3D对象检测是安全关键型机器人应用（如自主驾驶）的关键模块。对于这些应用，我们最关心检测如何影响自我代理人的行为和安全性（Egocentric观点）。直观地，当它更有可能干扰自我代理商的运动轨迹时，我们寻求更准确的对象几何描述。然而，基于箱交叉口（IOU）的电流检测指标是以对象为中心的，并且不设计用于捕获物体和自助代理之间的时空关系。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种新的EnoCentric测量来评估3D对象检测，即支持距离误差（SDE）。我们基于SDE的分析显示，EPECENTIC检测质量由边界框的粗糙几何形状界定。鉴于SDE将从更准确的几何描述中受益的洞察力，我们建议将物体代表为Amodal轮廓，特别是Amodal星形多边形，并设计简单的模型，椋鸟，预测这种轮廓。我们对大型Waymo公开数据集的实验表明，与IOU相比，SDE更好地反映了检测质量对自我代理人安全的影响;恒星的估计轮廓始终如一地改善最近的3D对象探测器的Enocentric检测质量。

流行的对象检测度量平均精度（3D AP）依赖于预测的边界框和地面真相边界框之间的结合。但是，基于摄像机的深度估计的精度有限，这可能会导致其他合理的预测，这些预测遭受了如此纵向定位错误，被视为假阳性和假阴性。因此，我们提出了流行的3D AP指标的变体，这些变体旨在在深度估计误差方面更具允许性。具体而言，我们新颖的纵向误差耐受度指标，Let-3D-AP和Let-3D-APL，允许预测的边界框的纵向定位误差，最高为给定的公差。所提出的指标已在Waymo Open DataSet 3D摄像头仅检测挑战中使用。我们认为，它们将通过提供更有信息的性能信号来促进仅相机3D检测领域的进步。

3D多对象跟踪旨在唯一，始终如一地识别所有移动实体。尽管在此设置中提供了丰富的时空信息，但当前的3D跟踪方法主要依赖于抽象的信息和有限的历史记录，例如单帧对象边界框。在这项工作中，我们开发了对交通场景的整体表示，该场景利用了现场演员的空间和时间信息。具体而言，我们通过将跟踪的对象表示为时空点和边界框的序列来重新将跟踪作为时空问题，并在悠久的时间历史上进行重新制定。在每个时间戳上，我们通过对对象历史记录的完整顺序进行的细化来改善跟踪对象的位置和运动估计。通过共同考虑时间和空间，我们的代表自然地编码了基本的物理先验，例如对象持久性和整个时间的一致性。我们的时空跟踪框架在Waymo和Nuscenes基准测试中实现了最先进的性能。

基于LIDAR的传感驱动器电流自主车辆。尽管进展迅速，但目前的激光雷达传感器在分辨率和成本方面仍然落后于传统彩色相机背后的二十年。对于自主驾驶，这意味着靠近传感器的大物体很容易可见，但远方或小物体仅包括一个测量或两个。这是一个问题，尤其是当这些对象结果驾驶危险时。另一方面，在车载RGB传感器中清晰可见这些相同的对象。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种将RGB传感器无缝熔化成基于LIDAR的3D识别方法。我们的方法采用一组2D检测来生成密集的3D虚拟点，以增加否则稀疏的3D点云。这些虚拟点自然地集成到任何基于标准的LIDAR的3D探测器以及常规激光雷达测量。由此产生的多模态检测器简单且有效。大规模NUSCENES数据集的实验结果表明，我们的框架通过显着的6.6地图改善了强大的中心点基线，并且优于竞争融合方法。代码和更多可视化可在https://tianweiy.github.io/mvp/上获得

Figure 1: Results obtained from our single image, monocular 3D object detection network MonoDIS on a KITTI3D test image with corresponding birds-eye view, showing its ability to estimate size and orientation of objects at different scales.

Three-dimensional objects are commonly represented as 3D boxes in a point-cloud. This representation mimics the well-studied image-based 2D bounding-box detection but comes with additional challenges. Objects in a 3D world do not follow any particular orientation, and box-based detectors have difficulties enumerating all orientations or fitting an axis-aligned bounding box to rotated objects. In this paper, we instead propose to represent, detect, and track 3D objects as points. Our framework, CenterPoint, first detects centers of objects using a keypoint detector and regresses to other attributes, including 3D size, 3D orientation, and velocity. In a second stage, it refines these estimates using additional point features on the object. In CenterPoint, 3D object tracking simplifies to greedy closest-point matching. The resulting detection and tracking algorithm is simple, efficient, and effective. CenterPoint achieved state-of-theart performance on the nuScenes benchmark for both 3D detection and tracking, with 65.5 NDS and 63.8 AMOTA for a single model. On the Waymo Open Dataset, Center-Point outperforms all previous single model methods by a large margin and ranks first among all Lidar-only submissions. The code and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/tianweiy/CenterPoint.

We address the problem of real-time 3D object detection from point clouds in the context of autonomous driving. Computation speed is critical as detection is a necessary component for safety. Existing approaches are, however, expensive in computation due to high dimensionality of point clouds. We utilize the 3D data more efficiently by representing the scene from the Bird's Eye View (BEV), and propose PIXOR, a proposal-free, single-stage detector that outputs oriented 3D object estimates decoded from pixelwise neural network predictions. The input representation, network architecture, and model optimization are especially designed to balance high accuracy and real-time efficiency. We validate PIXOR on two datasets: the KITTI BEV object detection benchmark, and a large-scale 3D vehicle detection benchmark. In both datasets we show that the proposed detector surpasses other state-of-the-art methods notably in terms of Average Precision (AP), while still runs at > 28 FPS.

In this work, we study 3D object detection from RGB-D data in both indoor and outdoor scenes. While previous methods focus on images or 3D voxels, often obscuring natural 3D patterns and invariances of 3D data, we directly operate on raw point clouds by popping up RGB-D scans. However, a key challenge of this approach is how to efficiently localize objects in point clouds of large-scale scenes (region proposal). Instead of solely relying on 3D proposals, our method leverages both mature 2D object detectors and advanced 3D deep learning for object localization, achieving efficiency as well as high recall for even small objects. Benefited from learning directly in raw point clouds, our method is also able to precisely estimate 3D bounding boxes even under strong occlusion or with very sparse points. Evaluated on KITTI and SUN RGB-D 3D detection benchmarks, our method outperforms the state of the art by remarkable margins while having real-time capability. * Majority of the work done as an intern at Nuro, Inc. depth to point cloud 2D region (from CNN) to 3D frustum 3D box (from PointNet)

The research community has increasing interest in autonomous driving research, despite the resource intensity of obtaining representative real world data. Existing selfdriving datasets are limited in the scale and variation of the environments they capture, even though generalization within and between operating regions is crucial to the overall viability of the technology. In an effort to help align the research community's contributions with real-world selfdriving problems, we introduce a new large-scale, high quality, diverse dataset. Our new dataset consists of 1150 scenes that each span 20 seconds, consisting of well synchronized and calibrated high quality LiDAR and camera data captured across a range of urban and suburban geographies. It is 15x more diverse than the largest cam-era+LiDAR dataset available based on our proposed geographical coverage metric. We exhaustively annotated this data with 2D (camera image) and 3D (LiDAR) bounding boxes, with consistent identifiers across frames. Finally, we provide strong baselines for 2D as well as 3D detection and tracking tasks. We further study the effects of dataset size and generalization across geographies on 3D detection methods. Find data, code and more up-to-date information at http://www.waymo.com/open.

人发现是在人居住环境中导航的移动机器人的至关重要任务。激光雷达传感器在此任务中很有希望，这要归功于其准确的深度测量和较大的视野。存在两种类型的LIDAR传感器：扫描单个平面的2D LIDAR传感器和3D激光雷达传感器，它们扫描多个平面，从而形成体积。他们如何比较人检测任务？为了回答这一点，我们使用公共大规模的Jackrabbot数据集以及最先进的2D和3D激光雷达的人检测器（分别是DR-SPAAM和CenterPoint）进行了一系列实验。我们的实验包括多个方面，从基本性能和速度比较到对距离和场景混乱的本地化精度和鲁棒性的更详细分析。这些实验的见解突出了2D和3D激光雷达传感器的优势和劣势作为人检测的来源，并且对于设计将与周围人类密切运行的移动机器人特别有价值（例如，服务或社交机器人）。

Modern autonomous driving system is characterized as modular tasks in sequential order, i.e., perception, prediction and planning. As sensors and hardware get improved, there is trending popularity to devise a system that can perform a wide diversity of tasks to fulfill higher-level intelligence. Contemporary approaches resort to either deploying standalone models for individual tasks, or designing a multi-task paradigm with separate heads. These might suffer from accumulative error or negative transfer effect. Instead, we argue that a favorable algorithm framework should be devised and optimized in pursuit of the ultimate goal, i.e. planning of the self-driving-car. Oriented at this goal, we revisit the key components within perception and prediction. We analyze each module and prioritize the tasks hierarchically, such that all these tasks contribute to planning (the goal). To this end, we introduce Unified Autonomous Driving (UniAD), the first comprehensive framework up-to-date that incorporates full-stack driving tasks in one network. It is exquisitely devised to leverage advantages of each module, and provide complementary feature abstractions for agent interaction from a global perspective. Tasks are communicated with unified query design to facilitate each other toward planning. We instantiate UniAD on the challenging nuScenes benchmark. With extensive ablations, the effectiveness of using such a philosophy is proven to surpass previous state-of-the-arts by a large margin in all aspects. The full suite of codebase and models would be available to facilitate future research in the community.

我们在野外的一对立体声RGB图像上介绍了基于类别级3D对象检测和隐式形状估计的基于学习的框架。传统的立体声3D对象检测方法仅使用3D边界框来描述检测到的对象，无法推断出完全的表面几何形状，这使得创造难以创造逼真的户外沉浸体验。相比之下，我们提出了一种新的模型S-3D-RCNN，可以执行精确的本地化，并为检测到的对象提供完整和分辨不可行的形状描述。我们首先使用全局本地框架从形状重建估计对象坐标系估计。然后，我们提出了一种新的实例级网络，通过从立体声区域的基于点的表示来解决未经遵守的表面幻觉问题，并且Infers具有预测的完整表面几何形状的隐式形状码。广泛的实验使用Kitti基准测试的现有和新指标验证我们的方法的卓越性能。此HTTPS URL可提供代码和预先接受的型号。

3D object detection is an essential task in autonomous driving. Recent techniques excel with highly accurate detection rates, provided the 3D input data is obtained from precise but expensive LiDAR technology. Approaches based on cheaper monocular or stereo imagery data have, until now, resulted in drastically lower accuracies -a gap that is commonly attributed to poor image-based depth estimation. However, in this paper we argue that it is not the quality of the data but its representation that accounts for the majority of the difference. Taking the inner workings of convolutional neural networks into consideration, we propose to convert image-based depth maps to pseudo-LiDAR representations -essentially mimicking the LiDAR signal. With this representation we can apply different existing LiDAR-based detection algorithms. On the popular KITTI benchmark, our approach achieves impressive improvements over the existing state-of-the-art in image-based performance -raising the detection accuracy of objects within the 30m range from the previous state-of-the-art of 22% to an unprecedented 74%. At the time of submission our algorithm holds the highest entry on the KITTI 3D object detection leaderboard for stereo-image-based approaches. Our code is publicly available at https: //github.com/mileyan/pseudo_lidar.

由遮挡，信号丢失或手动注释错误引起的3D边界框的地面真相注释的固有歧义可能会使训练过程中的深3D对象检测器混淆，从而使检测准确性恶化。但是，现有方法在某种程度上忽略了此类问题，并将标签视为确定性。在本文中，我们提出了GLENET，这是一个从条件变异自动编码器改编的生成标签不确定性估计框架，以建模典型的3D对象与其潜在的潜在基边界框之间具有潜在变量的一对一关系。 Glenet产生的标签不确定性是一个插件模块，可以方便地集成到现有的深3D检测器中，以构建概率检测器并监督本地化不确定性的学习。此外，我们提出了概率探测器中的不确定性质量估计量架构，以指导对IOU分支的培训，并预测了本地化不确定性。我们将提出的方法纳入各种流行的3D检测器中，并观察到它们的性能显着提高到Waymo Open DataSet和Kitti数据集中的当前最新技术。

在鸟眼中学习强大的表现（BEV），以进行感知任务，这是趋势和吸引行业和学术界的广泛关注。大多数自动驾驶算法的常规方法在正面或透视视图中执行检测，细分，跟踪等。随着传感器配置变得越来越复杂，从不同的传感器中集成了多源信息，并在统一视图中代表功能至关重要。 BEV感知继承了几个优势，因为代表BEV中的周围场景是直观和融合友好的。对于BEV中的代表对象，对于随后的模块，如计划和/或控制是最可取的。 BEV感知的核心问题在于（a）如何通过从透视视图到BEV来通过视图转换来重建丢失的3D信息； （b）如何在BEV网格中获取地面真理注释； （c）如何制定管道以合并来自不同来源和视图的特征； （d）如何适应和概括算法作为传感器配置在不同情况下各不相同。在这项调查中，我们回顾了有关BEV感知的最新工作，并对不同解决方案进行了深入的分析。此外，还描述了该行业的BEV方法的几种系统设计。此外，我们推出了一套完整的实用指南，以提高BEV感知任务的性能，包括相机，激光雷达和融合输入。最后，我们指出了该领域的未来研究指示。我们希望该报告能阐明社区，并鼓励对BEV感知的更多研究。我们保留一个活跃的存储库来收集最新的工作，并在https://github.com/openperceptionx/bevperception-survey-recipe上提供一包技巧的工具箱。

How would you fairly evaluate two multi-object tracking algorithms (i.e. trackers), each one employing a different object detector? Detectors keep improving, thus trackers can make less effort to estimate object states over time. Is it then fair to compare a new tracker employing a new detector with another tracker using an old detector? In this paper, we propose a novel performance measure, named Tracking Effort Measure (TEM), to evaluate trackers that use different detectors. TEM estimates the improvement that the tracker does with respect to its input data (i.e. detections) at frame level (intra-frame complexity) and sequence level (inter-frame complexity). We evaluate TEM over well-known datasets, four trackers and eight detection sets. Results show that, unlike conventional tracking evaluation measures, TEM can quantify the effort done by the tracker with a reduced correlation on the input detections. Its implementation is publicly available online at https://github.com/vpulab/MOT-evaluation.

在自动驾驶汽车和移动机器人上使用的多光束liDAR传感器可获得3D范围扫描的序列（“帧”）。由于有限的角度扫描分辨率和阻塞，每个框架都稀疏地覆盖了场景。稀疏性限制了语义分割或表面重建等下游过程的性能。幸运的是，当传感器移动时，帧将从一系列不同的观点捕获。这提供了互补的信息，当积累在公共场景坐标框架中时，会产生更密集的采样和对基础3D场景的更完整覆盖。但是，扫描场景通常包含移动对象。这些对象上的点不能仅通过撤消扫描仪的自我运动来正确对齐。在本文中，我们将多帧点云积累作为3D扫描序列的中级表示，并开发了一种利用室外街道场景的感应偏见的方法，包括其几何布局和对象级刚性。与最新的场景流估计器相比，我们提出的方法旨在使所有3D点在共同的参考框架中对齐，以正确地积累各个对象上的点。我们的方法大大减少了几个基准数据集上的对齐错误。此外，累积的点云使诸如表面重建之类的高级任务受益。

Camera and lidar are important sensor modalities for robotics in general and self-driving cars in particular. The sensors provide complementary information offering an opportunity for tight sensor-fusion. Surprisingly, lidar-only methods outperform fusion methods on the main benchmark datasets, suggesting a gap in the literature. In this work, we propose PointPainting: a sequential fusion method to fill this gap. PointPainting works by projecting lidar points into the output of an image-only semantic segmentation network and appending the class scores to each point. The appended (painted) point cloud can then be fed to any lidaronly method. Experiments show large improvements on three different state-of-the art methods, Point-RCNN, Vox-elNet and PointPillars on the KITTI and nuScenes datasets. The painted version of PointRCNN represents a new state of the art on the KITTI leaderboard for the bird's-eye view detection task. In ablation, we study how the effects of Painting depends on the quality and format of the semantic segmentation output, and demonstrate how latency can be minimized through pipelining.

尽管收集了越来越多的数据集用于培训3D对象检测模型，但在LiDar扫描上注释3D盒仍然需要大量的人类努力。为了自动化注释并促进了各种自定义数据集的生产，我们提出了一个端到端的多模式变压器（MTRANS）自动标签器，该标签既利用LIDAR扫描和图像，以生成来自弱2D边界盒的精确的3D盒子注释。为了减轻阻碍现有自动标签者的普遍稀疏性问题，MTRAN通过基于2D图像信息生成新的3D点来致密稀疏点云。凭借多任务设计，MTRANS段段前景/背景片段，使LIDAR POINT CLUENS云密布，并同时回归3D框。实验结果验证了MTRAN对提高生成标签质量的有效性。通过丰富稀疏点云，我们的方法分别在Kitti中度和硬样品上获得了4.48 \％和4.03 \％更好的3D AP，而不是最先进的自动标签器。也可以扩展Mtrans以提高3D对象检测的准确性，从而在Kitti硬样品上产生了显着的89.45 \％AP。代码位于\ url {https://github.com/cliu2/mtrans}。

Panoptic现场了解和跟踪动态代理对于机器人和自动化车辆至关重要，以在城市环境中导航。由于LiDAR提供了方案的精确照明和几何描绘，使用LIDAR点云执行这些任务提供可靠的预测。然而，现有数据集缺乏城市场景类型的多样性，并且具有有限数量的动态对象实例，其阻碍了这些任务的学习以及开发方法的可信基准。在本文中，我们介绍了大规模的Panoptic Nuscenes基准数据集，它扩展了我们流行的NUSCENES DataSet，具有用于语义分割，Panoptic分段和Panoptic跟踪任务的Pock-Wise Trountruth annotations。为了便于比较，我们为我们提出的数据集提供了几个任务的强大基线。此外，我们分析了Panoptic跟踪的现有度量标准的缺点，并提出了一种解决问题的小说实例的Pat度量。我们提供详尽的实验，展示了Panoptic Nuscenes与现有数据集相比的效用，并在Nuscenes.org提供的在线评估服务器。我们认为，此扩展将加快新颖的现场了解动态城市环境的新方法研究。