Edge computing is changing the face of many industries and services. Common edge computing models offload computing which is prone to security risks and privacy violation. However, advances in deep learning enabled Internet of Things (IoTs) to take decisions and run cognitive tasks locally. This research introduces a decentralized-control edge model where most computation and decisions are moved to the IoT level. The model aims at decreasing communication to the edge which in return enhances efficiency and decreases latency. The model also avoids data transfer which raises security and privacy risks. To examine the model, we developed SAFEMYRIDES, a scene-aware ridesharing monitoring system where smart phones are detecting violations at the runtime. Current real-time monitoring systems are costly and require continuous network connectivity. The system uses optimized deep learning that run locally on IoTs to detect violations in ridesharing and record violation incidences. The system would enhance safety and security in ridesharing without violating privacy.

Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.

随着人工智能（AI）的积极发展，基于深神经网络（DNN）的智能应用会改变人们的生活方式和生产效率。但是，从网络边缘生成的大量计算和数据成为主要的瓶颈，传统的基于云的计算模式无法满足实时处理任务的要求。为了解决上述问题，通过将AI模型训练和推理功能嵌入网络边缘，Edge Intelligence（EI）成为AI领域的尖端方向。此外，云，边缘和终端设备之间的协作DNN推断提供了一种有希望的方法来增强EI。然而，目前，以EI为导向的协作DNN推断仍处于早期阶段，缺乏对现有研究工作的系统分类和讨论。因此，我们已经对有关以EI为导向的协作DNN推断的最新研究进行了全面调查。在本文中，我们首先回顾了EI的背景和动机。然后，我们为EI分类了四个典型的DNN推理范例，并分析其特征和关键技术。最后，我们总结了协作DNN推断的当前挑战，讨论未来的发展趋势并提供未来的研究方向。

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is transforming the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by enhancing the trust of end-users in machines. As the number of connected devices keeps on growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) market needs to be trustworthy for the end-users. However, existing literature still lacks a systematic and comprehensive survey work on the use of XAI for IoT. To bridge this lacking, in this paper, we address the XAI frameworks with a focus on their characteristics and support for IoT. We illustrate the widely-used XAI services for IoT applications, such as security enhancement, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Internet of City Things (IoCT). We also suggest the implementation choice of XAI models over IoT systems in these applications with appropriate examples and summarize the key inferences for future works. Moreover, we present the cutting-edge development in edge XAI structures and the support of sixth-generation (6G) communication services for IoT applications, along with key inferences. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic compilation on the development of XAI-based frameworks tailored for the demands of future IoT use cases.

边缘计算是一个将数据处理服务转移到生成数据的网络边缘的范式。尽管这样的架构提供了更快的处理和响应，但除其他好处外，它还提出了必须解决的关键安全问题和挑战。本文讨论了从硬件层到系统层的边缘网络体系结构出现的安全威胁和漏洞。我们进一步讨论了此类网络中的隐私和法规合规性挑战。最后，我们认为需要一种整体方法来分析边缘网络安全姿势，该姿势必须考虑每一层的知识。

近年来，物联网设备的数量越来越快，这导致了用于管理，存储，分析和从不同物联网设备的原始数据做出决定的具有挑战性的任务，尤其是对于延时敏感的应用程序。在车辆网络（VANET）环境中，由于常见的拓扑变化，车辆的动态性质使当前的开放研究发出更具挑战性，这可能导致车辆之间断开连接。为此，已经在5G基础设施上计算了云和雾化的背景下提出了许多研究工作。另一方面，有多种研究提案旨在延长车辆之间的连接时间。已经定义了车辆社交网络（VSN）以减少车辆之间的连接时间的负担。本调查纸首先提供了关于雾，云和相关范例，如5G和SDN的必要背景信息和定义。然后，它将读者介绍给车辆社交网络，不同的指标和VSN和在线社交网络之间的主要差异。最后，本调查调查了在展示不同架构的VANET背景下的相关工作，以解决雾计算中的不同问题。此外，它提供了不同方法的分类，并在雾和云的上下文中讨论所需的指标，并将其与车辆社交网络进行比较。与VSN和雾计算领域的新研究挑战和趋势一起讨论了相关相关工程的比较。

In recent years, deep learning (DL) models have demonstrated remarkable achievements on non-trivial tasks such as speech recognition and natural language understanding. One of the significant contributors to its success is the proliferation of end devices that acted as a catalyst to provide data for data-hungry DL models. However, computing DL training and inference is the main challenge. Usually, central cloud servers are used for the computation, but it opens up other significant challenges, such as high latency, increased communication costs, and privacy concerns. To mitigate these drawbacks, considerable efforts have been made to push the processing of DL models to edge servers. Moreover, the confluence point of DL and edge has given rise to edge intelligence (EI). This survey paper focuses primarily on the fifth level of EI, called all in-edge level, where DL training and inference (deployment) are performed solely by edge servers. All in-edge is suitable when the end devices have low computing resources, e.g., Internet-of-Things, and other requirements such as latency and communication cost are important in mission-critical applications, e.g., health care. Firstly, this paper presents all in-edge computing architectures, including centralized, decentralized, and distributed. Secondly, this paper presents enabling technologies, such as model parallelism and split learning, which facilitate DL training and deployment at edge servers. Thirdly, model adaptation techniques based on model compression and conditional computation are described because the standard cloud-based DL deployment cannot be directly applied to all in-edge due to its limited computational resources. Fourthly, this paper discusses eleven key performance metrics to evaluate the performance of DL at all in-edge efficiently. Finally, several open research challenges in the area of all in-edge are presented.

推荐系统已广泛应用于不同的应用领域，包括能量保存，电子商务，医疗保健，社交媒体等。此类应用需要分析和挖掘大量各种类型的用户数据，包括人口统计，偏好，社会互动等，以便开发准确和精确的推荐系统。此类数据集通常包括敏感信息，但大多数推荐系统专注于模型的准确性和忽略与安全性和用户隐私相关的问题。尽管使用不同的风险减少技术克服这些问题，但它们都没有完全成功，确保了对用户的私人信息的密码安全和保护。为了弥合这一差距，区块链技术作为推动推荐系统中的安全和隐私保存的有希望的策略，不仅是因为其安全性和隐私性突出特征，而且由于其恢复力，适应性，容错和信任特性。本文介绍了涵盖挑战，开放问题和解决方案的基于区块链的推荐系统的整体综述。因此，引入了精心设计的分类，以描述安全和隐私挑战，概述现有框架并在使用区块链之前讨论其应用程序和利益，以指示未来的研究机会。

In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.

智能物联网环境（iiote）由可以协作执行半自动的IOT应用的异构装置，其示例包括高度自动化的制造单元或自主交互收获机器。能量效率是这种边缘环境中的关键，因为它们通常基于由无线和电池运行设备组成的基础设施，例如电子拖拉机，无人机，自动引导车辆（AGV）S和机器人。总能源消耗从多种技术技术汲取贡献，使得能够实现边缘计算和通信，分布式学习以及分布式分区和智能合同。本文提供了本技术的最先进的概述，并说明了它们的功能和性能，特别关注资源，延迟，隐私和能源消耗之间的权衡。最后，本文提供了一种在节能IIOTE和路线图中集成这些能力技术的愿景，以解决开放的研究挑战

受到深入学习的巨大成功通过云计算和边缘芯片的快速发展的影响，人工智能研究（AI）的研究已经转移到计算范例，即云计算和边缘计算。近年来，我们目睹了在云服务器上开发更高级的AI模型，以超越传统的深度学习模型，以造成模型创新（例如，变压器，净化家庭），训练数据爆炸和飙升的计算能力。但是，边缘计算，尤其是边缘和云协同计算，仍然在其初期阶段，因为由于资源受限的IOT场景，因此由于部署了非常有限的算法而导致其成功。在本调查中，我们对云和边缘AI进行系统审查。具体而言，我们是第一个设置云和边缘建模的协作学习机制，通过彻底的审查使能够实现这种机制的架构。我们还讨论了一些正在进行的先进EDGE AI主题的潜在和实践经验，包括预先训练模型，图形神经网络和加强学习。最后，我们讨论了这一领域的有希望的方向和挑战。

使用人工智能（AI）赋予无线网络中数据量的前所未有的数据量激增，为提供无处不在的数据驱动智能服务而开辟了新的视野。通过集中收集数据集和培训模型来实现传统的云彩中心学习（ML）基础的服务。然而，这种传统的训练技术包括两个挑战：（i）由于数据通信增加而导致的高通信和能源成本，（ii）通过允许不受信任的各方利用这些信息来威胁数据隐私。最近，鉴于这些限制，一种新兴的新兴技术，包括联合学习（FL），以使ML带到无线网络的边缘。通过以分布式方式培训全局模型，可以通过FL Server策划的全局模型来提取数据孤岛的好处。 FL利用分散的数据集和参与客户的计算资源，在不影响数据隐私的情况下开发广义ML模型。在本文中，我们介绍了对FL的基本面和能够实现技术的全面调查。此外，提出了一个广泛的研究，详细说明了无线网络中的流体的各种应用，并突出了他们的挑战和局限性。进一步探索了FL的疗效，其新兴的前瞻性超出了第五代（B5G）和第六代（6G）通信系统。本调查的目的是在关键的无线技术中概述了流动的技术，这些技术将作为建立对该主题的坚定了解的基础。最后，我们向未来的研究方向提供前进的道路。

随着物联网（IoT）和5G/6G无线通信的进步，近年来，移动计算的范式已经显着发展，从集中式移动云计算到分布式雾计算和移动边缘计算（MEC）。 MEC将计算密集型任务推向网络的边缘，并将资源尽可能接近端点，以解决有关存储空间，资源优化，计算性能和效率方面的移动设备缺点。与云计算相比，作为分布式和更紧密的基础架构，MEC与其他新兴技术的收敛性，包括元元，6G无线通信，人工智能（AI）和区块链，也解决了网络资源分配的问题，更多的网络负载，更多的网络负载，以及延迟要求。因此，本文研究了用于满足现代应用程序严格要求的计算范例。提供了MEC在移动增强现实（MAR）中的应用程序方案。此外，这项调查提出了基于MEC的元元的动机，并将MEC的应用介绍给了元元。特别强调上述一组技术融合，例如6G具有MEC范式，通过区块链加强MEC等。

In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.

机器学习传感器代表了嵌入式机器学习应用程序未来的范式转移。当前的嵌入式机器学习（ML）实例化遭受了复杂的整合，缺乏模块化以及数据流动的隐私和安全问题。本文提出了一个以数据为中心的范式，用于将传感器智能嵌入边缘设备上，以应对这些挑战。我们对“传感器2.0”的愿景需要将传感器输入数据和ML处理从硬件级别隔离到更广泛的系统，并提供一个薄的界面，以模拟传统传感器的功能。这种分离导致模块化且易于使用的ML传感器设备。我们讨论了将ML处理构建到嵌入式系统上控制微处理器的软件堆栈中的标准方法所带来的挑战，以及ML传感器的模块化如何减轻这些问题。 ML传感器提高了隐私和准确性，同时使系统构建者更容易将ML集成到其产品中，以简单的组件。我们提供了预期的ML传感器和说明性数据表的例子，以表现出来，并希望这将建立对话使我们朝着传感器2.0迈进。

Computer vision applications in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and autonomous driving (AD) have gravitated towards deep neural network architectures in recent years. While performance seems to be improving on benchmark datasets, many real-world challenges are yet to be adequately considered in research. This paper conducted an extensive literature review on the applications of computer vision in ITS and AD, and discusses challenges related to data, models, and complex urban environments. The data challenges are associated with the collection and labeling of training data and its relevance to real world conditions, bias inherent in datasets, the high volume of data needed to be processed, and privacy concerns. Deep learning (DL) models are commonly too complex for real-time processing on embedded hardware, lack explainability and generalizability, and are hard to test in real-world settings. Complex urban traffic environments have irregular lighting and occlusions, and surveillance cameras can be mounted at a variety of angles, gather dirt, shake in the wind, while the traffic conditions are highly heterogeneous, with violation of rules and complex interactions in crowded scenarios. Some representative applications that suffer from these problems are traffic flow estimation, congestion detection, autonomous driving perception, vehicle interaction, and edge computing for practical deployment. The possible ways of dealing with the challenges are also explored while prioritizing practical deployment.

医学事物互联网（IOMT）允许使用传感器收集生理数据，然后将其传输到远程服务器，这使医生和卫生专业人员可以连续，永久地分析这些数据，并在早期阶段检测疾病。但是，使用无线通信传输数据将其暴露于网络攻击中，并且该数据的敏感和私人性质可能代表了攻击者的主要兴趣。在存储和计算能力有限的设备上使用传统的安全方法无效。另一方面，使用机器学习进行入侵检测可以对IOMT系统的要求提供适应性的安全响应。在这种情况下，对基于机器学习（ML）的入侵检测系统如何解决IOMT系统中的安全性和隐私问题的全面调查。为此，提供了IOMT的通用三层体系结构以及IOMT系统的安全要求。然后，出现了可能影响IOMT安全性的各种威胁，并确定基于ML的每个解决方案中使用的优势，缺点，方法和数据集。最后，讨论了在IOMT的每一层中应用ML的一些挑战和局限性，这些挑战和局限性可以用作未来的研究方向。

为了满足下一代无线通信网络的极其异构要求，研究界越来越依赖于使用机器学习解决方案进行实时决策和无线电资源管理。传统的机器学习采用完全集中的架构，其中整个培训数据在一个节点上收集，即云服务器，显着提高了通信开销，并提高了严重的隐私问题。迄今为止，最近提出了作为联合学习（FL）称为联合学习的分布式机器学习范式。在FL中，每个参与边缘设备通过使用自己的培训数据列举其本地模型。然后，通过无线信道，本地训练模型的权重或参数被发送到中央ps，聚合它们并更新全局模型。一方面，FL对优化无线通信网络的资源起着重要作用，另一方面，无线通信对于FL至关重要。因此，FL和无线通信之间存在“双向”关系。虽然FL是一个新兴的概念，但许多出版物已经在FL的领域发表了发布及其对下一代无线网络的应用。尽管如此，我们注意到没有任何作品突出了FL和无线通信之间的双向关系。因此，本调查纸的目的是通过提供关于FL和无线通信之间的相互依存性的及时和全面的讨论来弥合文学中的这种差距。

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems.This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances towards the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic co-designs, being proposed in academia and industry.The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the trade-offs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.

数字化和自动化方面的快速进步导致医疗保健的加速增长，从而产生了新型模型，这些模型正在创造新的渠道，以降低成本。 Metaverse是一项在数字空间中的新兴技术，在医疗保健方面具有巨大的潜力，为患者和医生带来了现实的经验。荟萃分析是多种促成技术的汇合，例如人工智能，虚拟现实，增强现实，医疗设备，机器人技术，量子计算等。通过哪些方向可以探索提供优质医疗保健治疗和服务的新方向。这些技术的合并确保了身临其境，亲密和个性化的患者护理。它还提供自适应智能解决方案，以消除医疗保健提供者和接收器之间的障碍。本文对医疗保健的荟萃分析提供了全面的综述，强调了最新技术的状态，即采用医疗保健元元的能力技术，潜在的应用程序和相关项目。还确定了用于医疗保健应用的元元改编的问题，并强调了合理的解决方案作为未来研究方向的一部分。