零拍摄对象检测（ZSD），将传统检测模型扩展到检测来自Unseen类别的对象的任务，已成为计算机视觉中的新挑战。大多数现有方法通过严格的映射传输策略来解决ZSD任务，这可能导致次优ZSD结果：1）这些模型的学习过程忽略了可用的看不见的类信息，因此可以轻松地偏向所看到的类别; 2）原始视觉特征空间并不合适，缺乏歧视信息。为解决这些问题，我们开发了一种用于ZSD的新型语义引导的对比网络，命名为Contrastzsd，一种检测框架首先将对比学习机制带入零拍摄检测的领域。特别地，对比度包括两个语义导向的对比学学习子网，其分别与区域类别和区域区域对之间形成对比。成对对比度任务利用从地面真理标签和预定义的类相似性分布派生的附加监督信号。在那些明确的语义监督的指导下，模型可以了解更多关于看不见的类别的知识，以避免看到概念的偏见问题，同时优化视觉功能的数据结构，以更好地辨别更好的视觉语义对齐。广泛的实验是在ZSD，即Pascal VOC和MS Coco的两个流行基准上进行的。结果表明，我们的方法优于ZSD和广义ZSD任务的先前最先进的。

零拍摄对象检测旨在结合类语义向量，以实现给定鉴定无约束测试图像的（两​​者）的检测。在这项研究中，我们揭示了本研究领域的核心挑战：如何合成那种塑造的强大区域特征（对于看不见的物体），作为类别的多样化和阶级作为真实样本，因此可以是强大的看不见的对象探测器训练在他们身上。为了解决这些挑战，我们构建了一种新颖的零射对对象检测框架，该框架包含类中的语义发散组件和帧间结构保存组件。前者用于实现一对一的映射，以获得来自每个类语义矢量的不同视觉功能，防止错误分类真正的未经证实的对象作为图像背景。虽然后者用于避免合成的特征太散，以混合阶级和前景背景关系。为了证明所提出的方法的有效性，对Pascal VOC，COCO和Dior数据集进行了综合实验。值得注意的是，我们的方法在Pascal VOC和Coco实现了新的最先进的性能，并且是第一次在遥感图像中进行零射对对象检测的研究。

Zero-shot detection (ZSD) is a challenging task where we aim to recognize and localize objects simultaneously, even when our model has not been trained with visual samples of a few target ("unseen") classes. Recently, methods employing generative models like GANs have shown some of the best results, where unseen-class samples are generated based on their semantics by a GAN trained on seen-class data, enabling vanilla object detectors to recognize unseen objects. However, the problem of semantic confusion still remains, where the model is sometimes unable to distinguish between semantically-similar classes. In this work, we propose to train a generative model incorporating a triplet loss that acknowledges the degree of dissimilarity between classes and reflects them in the generated samples. Moreover, a cyclic-consistency loss is also enforced to ensure that generated visual samples of a class highly correspond to their own semantics. Extensive experiments on two benchmark ZSD datasets - MSCOCO and PASCAL-VOC - demonstrate significant gains over the current ZSD methods, reducing semantic confusion and improving detection for the unseen classes.

对象检测是计算机视觉和图像处理中的基本任务。基于深度学习的对象探测器非常成功，具有丰富的标记数据。但在现实生活中，它不保证每个对象类别都有足够的标记样本进行培训。当训练数据有限时，这些大型物体探测器易于过度装备。因此，有必要将几次拍摄的学习和零射击学习引入对象检测，这可以将低镜头对象检测命名在一起。低曝光对象检测（LSOD）旨在检测来自少数甚至零标记数据的对象，其分别可以分为几次对象检测（FSOD）和零拍摄对象检测（ZSD）。本文对基于深度学习的FSOD和ZSD进行了全面的调查。首先，本调查将FSOD和ZSD的方法分类为不同的类别，并讨论了它们的利弊。其次，本调查审查了数据集设置和FSOD和ZSD的评估指标，然后分析了在这些基准上的不同方法的性能。最后，本调查讨论了FSOD和ZSD的未来挑战和有希望的方向。

标记数据通常昂贵且耗时，特别是对于诸如对象检测和实例分割之类的任务，这需要对图像的密集标签进行密集的标签。虽然几张拍摄对象检测是关于培训小说中的模型（看不见的）对象类具有很少的数据，但它仍然需要在许多标记的基础（见）类的课程上进行训练。另一方面，自我监督的方法旨在从未标记数据学习的学习表示，该数据转移到诸如物体检测的下游任务。结合几次射击和自我监督的物体检测是一个有前途的研究方向。在本调查中，我们审查并表征了几次射击和自我监督对象检测的最新方法。然后，我们给我们的主要外卖，并讨论未来的研究方向。https://gabrielhuang.github.io/fsod-survey/的项目页面

弱监督的对象检测（WSOD）是一项任务，可使用仅在图像级注释上训练的模型来检测图像中的对象。当前的最新模型受益于自我监督的实例级别的监督，但是由于弱监督不包括计数或位置信息，因此最常见的``Argmax''标签方法通常忽略了许多对象实例。为了减轻此问题，我们提出了一种新颖的多个实例标记方法，称为对象发现。我们进一步在弱监督下引入了新的对比损失，在该监督下，没有实例级信息可用于采样，称为弱监督对比损失（WSCL）。WSCL旨在通过利用一致的功能来嵌入同一类中的向量来构建对象发现的可靠相似性阈值。结果，我们在2014年和2017年MS-Coco以及Pascal VOC 2012上取得了新的最新结果，并在Pascal VOC 2007上取得了竞争成果。

虽然基于微调对象检测的基于微调的方法已经取得了显着的进步，但尚未得到很好的解决的关键挑战是基本类别的潜在特定于类别的过度拟合，并且针对新颖的类别的样本特异性过度拟合。在这项工作中，我们设计了一个新颖的知识蒸馏框架，以指导对象探测器的学习，从而抑制基础类别的前训练阶段的过度拟合，并在小型课程上进行微调阶段。要具体而言，我们首先提出了一种新颖的位置感知的视觉袋模型，用于从有限尺寸的图像集中学习代表性的视觉袋（BOVW），该模型用于基于相似性来编码常规图像在学习的视觉单词和图像之间。然后，我们基于以下事实执行知识蒸馏，即图像应在两个不同的特征空间中具有一致的BOVW表示。为此，我们独立于对象检测的特征空间预先学习特征空间，并在此空间中使用BOVW编码图像。可以将图像的BOVW表示形式视为指导对象探测器的学习：对象检测器的提取特征对同一图像的提取特征有望通过蒸馏知识得出一致的BOVW表示。广泛的实验验证了我们方法的有效性，并证明了优于其他最先进方法的优势。

最近的方法表明，直接在大规模图像文本对集合上训练深神网络可以在各种识别任务上进行零拍传输。一个中心问题是如何将其推广到对象检测，这涉及本地化的非语义任务以及分类的语义任务。为了解决这个问题，我们引入了一种视觉嵌入对准方法，该方法将审计模型（例如夹子）（例如夹子）的概括能力传输到像Yolov5这样的对象检测器。我们制定了一个损耗函数，使我们能够将图像和文本嵌入在预审计的模型夹中对齐与检测器的修改语义预测头。通过这种方法，我们能够训练一个对象检测器，该对象检测器可以在可可，ILSVRC和视觉基因组零摄像机检测基准上实现最先进的性能。在推断期间，我们的模型可以适应以检测任何数量的对象类，而无需其他培训。我们还发现，标准对象检测缩放可以很好地传输到我们的方法，并在Yolov5模型和Yolov3模型的各种尺度上找到一致的改进。最后，我们开发了一种自我标记的方法，该方法可提供显着的分数改进，而无需额外的图像或标签。

Conventional training of a deep CNN based object detector demands a large number of bounding box annotations, which may be unavailable for rare categories. In this work we develop a few-shot object detector that can learn to detect novel objects from only a few annotated examples. Our proposed model leverages fully labeled base classes and quickly adapts to novel classes, using a meta feature learner and a reweighting module within a one-stage detection architecture. The feature learner extracts meta features that are generalizable to detect novel object classes, using training data from base classes with sufficient samples. The reweighting module transforms a few support examples from the novel classes to a global vector that indicates the importance or relevance of meta features for detecting the corresponding objects. These two modules, together with a detection prediction module, are trained end-to-end based on an episodic few-shot learning scheme and a carefully designed loss function. Through extensive experiments we demonstrate that our model outperforms well-established baselines by a large margin for few-shot object detection, on multiple datasets and settings. We also present analysis on various aspects of our proposed model, aiming to provide some inspiration for future few-shot detection works.

即使在几个例子中，人类能够学会识别新物品。相比之下，培训基于深度学习的对象探测器需要大量的注释数据。为避免需求获取和注释这些大量数据，但很少拍摄的对象检测旨在从目标域中的新类别的少数对象实例中学习。在本调查中，我们在几次拍摄对象检测中概述了本领域的状态。我们根据培训方案和建筑布局分类方法。对于每种类型的方法，我们描述了一般的实现以及提高新型类别性能的概念。在适当的情况下，我们在这些概念上给出短暂的外卖，以突出最好的想法。最终，我们介绍了常用的数据集及其评估协议，并分析了报告的基准结果。因此，我们强调了评估中的共同挑战，并确定了这种新兴对象检测领域中最有前景的电流趋势。

Consider a scenario in one-shot query-guided object localization where neither an image of the object nor the object category name is available as a query. In such a scenario, a hand-drawn sketch of the object could be a choice for a query. However, hand-drawn crude sketches alone, when used as queries, might be ambiguous for object localization, e.g., a sketch of a laptop could be confused for a sofa. On the other hand, a linguistic definition of the category, e.g., a small portable computer small enough to use in your lap" along with the sketch query, gives better visual and semantic cues for object localization. In this work, we present a multimodal query-guided object localization approach under the challenging open-set setting. In particular, we use queries from two modalities, namely, hand-drawn sketch and description of the object (also known as gloss), to perform object localization. Multimodal query-guided object localization is a challenging task, especially when a large domain gap exists between the queries and the natural images, as well as due to the challenge of combining the complementary and minimal information present across the queries. For example, hand-drawn crude sketches contain abstract shape information of an object, while the text descriptions often capture partial semantic information about a given object category. To address the aforementioned challenges, we present a novel cross-modal attention scheme that guides the region proposal network to generate object proposals relevant to the input queries and a novel orthogonal projection-based proposal scoring technique that scores each proposal with respect to the queries, thereby yielding the final localization results. ...

Due to object detection's close relationship with video analysis and image understanding, it has attracted much research attention in recent years. Traditional object detection methods are built on handcrafted features and shallow trainable architectures. Their performance easily stagnates by constructing complex ensembles which combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context from object detectors and scene classifiers. With the rapid development in deep learning, more powerful tools, which are able to learn semantic, high-level, deeper features, are introduced to address the problems existing in traditional architectures. These models behave differently in network architecture, training strategy and optimization function, etc. In this paper, we provide a review on deep learning based object detection frameworks. Our review begins with a brief introduction on the history of deep learning and its representative tool, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Then we focus on typical generic object detection architectures along with some modifications and useful tricks to improve detection performance further. As distinct specific detection tasks exhibit different characteristics, we also briefly survey several specific tasks, including salient object detection, face detection and pedestrian detection. Experimental analyses are also provided to compare various methods and draw some meaningful conclusions. Finally, several promising directions and tasks are provided to serve as guidelines for future work in both object detection and relevant neural network based learning systems.

昂贵的边界盒注释限制了对象检测任务的开发。因此，有必要专注于更具挑战性的对象检测的更具挑战性的任务。它要求检测器只有几个训练样本识别新型类别的对象。如今，许多采用类似于元学习的培训方式的现有流行方法已经达到了有希望的表现，例如meta r-CNN系列。但是，支持数据仅用作类的注意，以指导每次查询图像的检测。它们彼此的相关性仍未得到解释。此外，许多最近的作品将支持数据和查询图像视为独立分支，而无需考虑它们之间的关系。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个动态相关性学习模型，该模型利用查询图像上所有支持图像与目标区域（ROI）之间的关系来构建动态图卷积网络（GCN）。通过使用此GCN的输出调整基本检测器的预测分布，提出的模型是一项硬辅助分类任务，该任务指导检测器隐含地改进类表示。对Pascal VOC和MS-Coco数据集进行了全面的实验。拟议的模型达到了最佳的整体性能，这表明了其学习更多广义特征的有效性。我们的代码可在https://github.com/liuweijie19980216/drl-for-fsod上找到。

Semi-supervised object detection (SSOD) aims to boost detection performance by leveraging extra unlabeled data. The teacher-student framework has been shown to be promising for SSOD, in which a teacher network generates pseudo-labels for unlabeled data to assist the training of a student network. Since the pseudo-labels are noisy, filtering the pseudo-labels is crucial to exploit the potential of such framework. Unlike existing suboptimal methods, we propose a two-step pseudo-label filtering for the classification and regression heads in a teacher-student framework. For the classification head, OCL (Object-wise Contrastive Learning) regularizes the object representation learning that utilizes unlabeled data to improve pseudo-label filtering by enhancing the discriminativeness of the classification score. This is designed to pull together objects in the same class and push away objects from different classes. For the regression head, we further propose RUPL (Regression-Uncertainty-guided Pseudo-Labeling) to learn the aleatoric uncertainty of object localization for label filtering. By jointly filtering the pseudo-labels for the classification and regression heads, the student network receives better guidance from the teacher network for object detection task. Experimental results on Pascal VOC and MS-COCO datasets demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method with competitive performance compared to existing methods.

最近，Vision-Language预训练的零拍图像分类已经表现出令人难以置信的成就，即该模型可以对任意类别进行分类而不看到该类别的其他注释图像。然而，目前尚不清楚如何在更广泛的视觉问题上进行零射识别，例如对象检测和语义分割。在本文中，我们通过在现成的预训练的视觉模型，即剪辑上建立零拍语义分割来定位零拍语义分割。很难因为语义分割和剪辑模型在不同的视觉粒度上执行，该语义分段处理在像素上时，而剪辑在图像上执行。为了解决处理粒度的差异，我们拒绝使用普遍的一级FCN基于FCN的框架，并倡导一个两级语义分割框架，其中第一阶段提取一个完全提取的掩模提案和第二阶段利用基于图像的剪辑模型在第一阶段生成的蒙版图像作物上执行零拍分类。我们的实验结果表明，这种简单的框架通过大型利润率超越了先前的最先进：+29.5 Hiou On Pascal VOC 2012 DataSet，+8.9 Hiou On Coco Stuff DataSet。凭借其简单性和强大的表现，我们希望本框架成为促进未来研究的基准。

这项工作的目的是使用零手动注释建立可扩展的管道，以将对象检测器扩展到新颖/看不见的类别。为此，我们做出以下四个贡献：（i）追求概括，我们提出了一个两阶段的开放式摄制对象检测器，其中类无形的对象建议与预先训练的视觉视觉训练的文本编码一起分类语言模型； （ii）要将视觉潜在空间（RPN框建议）与预训练的文本编码器配对，我们提出了区域提示的概念，以学习将文本嵌入空间与区域视觉对象特征相结合； （iii）为了扩展学习过程以检测更广泛的对象，我们通过新颖的自我训练框架利用可用的在线资源，该框架允许在嘈杂的未经图像的网络图像上训练所提出的检测器。最后，（iv）评估我们所提出的检测器，称为及时插图，我们对具有挑战性的LVI和MS-COCO数据集进行了广泛的实验。提示件表现出优于现有方法的卓越性能，而其他培训图像和零手动注释较少。带代码的项目页面：https：//fcjian.github.io/promptdet。

Conventional methods for object detection typically require a substantial amount of training data and preparing such high-quality training data is very labor-intensive. In this paper, we propose a novel few-shot object detection network that aims at detecting objects of unseen categories with only a few annotated examples. Central to our method are our Attention-RPN, Multi-Relation Detector and Contrastive Training strategy, which exploit the similarity between the few shot support set and query set to detect novel objects while suppressing false detection in the background. To train our network, we contribute a new dataset that contains 1000 categories of various objects with high-quality annotations. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first datasets specifically designed for few-shot object detection. Once our few-shot network is trained, it can detect objects of unseen categories without further training or finetuning. Our method is general and has a wide range of potential applications. We produce a new state-of-the-art performance on different datasets in the few-shot setting. The dataset link is https://github.com/fanq15/Few-Shot-Object-Detection-Dataset.

We propose a fully convolutional one-stage object detector (FCOS) to solve object detection in a per-pixel prediction fashion, analogue to semantic segmentation. Almost all state-of-the-art object detectors such as RetinaNet, SSD, YOLOv3, and Faster R-CNN rely on pre-defined anchor boxes. In contrast, our proposed detector FCOS is anchor box free, as well as proposal free. By eliminating the predefined set of anchor boxes, FCOS completely avoids the complicated computation related to anchor boxes such as calculating overlapping during training. More importantly, we also avoid all hyper-parameters related to anchor boxes, which are often very sensitive to the final detection performance. With the only post-processing non-maximum suppression (NMS), FCOS with ResNeXt-64x4d-101 achieves 44.7% in AP with single-model and single-scale testing, surpassing previous one-stage detectors with the advantage of being much simpler. For the first time, we demonstrate a much simpler and flexible detection framework achieving improved detection accuracy. We hope that the proposed FCOS framework can serve as a simple and strong alternative for many other instance-level tasks. Code is available at:tinyurl.com/FCOSv1

本文的目的是几次拍摄对象检测（FSOD） - 仅为新类别扩展对象探测器的任务仅给出了一些培训实例。我们介绍了一种简单的伪标签方法来源从训练集提供高质量的伪注释，因为每个新类别，大大增加培训实例的数量和减少类别的不平衡;我们的方法找到了先前未标记的实例。 NA \“IVELY培训使用模型预测产生了次优性能;我们提出了两种提高伪标签过程的精度的新方法：首先，我们引入了一种验证技术，以删除候选人检测，不正确的类标签;第二，我们训练一个专门的模型，可以纠正差的质量边界箱。在这两种新颖步骤之后，我们获得了一大集的高质量伪注释，允许我们的最终探测器培训结束到底。另外，我们展示了我们的方法维护基础类性能，以及FSOD中简单增强的实用性。在Pascal VOC和MS-Coco基准测试的同时，我们的方法与所有射击镜头的现有方法相比，实现了最先进的或第二个最佳性能。

State-of-the-art object detection networks depend on region proposal algorithms to hypothesize object locations. Advances like SPPnet [1] and Fast R-CNN [2] have reduced the running time of these detection networks, exposing region proposal computation as a bottleneck. In this work, we introduce a Region Proposal Network (RPN) that shares full-image convolutional features with the detection network, thus enabling nearly cost-free region proposals. An RPN is a fully convolutional network that simultaneously predicts object bounds and objectness scores at each position. The RPN is trained end-to-end to generate high-quality region proposals, which are used by Fast R-CNN for detection. We further merge RPN and Fast R-CNN into a single network by sharing their convolutional features-using the recently popular terminology of neural networks with "attention" mechanisms, the RPN component tells the unified network where to look. For the very deep VGG-16 model [3], our detection system has a frame rate of 5fps (including all steps) on a GPU, while achieving state-of-the-art object detection accuracy on PASCAL VOC 2007, 2012, and MS COCO datasets with only 300 proposals per image. In ILSVRC and COCO 2015 competitions, Faster R-CNN and RPN are the foundations of the 1st-place winning entries in several tracks. Code has been made publicly available.