using linear models, random forests, convolutional neural networks, and stacked models are considered. The proposed models outperform common baselines such as historical averages (or quantiles) and ensemble averages (or quantiles). This paper further includes an investigation of feature importance, trade-offs between using the full ensemble or only the ensemble average, and different modes of accounting for spatial variability.

Forecasts by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF; EC for short) can provide a basis for the establishment of maritime-disaster warning systems, but they contain some systematic biases.The fifth-generation EC atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) data have high accuracy, but are delayed by about 5 days. To overcome this issue, a spatiotemporal deep-learning method could be used for nonlinear mapping between EC and ERA5 data, which would improve the quality of EC wind forecast data in real time. In this study, we developed the Multi-Task-Double Encoder Trajectory Gated Recurrent Unit (MT-DETrajGRU) model, which uses an improved double-encoder forecaster architecture to model the spatiotemporal sequence of the U and V components of the wind field; we designed a multi-task learning loss function to correct wind speed and wind direction simultaneously using only one model. The study area was the western North Pacific (WNP), and real-time rolling bias corrections were made for 10-day wind-field forecasts released by the EC between December 2020 and November 2021, divided into four seasons. Compared with the original EC forecasts, after correction using the MT-DETrajGRU model the wind speed and wind direction biases in the four seasons were reduced by 8-11% and 9-14%, respectively. In addition, the proposed method modelled the data uniformly under different weather conditions. The correction performance under normal and typhoon conditions was comparable, indicating that the data-driven mode constructed here is robust and generalizable.

了解极端事件及其可能性是研究气候变化影响，风险评估，适应和保护生物的关键。在这项工作中，我们开发了一种方法来构建极端热浪的预测模型。这些模型基于卷积神经网络，对极长的8，000年气候模型输出进行了培训。由于极端事件之间的关系本质上是概率的，因此我们强调概率预测和验证。我们证明，深度神经网络适用于法国持续持续14天的热浪，快速动态驱动器提前15天（500 hpa地球电位高度场），并且在慢速较长的交货时间内，慢速物理时间驱动器（土壤水分）。该方法很容易实现和通用。我们发现，深神经网络选择了与北半球波数字3模式相关的极端热浪。我们发现，当将2米温度场添加到500 HPA地球电位高度和土壤水分场中时，2米温度场不包含任何新的有用统计信息。主要的科学信息是，训练深层神经网络预测极端热浪的发生是在严重缺乏数据的情况下发生的。我们建议大多数其他应用在大规模的大气和气候现象中都是如此。我们讨论了处理缺乏数据制度的观点，例如罕见的事件模拟，以及转移学习如何在后一种任务中发挥作用。

在本文中，我们介绍了蒙面的多步多变量预测（MMMF），这是一个新颖而普遍的自我监督学习框架，用于时间序列预测，并提供已知的未来信息。在许多真实世界的预测情况下，已知一些未来的信息，例如，在进行短期到中期的电力需求预测或进行飞机出发预测时的油价预测时，天气信息。现有的机器学习预测框架可以分为（1）基于样本的方法，在此方法中进行每个预测，以及（2）时间序列回归方法，其中未来信息未完全合并。为了克服现有方法的局限性，我们提出了MMMF，这是一个培训能够生成一系列输出的神经网络模型的框架，将过去的时间信息和有关未来的已知信息结合在一起，以做出更好的预测。实验在两个现实世界数据集上进行（1）中期电力需求预测，以及（2）前两个月的飞行偏离预测。他们表明，所提出的MMMF框架的表现不仅优于基于样本的方法，而且具有与完全相同的基本模型的现有时间序列预测模型。此外，一旦通过MMMF进行了神经网络模型，其推理速度与接受传统回归配方训练的相同模型的推理速度相似，从而使MMMF成为现有回归训练的时间序列的更好替代品，如果有一些可用的未来，信息。

模拟湍流的模拟，尤其是在大气中云的边缘，是一项固有的挑战。迄今为止，执行此类实验的最佳计算方法是直接数值模拟（DNS）。 DNS涉及在三维空间中的离散网格盒上解决流体流的非线性部分微分方程，也称为Navier-Stokes方程。这是一个有价值的范式，它指导了数值天气预测模型来计算降雨形成。但是，对于天气预报社区的实用实用程序，不能为DNS执行DNS。在这里，我们介绍了DeepClouds.ai，这是一个3D-UNET，该Unet模拟了上升的云DNS实验的输出。通过将内部3D立方体映射到完整的3D立方体，从DNS离散化的网格模拟的输出中映射到完整的3D立方体来解决DNS中域大小的问题。我们的方法有效地捕获了湍流动力学，而无需解决复杂的动力核心。基线表明，基于深度学习的仿真与通过各种得分指标衡量的基于部分差异方程的模型相媲美。该框架可用于通过在大气中的大物理领域进行模拟来进一步进一步发展湍流和云流的科学。通过高级参数化方案改善天气预测，这将导致社会福利。

Solar forecasting from ground-based sky images using deep learning models has shown great promise in reducing the uncertainty in solar power generation. One of the biggest challenges for training deep learning models is the availability of labeled datasets. With more and more sky image datasets open sourced in recent years, the development of accurate and reliable solar forecasting methods has seen a huge growth in potential. In this study, we explore three different training strategies for deep-learning-based solar forecasting models by leveraging three heterogeneous datasets collected around the world with drastically different climate patterns. Specifically, we compare the performance of models trained individually based on local datasets (local models) and models trained jointly based on the fusion of multiple datasets from different locations (global models), and we further examine the knowledge transfer from pre-trained solar forecasting models to a new dataset of interest (transfer learning models). The results suggest that the local models work well when deployed locally, but significant errors are observed for the scale of the prediction when applied offsite. The global model can adapt well to individual locations, while the possible increase in training efforts need to be taken into account. Pre-training models on a large and diversified source dataset and transferring to a local target dataset generally achieves superior performance over the other two training strategies. Transfer learning brings the most benefits when there are limited local data. With 80% less training data, it can achieve 1% improvement over the local baseline model trained using the entire dataset. Therefore, we call on the efforts from the solar forecasting community to contribute to a global dataset containing a massive amount of imagery and displaying diversified samples with a range of sky conditions.