本文介绍了一个有效的对称性和无对应框架，称为SC6D，对于单个单眼RGB图像的6D对象姿势估计。SC6D既不需要对象的3D CAD模型，也不需要对称对称的任何先验知识。姿势估计分解为三个子任务：a）对象3D旋转表示学习和匹配；b）估计对象中心的2D位置；和c）通过分类的比例不变距离估计（沿Z轴的翻译）。SC6D在三个基准数据集（T-less，YCB-V和ITODD）上进行了评估，并在T-less数据集中获得最先进的性能。此外，SC6D在计算上比以前的最新方法Surfemb更有效。实施和预培训模型可在https://github.com/dingdingcai/sc6d-pose上公开获得。

Estimating 6D poses of objects from images is an important problem in various applications such as robot manipulation and virtual reality. While direct regression of images to object poses has limited accuracy, matching rendered images of an object against the input image can produce accurate results. In this work, we propose a novel deep neural network for 6D pose matching named DeepIM. Given an initial pose estimation, our network is able to iteratively refine the pose by matching the rendered image against the observed image. The network is trained to predict a relative pose transformation using a disentangled representation of 3D location and 3D orientation and an iterative training process. Experiments on two commonly used benchmarks for 6D pose estimation demonstrate that DeepIM achieves large improvements over stateof-the-art methods. We furthermore show that DeepIM is able to match previously unseen objects.

我们提出了一种称为DPODV2（密集姿势对象检测器）的三个阶段6 DOF对象检测方法，该方法依赖于致密的对应关系。我们将2D对象检测器与密集的对应关系网络和多视图姿势细化方法相结合，以估计完整的6 DOF姿势。与通常仅限于单眼RGB图像的其他深度学习方法不同，我们提出了一个统一的深度学习网络，允许使用不同的成像方式（RGB或DEPTH）。此外，我们提出了一种基于可区分渲染的新型姿势改进方法。主要概念是在多个视图中比较预测并渲染对应关系，以获得与所有视图中预测的对应关系一致的姿势。我们提出的方法对受控设置中的不同数据方式和培训数据类型进行了严格的评估。主要结论是，RGB在对应性估计中表现出色，而如果有良好的3D-3D对应关系，则深度有助于姿势精度。自然，他们的组合可以实现总体最佳性能。我们进行广泛的评估和消融研究，以分析和验证几个具有挑战性的数据集的结果。 DPODV2在所有这些方面都取得了出色的成果，同时仍然保持快速和可扩展性，独立于使用的数据模式和培训数据的类型

Estimating the 6D pose of known objects is important for robots to interact with the real world. The problem is challenging due to the variety of objects as well as the complexity of a scene caused by clutter and occlusions between objects. In this work, we introduce PoseCNN, a new Convolutional Neural Network for 6D object pose estimation. PoseCNN estimates the 3D translation of an object by localizing its center in the image and predicting its distance from the camera. The 3D rotation of the object is estimated by regressing to a quaternion representation. We also introduce a novel loss function that enables PoseCNN to handle symmetric objects. In addition, we contribute a large scale video dataset for 6D object pose estimation named the YCB-Video dataset. Our dataset provides accurate 6D poses of 21 objects from the YCB dataset observed in 92 videos with 133,827 frames. We conduct extensive experiments on our YCB-Video dataset and the OccludedLINEMOD dataset to show that PoseCNN is highly robust to occlusions, can handle symmetric objects, and provide accurate pose estimation using only color images as input. When using depth data to further refine the poses, our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on the challenging OccludedLINEMOD dataset. Our code and dataset are available at https://rse-lab.cs.washington.edu/projects/posecnn/.

深度学习识别的进步导致使用2D图像准确的对象检测。然而，这些2D感知方法对于完整的3D世界信息不足。同时，高级3D形状估计接近形状本身的焦点，而不考虑公制量表。这些方法无法确定对象的准确位置和方向。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个框架，该框架共同估计了从单个RGB图像的度量标度形状和姿势。我们的框架有两个分支：公制刻度对象形状分支（MSO）和归一化对象坐标空间分支（NOC）。 MSOS分支估计在相机坐标中观察到的度量标准形状。 NOCS分支预测归一化对象坐标空间（NOCS）映射，并从预测的度量刻度网格与渲染的深度图执行相似性转换，以获得6D姿势和大小。此外，我们介绍了归一化对象中心估计（NOCE），以估计从相机到物体中心的几何对齐距离。我们在合成和实际数据集中验证了我们的方法，以评估类别级对象姿势和形状。

This paper addresses the challenge of 6DoF pose estimation from a single RGB image under severe occlusion or truncation. Many recent works have shown that a two-stage approach, which first detects keypoints and then solves a Perspective-n-Point (PnP) problem for pose estimation, achieves remarkable performance. However, most of these methods only localize a set of sparse keypoints by regressing their image coordinates or heatmaps, which are sensitive to occlusion and truncation. Instead, we introduce a Pixel-wise Voting Network (PVNet) to regress pixel-wise unit vectors pointing to the keypoints and use these vectors to vote for keypoint locations using RANSAC. This creates a flexible representation for localizing occluded or truncated keypoints. Another important feature of this representation is that it provides uncertainties of keypoint locations that can be further leveraged by the PnP solver. Experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the state of the art on the LINEMOD, Occlusion LINEMOD and YCB-Video datasets by a large margin, while being efficient for real-time pose estimation. We further create a Truncation LINEMOD dataset to validate the robustness of our approach against truncation. The code will be avaliable at https://zju-3dv.github.io/pvnet/.

We introduce MegaPose, a method to estimate the 6D pose of novel objects, that is, objects unseen during training. At inference time, the method only assumes knowledge of (i) a region of interest displaying the object in the image and (ii) a CAD model of the observed object. The contributions of this work are threefold. First, we present a 6D pose refiner based on a render&compare strategy which can be applied to novel objects. The shape and coordinate system of the novel object are provided as inputs to the network by rendering multiple synthetic views of the object's CAD model. Second, we introduce a novel approach for coarse pose estimation which leverages a network trained to classify whether the pose error between a synthetic rendering and an observed image of the same object can be corrected by the refiner. Third, we introduce a large-scale synthetic dataset of photorealistic images of thousands of objects with diverse visual and shape properties and show that this diversity is crucial to obtain good generalization performance on novel objects. We train our approach on this large synthetic dataset and apply it without retraining to hundreds of novel objects in real images from several pose estimation benchmarks. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on the ModelNet and YCB-Video datasets. An extensive evaluation on the 7 core datasets of the BOP challenge demonstrates that our approach achieves performance competitive with existing approaches that require access to the target objects during training. Code, dataset and trained models are available on the project page: https://megapose6d.github.io/.

我们提出了一种学习致密，连续的2D-3D对应分布的方法，这些方法来自数据表面的对象表面，没有实际上是对称性的视觉歧义。我们还使用所学习的分布来提出一个新的6D姿势估计的刚性物体，以便样本，得分和细化姿势假设。通过编码器 - 解码器查询模型和小型全连接键模型，在对象特定的潜空间中表示对应丢失的对应分布。我们的方法对于视觉歧义而言，我们表明查询和关键模型学习代表准确的多模态表面分布。我们的姿势估计方法显着提高了全面的BOP挑战，纯粹对合成数据训练的综合性挑战，甚至与在真实数据上培训的方法相比。项目网站位于https://surfemb.github.io/。

我们提出了一种方法，用于估计具有单个RGB图像的可用3D模型的刚性对象的6DOF姿势。与基于经典对应的方法不同，该方法可以预测输入图像的像素的3D对象坐标，该建议的方法可以预测3D对象坐标在相机frustum中采样的3D查询点。从像素到3D点的移动，这是受到3D重建方法的最新PIFU式方法的启发，可以对整个对象（包括（自我）遮挡部分）进行推理。对于与与像素对齐的图像功能相关的3D查询点，我们训练完全连接的神经网络来预测：（i）相应的3D对象坐标，以及（ii）签名到对象表面的签名距离，首先定义仅适用于地表附近的查询点。我们将该网络实现的映射称为神经通信字段。然后，通过Kabsch-Ransac算法从预测的3D-3D对应关系中稳健地估计对象姿势。所提出的方法在三个BOP数据集上实现了最先进的结果，并且在咬合挑战性案例中表现出了优越。项目网站在：linhuang17.github.io/ncf。

6D object pose estimation problem has been extensively studied in the field of Computer Vision and Robotics. It has wide range of applications such as robot manipulation, augmented reality, and 3D scene understanding. With the advent of Deep Learning, many breakthroughs have been made; however, approaches continue to struggle when they encounter unseen instances, new categories, or real-world challenges such as cluttered backgrounds and occlusions. In this study, we will explore the available methods based on input modality, problem formulation, and whether it is a category-level or instance-level approach. As a part of our discussion, we will focus on how 6D object pose estimation can be used for understanding 3D scenes.

从RGB-D图像中对刚性对象的6D姿势估计对于机器人技术中的对象抓握和操纵至关重要。尽管RGB通道和深度（d）通道通常是互补的，分别提供了外观和几何信息，但如何完全从两个跨模式数据中完全受益仍然是非平凡的。从简单而新的观察结果来看，当对象旋转时，其语义标签是姿势不变的，而其关键点偏移方向是姿势的变体。为此，我们提出了So（3）pose，这是一个新的表示学习网络，可以探索SO（3）equivariant和So（3） - 从深度通道中进行姿势估计的特征。 SO（3） - 激素特征有助于学习更独特的表示，以分割来自RGB通道外观相似的对象。 SO（3） - 等级特征与RGB功能通信，以推导（缺失的）几何形状，以检测从深度通道的反射表面的对象的关键点。与大多数现有的姿势估计方法不同，我们的SO（3） - 不仅可以实现RGB和深度渠道之间的信息通信，而且自然会吸收SO（3） - 等级的几何学知识，从深度图像中，导致更好的外观和更好的外观和更好几何表示学习。综合实验表明，我们的方法在三个基准测试中实现了最先进的性能。

In RGB-D based 6D pose estimation, direct regression approaches can directly predict the 3D rotation and translation from RGB-D data, allowing for quick deployment and efficient inference. However, directly regressing the absolute translation of the pose suffers from diverse object translation distribution between the training and testing datasets, which is usually caused by the diversity of pose distribution of objects in 3D physical space. To this end, we generalize the pin-hole camera projection model to a residual-based projection model and propose the projective residual regression (Res6D) mechanism. Given a reference point for each object in an RGB-D image, Res6D not only reduces the distribution gap and shrinks the regression target to a small range by regressing the residual between the target and the reference point, but also aligns its output residual and its input to follow the projection equation between the 2D plane and 3D space. By plugging Res6D into the latest direct regression methods, we achieve state-of-the-art overall results on datasets including Occlusion LineMOD (ADD(S): 79.7%), LineMOD (ADD(S): 99.5%), and YCB-Video datasets (AUC of ADD(S): 95.4%).

RGB图像的刚性对象的可伸缩6D构成估计旨在处理多个对象并推广到新物体。我们建立在一个著名的自动编码框架的基础上，以应对对象对称性和缺乏标记的训练数据，我们通过将自动编码器的潜在表示形状分解为形状并构成子空间来实现可伸缩性。潜在形状空间通过对比度度量学习模型不同对象的相似性，并将潜在姿势代码与旋转检索的规范旋转进行比较。由于不同的对象对称会诱导不一致的潜在姿势空间，因此我们用规范旋转重新输入形状表示，以生成形状依赖的姿势代码簿以进行旋转检索。我们在两个基准上显示了最新的性能，其中包含无类别和每日对象的无纹理CAD对象，并通过扩展到跨类别的每日对象的更具挑战性的设置，进一步证明了可扩展性。

A key technical challenge in performing 6D object pose estimation from RGB-D image is to fully leverage the two complementary data sources. Prior works either extract information from the RGB image and depth separately or use costly post-processing steps, limiting their performances in highly cluttered scenes and real-time applications. In this work, we present DenseFusion, a generic framework for estimating 6D pose of a set of known objects from RGB-D images. DenseFusion is a heterogeneous architecture that processes the two data sources individually and uses a novel dense fusion network to extract pixel-wise dense feature embedding, from which the pose is estimated. Furthermore, we integrate an end-to-end iterative pose refinement procedure that further improves the pose estimation while achieving near real-time inference. Our experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in two datasets, YCB-Video and LineMOD. We also deploy our proposed method to a real robot to grasp and manipulate objects based on the estimated pose. Our code and video are available at https://sites.google.com/view/densefusion/.

类别级别的姿势估计是由于类内形状变化而导致的一个具有挑战性的问题。最近的方法变形了预计的形状先验，将观察到的点云映射到归一化对象坐标空间中，然后通过后处理（即Umeyama的算法）检索姿势。这种两阶段策略的缺点在于两个方面：1）中间结果的替代监督无法直接指导姿势的学习，从而导致后期处理后造成了较大的姿势错误。 2）推理速度受后处理步骤的限制。在本文中，为了处理这些缺点，我们为类别级别的姿势估计提出了一个可端到端的可训练网络SSP置换，该网络将Shape Priors整合到直接的姿势回归网络中。 SSP置位堆栈在共享特征提取器上的四个单独分支，其中两个分支旨在变形和匹配先前的模型与观察到的实例，并应用了其他两个分支，以直接回归完全9度的自由度姿势和分别执行对称性重建和点对上的掩码预测。然后，自然利用一致性损失项，以对齐不同分支的产出并促进性能。在推断期间，仅需要直接姿势回归分支。通过这种方式，SSP置态不仅学习类别级别的姿势敏感特征以提高性能，而且还可以保持实时推理速度。此外，我们利用每个类别的对称信息来指导形状事先变形，并提出一种新颖的对称性损失来减轻匹配的歧义。公共数据集的广泛实验表明，与竞争对手相比，SSP置孔在约25Hz的实时推理速度中产生了出色的性能。

最先进的对象姿势估计通过使用多模型公式来处理测试图像中的多个实例：检测作为第一阶段，然后每个对象单独训练的网络，以作为第二阶段的2d-3d几何对应关系预测。随后，使用Perspective-N点算法在运行时估算姿势。不幸的是，多模型配方很慢，并且与所涉及的对象实例的数量相比不能很好地扩展。最近的方法表明，直接6D对象姿势估计是可行的，当时是从上述几何对应关系得出的。我们提出了一种方法，该方法学习了多个对象的中间几何表示，以直接回归测试图像中所有实例的6D姿势。固有的端到端训练性克服了单独处理单个对象实例的要求。通过计算相互关联的联合会，将姿势假设聚集在不同的实例中，从而相对于对象实例的数量实现了可忽略的运行时开销。多个挑战性标准数据集的结果表明，尽管姿势估计的性能快于35倍以上，但姿势估计性能优于单模最先进的方法。我们还提供了一个分析，显示存在90多个对象实例的图像实时适用性（> 24 fps）。进一步的结果表明，用6D姿势监督基于几何相应的对象姿势估计的优势。

We introduce an approach for recovering the 6D pose of multiple known objects in a scene captured by a set of input images with unknown camera viewpoints. First, we present a single-view single-object 6D pose estimation method, which we use to generate 6D object pose hypotheses. Second, we develop a robust method for matching individual 6D object pose hypotheses across different input images in order to jointly estimate camera viewpoints and 6D poses of all objects in a single consistent scene. Our approach explicitly handles object symmetries, does not require depth measurements, is robust to missing or incorrect object hypotheses, and automatically recovers the number of objects in the scene. Third, we develop a method for global scene refinement given multiple object hypotheses and their correspondences across views. This is achieved by solving an object-level bundle adjustment problem that refines the poses of cameras and objects to minimize the reprojection error in all views. We demonstrate that the proposed method, dubbed Cosy-Pose, outperforms current state-of-the-art results for single-view and multi-view 6D object pose estimation by a large margin on two challenging benchmarks: the YCB-Video and T-LESS datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available on the project webpage. 5

本文提出了一种类别级别的6D对象姿势和形状估计方法IDAPS，其允许在类别中跟踪6D姿势并估计其3D形状。我们使用深度图像作为输入开发类别级别自动编码器网络，其中来自自动编码器编码的特征嵌入在类别中对象的姿势。自动编码器可用于粒子过滤器框架，以估计和跟踪类别中的对象的姿势。通过利用基于符号距离函数的隐式形状表示，我们构建延迟网络以估计给定对象的估计姿势的3D形状的潜在表示。然后，估计的姿势和形状可用于以迭代方式互相更新。我们的类别级别6D对象姿势和形状估计流水线仅需要2D检测和分段进行初始化。我们在公开的数据集中评估我们的方法，并展示其有效性。特别是，我们的方法在形状估计上实现了相对高的准确性。

The goal of this paper is to estimate the 6D pose and dimensions of unseen object instances in an RGB-D image. Contrary to "instance-level" 6D pose estimation tasks, our problem assumes that no exact object CAD models are available during either training or testing time. To handle different and unseen object instances in a given category, we introduce Normalized Object Coordinate Space (NOCS)-a shared canonical representation for all possible object instances within a category. Our region-based neural network is then trained to directly infer the correspondence from observed pixels to this shared object representation (NOCS) along with other object information such as class label and instance mask. These predictions can be combined with the depth map to jointly estimate the metric 6D pose and dimensions of multiple objects in a cluttered scene. To train our network, we present a new contextaware technique to generate large amounts of fully annotated mixed reality data. To further improve our model and evaluate its performance on real data, we also provide a fully annotated real-world dataset with large environment and instance variation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is able to robustly estimate the pose and size of unseen object instances in real environments while also achieving state-of-the-art performance on standard 6D pose estimation benchmarks.

类别级的对象姿势估计旨在预测已知类别集的任意对象的6D姿势以及3D度量大小。最近的方法利用了先验改编的形状，以将观察到的点云映射到规范空间中，并应用Umeyama算法以恢复姿势和大小。然而，它们的形状先验整合策略间接增强了姿势估计，从而导致姿势敏感的特征提取和推理速度缓慢。为了解决这个问题，在本文中，我们提出了一个新颖的几何形状引导的残留对象边界框投影网络RBP置rbp置置，该框架共同预测对象的姿势和残留的矢量，描述了从形状优先指示的对象表面投影中的位移迈向真实的表面投影。残留矢量的这种定义本质上是零均值且相对较小，并且明确封装了3D对象的空间提示，以进行稳健和准确的姿势回归。我们强制执行几何学意识的一致性项，以使预测的姿势和残留向量对齐以进一步提高性能。