值得信赖的人工智能(AI)已成为一个重要的话题,因为在AI系统及其创造者中的信任已经丢失。研究人员,公司和政府具有远离技术开发,部署和监督的边缘化群体的长期和痛苦的历史。结果,这些技术对小群体的有用甚至有害。我们争辩说,渴望信任的任何AI开发,部署和监测框架必须纳入女权主义,非剥削参与性设计原则和强大,外部和持续监测和测试。我们还向考虑到透明度,公平性和问责制的可靠性方面的重要性,特别是考虑对任何值得信赖的AI系统的核心价值观的正义和转移权力。创建值得信赖的AI通过资金,支持和赋予Grassroots组织,如AI Queer等基层组织开始,因此AI领域具有多样性和纳入可信和有效地发展的可信赖AI。我们利用AI的专家知识Queer通过其多年的工作和宣传来讨论以及如何以及如何在数据集和AI系统中使用如何以及如何在数据集和AI系统中使用以及沿着这些线路的危害。基于此,我们分享了对AI的性别方法,进一步提出了Queer认识论并分析它可以带来AI的好处。我们还讨论了如何在愿景中讨论如何使用此Queer认识论,提出与AI和性别多样性和隐私和酷儿数据保护相关的框架。
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教育技术,以及他们部署的学校教育系统,制定了特定的意识形态,了解有关知识的重要事项以及学习者应该如何学习。作为人工智能技术 - 在教育和超越 - 可能导致边缘社区的不公平结果,已经制定了各种方法来评估和减轻AI的有害影响。然而,我们争辩于本文认为,在AI模型中的性能差异的基础上评估公平的主导范式是面对教育AI系统(RE)生产的系统性不公平。我们在批判理论和黑色女权主义奖学金中汲取了结构性不公正的镜头,以批判性地审查了几个普遍研究的和广泛采用的教育AI类别,并探讨了他们如何融入和重现结构不公正和不公平的历史遗产和不公平的历史遗产。他们模型绩效的奇偶阶段。我们关闭了替代愿景,为教育ai提供更公平的未来。
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Xenophobia is one of the key drivers of marginalisation, discrimination, and conflict, yet many prominent machine learning (ML) fairness frameworks fail to comprehensively measure or mitigate the resulting xenophobic harms. Here we aim to bridge this conceptual gap and help facilitate safe and ethical design of artificial intelligence (AI) solutions. We ground our analysis of the impact of xenophobia by first identifying distinct types of xenophobic harms, and then applying this framework across a number of prominent AI application domains, reviewing the potential interplay between AI and xenophobia on social media and recommendation systems, healthcare, immigration, employment, as well as biases in large pre-trained models. These help inform our recommendations towards an inclusive, xenophilic design of future AI systems.
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机器学习显着增强了机器人的能力,使他们能够在人类环境中执行广泛的任务并适应我们不确定的现实世界。机器学习各个领域的最新作品强调了公平性的重要性,以确保这些算法不会再现人类的偏见并导致歧视性结果。随着机器人学习系统在我们的日常生活中越来越多地执行越来越多的任务,了解这种偏见的影响至关重要,以防止对某些人群的意外行为。在这项工作中,我们从跨学科的角度进行了关于机器人学习公平性的首次调查,该研究跨越了技术,道德和法律挑战。我们提出了偏见来源的分类法和由此产生的歧视类型。使用来自不同机器人学习域的示例,我们研究了不公平结果和减轻策略的场景。我们通过涵盖不同的公平定义,道德和法律考虑以及公平机器人学习的方法来介绍该领域的早期进步。通过这项工作,我们旨在为公平机器人学习中的开创性发展铺平道路。
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在过去的十年中,许多组织制作了旨在从规范意义上进行标准化的文件,并为我们最近和快速的AI开发促进指导。但是,除了一些荟萃分析和该领域的批判性评论外,尚未分析这些文档中提出的思想的全部内容和分歧。在这项工作中,我们试图扩展过去研究人员所做的工作,并创建一种工具,以更好地数据可视化这些文档的内容和性质。我们还提供了通过将工具应用于200个文档的样本量获得的结果的批判性分析。
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随着全球人口越来越多的人口驱动世界各地的快速城市化,有很大的需要蓄意审议值得生活的未来。特别是,随着现代智能城市拥抱越来越多的数据驱动的人工智能服务,值得记住技术可以促进繁荣,福祉,城市居住能力或社会正义,而是只有当它具有正确的模拟补充时(例如竭尽全力,成熟机构,负责任治理);这些智能城市的最终目标是促进和提高人类福利和社会繁荣。研究人员表明,各种技术商业模式和特征实际上可以有助于极端主义,极化,错误信息和互联网成瘾等社会问题。鉴于这些观察,解决了确保了诸如未来城市技术基岩的安全,安全和可解释性的哲学和道德问题,以为未来城市的技术基岩具有至关重要的。在全球范围内,有能够更加人性化和以人为本的技术。在本文中,我们分析和探索了在人以人为本的应用中成功部署AI的安全,鲁棒性,可解释性和道德(数据和算法)挑战的关键挑战,特别强调这些概念/挑战的融合。我们对这些关键挑战提供了对现有文献的详细审查,并分析了这些挑战中的一个可能导致他人的挑战方式或帮助解决其他挑战。本文还建议了这些域的当前限制,陷阱和未来研究方向,以及如何填补当前的空白并导致更好的解决方案。我们认为,这种严谨的分析将为域名的未来研究提供基准。
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We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.
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The optimal liability framework for AI systems remains an unsolved problem across the globe. In a much-anticipated move, the European Commission advanced two proposals outlining the European approach to AI liability in September 2022: a novel AI Liability Directive and a revision of the Product Liability Directive. They constitute the final, and much-anticipated, cornerstone of AI regulation in the EU. Crucially, the liability proposals and the EU AI Act are inherently intertwined: the latter does not contain any individual rights of affected persons, and the former lack specific, substantive rules on AI development and deployment. Taken together, these acts may well trigger a Brussels effect in AI regulation, with significant consequences for the US and other countries. This paper makes three novel contributions. First, it examines in detail the Commission proposals and shows that, while making steps in the right direction, they ultimately represent a half-hearted approach: if enacted as foreseen, AI liability in the EU will primarily rest on disclosure of evidence mechanisms and a set of narrowly defined presumptions concerning fault, defectiveness and causality. Hence, second, the article suggests amendments, which are collected in an Annex at the end of the paper. Third, based on an analysis of the key risks AI poses, the final part of the paper maps out a road for the future of AI liability and regulation, in the EU and beyond. This includes: a comprehensive framework for AI liability; provisions to support innovation; an extension to non-discrimination/algorithmic fairness, as well as explainable AI; and sustainability. I propose to jump-start sustainable AI regulation via sustainability impact assessments in the AI Act and sustainable design defects in the liability regime. In this way, the law may help spur not only fair AI and XAI, but potentially also sustainable AI (SAI).
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Several policy options exist, or have been proposed, to further responsible artificial intelligence (AI) development and deployment. Institutions, including U.S. government agencies, states, professional societies, and private and public sector businesses, are well positioned to implement these policies. However, given limited resources, not all policies can or should be equally prioritized. We define and review nine suggested policies for furthering responsible AI, rank each policy on potential use and impact, and recommend prioritization relative to each institution type. We find that pre-deployment audits and assessments and post-deployment accountability are likely to have the highest impact but also the highest barriers to adoption. We recommend that U.S. government agencies and companies highly prioritize development of pre-deployment audits and assessments, while the U.S. national legislature should highly prioritize post-deployment accountability. We suggest that U.S. government agencies and professional societies should highly prioritize policies that support responsible AI research and that states should highly prioritize support of responsible AI education. We propose that companies can highly prioritize involving community stakeholders in development efforts and supporting diversity in AI development. We advise lower levels of prioritization across institutions for AI ethics statements and databases of AI technologies or incidents. We recognize that no one policy will lead to responsible AI and instead advocate for strategic policy implementation across institutions.
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本文确定了数据驱动系统中的数据最小化和目的限制的两个核心数据保护原理。虽然当代数据处理实践似乎与这些原则的赔率达到差异,但我们证明系统可以在技术上使用的数据远远少于目前的数据。此观察是我们详细的技术法律分析的起点,揭示了妨碍了妨碍了实现的障碍,并举例说明了在实践中应用数据保护法的意外权衡。我们的分析旨在向辩论提供关于数据保护对欧盟人工智能发展的影响,为数据控制员,监管机构和研究人员提供实际行动点。
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2021年4月,欧洲委员会提出了对人工智能的规定,称为AI法案。我们概述了该法案,分析了其影响,借鉴了当代AI对过去四十年来欧盟产品安全制度的实践的研究。AI行为的各个方面,例如不同风险水平的不同规则,有意义。但我们还发现,AI法案草案的一些规定令人惊讶的法律影响,而其他人可能在达到其指定的目标方面可能在很大程度上无效。几个总体方面,包括执法制度和最大统一的风险抢先抢占合法的国家AI政策,提出重大关注。这些问题应作为立法过程中的优先考虑。
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负责任的AI被广泛认为是我们时代最大的科学挑战之一,也是释放AI市场并增加采用率的关键。为了应对负责任的AI挑战,最近已经发布了许多AI伦理原则框架,AI系统应该符合这些框架。但是,没有进一步的最佳实践指导,从业者除了真实性之外没有什么。同样,在算法级别而不是系统级的算法上进行了重大努力,主要集中于数学无关的道德原则(例如隐私和公平)的一部分。然而,道德问题在开发生命周期的任何步骤中都可能发生,从而超过AI算法和模型以外的系统的许多AI,非AI和数据组件。为了从系统的角度操作负责任的AI,在本文中,我们采用了一种面向模式的方法,并根据系统的多媒体文献综述(MLR)的结果提出了负责任的AI模式目录。与其呆在道德原则层面或算法层面上,我们专注于AI系统利益相关者可以在实践中采取的模式,以确保开发的AI系统在整个治理和工程生命周期中负责。负责的AI模式编目将模式分为三组:多层次治理模式,可信赖的过程模式和负责任的逐设计产品模式。这些模式为利益相关者实施负责任的AI提供了系统性和可行的指导。
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随着各种公开的AI伦理原则的共识,差距仍然可以随时采用设计和开发负责任的AI系统。我们研究了来自澳大利亚国家科学研究机构(CSIRO)的研究人员和工程师的实践和经验,他们参与设计和开发AI系统的一系列目的。半结构化访谈用于检查参与者的做法如何与澳大利亚政府提出的一套高级AI伦理原则涉及并对齐。原则包括:隐私保护和安全,可靠性和安全性,透明度和解释性,公平性,竞争性,责任,人以人为本的价值观和人类,社会与环境福祉。研究了研究人员和工程师的见解以及在原则的实际应用中为它们提供的挑战。最后,提供了一系列组织响应,以支持实施高级AI道德原则。
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Advocates of algorithmic techniques like data mining argue that these techniques eliminate human biases from the decision-making process. But an algorithm is only as good as the data it works with. Data is frequently imperfect in ways that allow these algorithms to inherit the prejudices of prior decision makers. In other cases, data may simply reflect the widespread biases that persist in society at large. In still others, data mining can discover surprisingly useful regularities that are really just preexisting patterns of exclusion and inequality. Unthinking reliance on data mining can deny historically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups full participation in society. Worse still, because the resulting discrimination is almost always an unintentional emergent property of the algorithm's use rather than a conscious choice by its programmers, it can be unusually hard to identify the source of the problem or to explain it to a court. This Essay examines these concerns through the lens of American antidiscrimination law-more particularly, through Title
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我们生活中情绪的重要性和普及性使得情感计算了一个非常重要和充满活力的工作。自动情感识别(AER)和情感分析的系统可以是巨大进展的促进者(例如,改善公共卫生和商业),而且还有巨大伤害的推动者(例如,用于抑制持不同政见者和操纵选民)。因此,情感计算社区必须积极地与其创作的道德后果搞。在本文中,我已经从AI伦理和情感认可文学中综合和组织信息,以提出与AER相关的五十个道德考虑因素。值得注意的是,纸张捏出了隐藏在如何框架的假设,并且在经常对数据,方法和评估的选择中的选择。特别关注在隐私和社会群体上的AER对AER的影响。沿途,关键建议是针对负责任的航空制作的。纸张的目标是促进和鼓励更加思考为什么自动化,如何自动化,以及如何在建立AER系统之前判断成功。此外,该纸张作为情感认可的有用介绍文件(补充调查文章)。
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Artificial intelligence is not only increasingly used in business and administration contexts, but a race for its regulation is also underway, with the EU spearheading the efforts. Contrary to existing literature, this article suggests, however, that the most far-reaching and effective EU rules for AI applications in the digital economy will not be contained in the proposed AI Act - but have just been enacted in the Digital Markets Act. We analyze the impact of the DMA and related EU acts on AI models and their underlying data across four key areas: disclosure requirements; the regulation of AI training data; access rules; and the regime for fair rankings. The paper demonstrates that fairness, in the sense of the DMA, goes beyond traditionally protected categories of non-discrimination law on which scholarship at the intersection of AI and law has so far largely focused on. Rather, we draw on competition law and the FRAND criteria known from intellectual property law to interpret and refine the DMA provisions on fair rankings. Moreover, we show how, based on CJEU jurisprudence, a coherent interpretation of the concept of non-discrimination in both traditional non-discrimination and competition law may be found. The final part sketches specific proposals for a comprehensive framework of transparency, access, and fairness under the DMA and beyond.
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残疾人在医疗保健,就业和政府政策等各个领域的各种复杂的决策过程中受到各种复杂的决策。这些环境通常已经不透明他们影响的人并缺乏充分的残疾观点代表,它迅速采用人工智能(AI)技术来用于数据分析以告知决策,从而增加因不当或不公平的算法而造成的伤害风险增加。本文介绍了一个通过残疾镜头进行严格检查AI数据分析技术的框架,并研究了AI技术设计师选择的残疾定义如何影响其对残疾分析对象的影响。我们考虑了三种残疾的概念模型:医学模型,社会模型和关系模型;并展示在每个模型下设计的AI技术如何差异很大,以至于与彼此不相容和矛盾。通过讨论有关医疗保健和政府残疾福利中AI分析的常见用例,我们说明了技术设计过程中的特定考虑因素和决策点,这些因素和决策点影响了这些环境中的电力动态和包容性,并有助于确定其对边缘化或支持的方向。我们提出的框架可以作为对AI技术的深入批判性检查的基础,并开发用于残疾相关的AI分析的设计实践。
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在进行研究,设计和系统开发时,HCI研究人员一直在将注意力从个人用户转移到社区。但是,我们的领域尚未建立对社区合并研究方法的挑战,利益和承诺的凝聚力,系统的理解。我们对47个计算研究论文进行了系统的综述和主题分析,讨论了与社区的参与性研究,以开发过去二十年来,以开发技术文物和系统。从这篇评论中,我们确定了与项目演变相关的七个主题:从建立社区伙伴关系到维持结果。我们的发现表明,这些项目的特征是几个紧张关系,其中许多与研究人员的力量和位置以及计算研究环境有关,相对于社区伙伴。我们讨论了我们的发现的含义,并提供方法论建议,以指导HCI,并更广泛地计算研究中心社区的实践。
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人工智能(AI)治理调节行使权威和控制AI的管理。它旨在通过有效利用数据并最大程度地减少与AI相关的成本和风险来利用AI。尽管AI治理和AI伦理等主题在理论,哲学,社会和监管层面上进行了详尽的讨论,但针对公司和公司的AI治理工作有限。这项工作将AI产品视为系统,在该系统中,通过机器学习(ML)模型(培训)数据传递关键功能。我们通过在AI和相关领域(例如ML)合成文献来得出一个概念框架。我们的框架将AI治理分解为数据的治理,(ML)模型和(AI)系统沿着四个维度。它与现有的IT和数据治理框架和实践有关。它可以由从业者和学者都采用。对于从业者来说,主要是研究论文的综合,但从业者的出版物和监管机构的出版物也为实施AI治理提供了宝贵的起点,而对于学者来说,该论文强调了许多AI治理领域,值得更多关注。
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如何将新兴和全面的技术(例如AI)整合到我们社会的结构和运营中是当代政治,科学和公众辩论的问题。它从不同学科中产生了大量的国际学术文献。本文分析了有关人工智能调节(AI)的学术辩论。该系统审查包括在2016年1月1日至2020年12月31日之间发表的73份同行评审期刊文章样本。分析集中于社会风险和危害,监管责任问题以及可能基于风险的政策框架在内和基于原则的方法。主要利益是拟议的监管方法和工具。提出了各种形式的干预措施,例如禁令,批准,标准设定和披露。对所包括论文的评估​​表明该领域的复杂性,这表明其早产和剩余的缺乏清晰度。通过对学术辩论进行结构性分析,我们在经验和概念上均可更好地理解AI和监管的联系以及基本规范性决策。科学建议与拟议的欧洲AI调节的比较说明了调节的特定方法,其优势和缺点。
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