本文提出了一种模型预测控制(MPC)静态跟踪静态和动态障碍物的算法。我们的主要贡献在于提高了潜在的非凸轨道优化的计算途径和可靠性。结果是MPC算法,在笔记本电脑和嵌入式硬件设备(如Jetson TX2)上运行实时运行。我们的方法依赖于在由此产生的轨迹优化中引起多凸结构的跟踪,碰撞和遮挡约束的新颖重新装配。我们利用拆分Bregman迭代技术利用这些数学结构,最终将我们的MPC减少到几毫秒内可解决的一系列凸二次程序。即使考虑到目标轨迹和动态障碍物的简单恒定速度预测,我们的快速重新计划允许在复杂环境中遮挡和无碰撞跟踪。我们在现实物理发动机中进行广泛的台面标记,并表明我们的MPC在可视性,平滑度和计算时度量中表现出最先进的算法。
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在粗糙的地形上的动态运动需要准确的脚部放置,避免碰撞以及系统的动态不足的计划。在存在不完美且常常不完整的感知信息的情况下,可靠地优化此类动作和互动是具有挑战性的。我们提出了一个完整的感知,计划和控制管道,可以实时优化机器人所有自由度的动作。为了减轻地形所带来的数值挑战,凸出不平等约束的顺序被提取为立足性可行性的局部近似值,并嵌入到在线模型预测控制器中。每个高程映射预先计算了步骤性分类,平面分割和签名的距离场,以最大程度地减少优化过程中的计算工作。多次射击,实时迭代和基于滤波器的线路搜索的组合用于可靠地以高速率解决该法式问题。我们在模拟中的间隙,斜率和踏上石头的情况下验证了所提出的方法,并在Anymal四倍的平台上进行实验,从而实现了最新的动态攀登。
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Autonomous driving has a natural bi-level structure. The goal of the upper behavioural layer is to provide appropriate lane change, speeding up, and braking decisions to optimize a given driving task. However, this layer can only indirectly influence the driving efficiency through the lower-level trajectory planner, which takes in the behavioural inputs to produce motion commands. Existing sampling-based approaches do not fully exploit the strong coupling between the behavioural and planning layer. On the other hand, end-to-end Reinforcement Learning (RL) can learn a behavioural layer while incorporating feedback from the lower-level planner. However, purely data-driven approaches often fail in safety metrics in unseen environments. This paper presents a novel alternative; a parameterized bi-level optimization that jointly computes the optimal behavioural decisions and the resulting downstream trajectory. Our approach runs in real-time using a custom GPU-accelerated batch optimizer, and a Conditional Variational Autoencoder learnt warm-start strategy. Extensive simulations show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art model predictive control and RL approaches in terms of collision rate while being competitive in driving efficiency.
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由于机器人动力学中的固有非线性,腿部机器人全身动作的在线计划具有挑战性。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个非线性MPC框架,该框架可以通过有效利用机器人动力学结构来在线生成全身轨迹。Biconmp用于在真正的四倍机器人上生成各种环状步态,其性能在不同的地形上进行了评估,对抗不同步态之间的不可预见的推动力并在线过渡。此外,提出了双孔在机器人上产生非平凡无环的全身动态运动的能力。同样的方法也被用来在人体机器人(TALOS)上产生MPC的各种动态运动,并在模拟中产生另一个四倍的机器人(Anymal)。最后,报告并讨论了对计划范围和频率对非线性MPC框架的影响的广泛经验分析。
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Motion planning is challenging for autonomous systems in multi-obstacle environments due to nonconvex collision avoidance constraints. Directly applying numerical solvers to these nonconvex formulations fails to exploit the constraint structures, resulting in excessive computation time. In this paper, we present an accelerated collision-free motion planner, namely regularized dual alternating direction method of multipliers (RDADMM or RDA for short), for the model predictive control (MPC) based motion planning problem. The proposed RDA addresses nonconvex motion planning via solving a smooth biconvex reformulation via duality and allows the collision avoidance constraints to be computed in parallel for each obstacle to reduce computation time significantly. We validate the performance of the RDA planner through path-tracking experiments with car-like robots in simulation and real world setting. Experimental results show that the proposed methods can generate smooth collision-free trajectories with less computation time compared with other benchmarks and perform robustly in cluttered environments.
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室内运动计划的重点是解决通过混乱环境导航代理的问题。迄今为止,在该领域已经完成了很多工作,但是这些方法通常无法找到计算廉价的在线路径计划和路径最佳之间的最佳平衡。除此之外,这些作品通常证明是单一启动单目标世界的最佳性。为了应对这些挑战,我们为在未知室内环境中进行导航的多个路径路径计划者和控制器堆栈,在该环境中,路点将目标与机器人必须在达到目标之前必须穿越的中介点一起。我们的方法利用全球规划师(在任何瞬间找到下一个最佳航路点),本地规划师(计划通往特定航路点的路径)以及自适应模型预测性控制策略(用于强大的系统控制和更快的操作) 。我们在一组随机生成的障碍图,中间航路点和起始目标对上评估了算法,结果表明计算成本显着降低,具有高度准确性和可靠的控制。
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通常,地形几何形状是非平滑的,非线性的,非凸的,如果通过以机器人为中心的视觉单元感知,则似乎部分被遮住且嘈杂。这项工作介绍了能够实时处理上述问题的完整控制管道。我们制定了一个轨迹优化问题,该问题可以在基本姿势和立足点上共同优化,但要遵守高度图。为了避免收敛到不良的本地Optima,我们部署了逐步的优化技术。我们嵌入了一个紧凑的接触式自由稳定性标准,该标准与非平板地面公式兼容。直接搭配用作转录方法,导致一个非线性优化问题,可以在少于十毫秒内在线解决。为了在存在外部干扰的情况下增加鲁棒性,我们用动量观察者关闭跟踪环。我们的实验证明了爬楼梯,踏上垫脚石上的楼梯,并利用各种动态步态在缝隙上。
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通常,可以将最佳运动计划作为本地和全球执行。在这样的计划中,支持本地或全球计划技术的选择主要取决于环境条件是动态的还是静态的。因此,最适当的选择是与全球计划一起使用本地计划或本地计划。当设计最佳运动计划是本地或全球的时,要记住的关键指标是执行时间,渐近最优性,对动态障碍的快速反应。与其他方法相比,这种计划方法可以更有效地解决上述目标指标,例如路径计划,然后进行平滑。因此,这项研究的最重要目标是分析相关文献,以了解运动计划,特别轨迹计划,问题,当应用于实时生成最佳轨迹的多局部航空车(MAV),影响力(MAV)时如何提出问题。列出的指标。作为研究的结果,轨迹计划问题被分解为一组子问题,详细列出了解决每个问题的方法列表。随后,总结了2010年至2022年最突出的结果,并以时间表的形式呈现。
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Designing a local planner to control tractor-trailer vehicles in forward and backward maneuvering is a challenging control problem in the research community of autonomous driving systems. Considering a critical situation in the stability of tractor-trailer systems, a practical and novel approach is presented to design a non-linear MPC(NMPC) local planner for tractor-trailer autonomous vehicles in both forward and backward maneuvering. The tractor velocity and steering angle are considered to be control variables. The proposed NMPC local planner is designed to handle jackknife situations, avoiding multiple static obstacles, and path following in both forward and backward maneuvering. The challenges mentioned above are converted into a constrained problem that can be handled simultaneously by the proposed NMPC local planner. The direct multiple shooting approach is used to convert the optimal control problem(OCP) into a non-linear programming problem(NLP) that IPOPT solvers can solve in CasADi. The controller performance is evaluated through different backup and forward maneuvering scenarios in the Gazebo simulation environment in real-time. It achieves asymptotic stability in avoiding static obstacles and accurate tracking performance while respecting path constraints. Finally, the proposed NMPC local planner is integrated with an open-source autonomous driving software stack called AutowareAi.
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在本文中,我们提出了一种反应性约束导航方案,并避免了无人驾驶汽车(UAV)的嵌入式障碍物,以便在障碍物密集的环境中实现导航。拟议的导航体系结构基于非线性模型预测控制(NMPC),并利用板载2D激光雷达来检测障碍物并在线转换环境的关键几何信息为NMPC的参数约束,以限制可用位置空间的可用位置空间无人机。本文还重点介绍了所提出的反应导航方案的现实实施和实验验证,并将其应用于多个具有挑战性的实验室实验中,我们还与相关的反应性障碍物避免方法进行了比较。提出的方法中使用的求解器是优化引擎(开放)和近端平均牛顿进行最佳控制(PANOC)算法,其中采用了惩罚方法来正确考虑导航任务期间的障碍和输入约束。拟议的新颖方案允许快速解决方案,同时使用有限的车载计算能力,这是无人机的整体闭环性能的必需功能,并在多个实时场景中应用。内置障碍物避免和实时适用性的结合使所提出的反应性约束导航方案成为无人机的优雅框架,能够执行快速的非线性控制,本地路径计划和避免障碍物,所有框架都嵌入了控制层中。
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在自主驾驶的背景下,已知迭代线性二次调节器(ILQR)是在运动计划问题中处理非线性车辆模型的有效方法。特别是,受约束的ILQR算法在不同类型的一般限制下实现运动计划任务方面表现出了值得注意的计算效率结果。但是,受约束的ILQR方法需要在使用对数屏障函数时在第一次迭代时作为先决条件进行可行的轨迹。同样,该方法为纳入快速,高效和有效的优化方法开辟了可能性,以进一步加快优化过程,从而可以成功地满足实时实施的要求。在本文中,定义明确的运动计划问题是在非线性车辆动力学和各种约束下提出的,并利用了乘数的交替方向方法来确定利用ILQR的最佳控制动作。该方法能够在第一次迭代时规避轨迹的可行性要求。然后研究了自动驾驶汽车运动计划的说明性示例。拟议的开发实现了高度计算效率的值得注意的成就。与基于对数屏障函数的约束ILQR算法进行比较,我们提出的方法在三种驾驶场景中,平均计算时间降低了31.93%,38.52%和44.57%;与优化求解器IPOPT相比,我们提出的方法将平均计算时间降低了46.02%,53.26%和88.43%。结果,可以通过我们提出的框架实现实时计算和实施,因此它为公路驾驶任务提供了额外的安全性。
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在腿的运动中重新规划对于追踪所需的用户速度,在适应地形并拒绝外部干扰的同时至关重要。在这项工作中,我们提出并测试了实验中的实时非线性模型预测控制(NMPC),用于腿部机器人,以实现各种地形上的动态运动。我们引入了一种基于移动性的标准来定义NMPC成本,增强了二次机器人的运动,同时最大化腿部移动性并提高对地形特征的适应。我们的NMPC基于实时迭代方案,使我们能够以25美元的价格重新计划在线,\ Mathrm {Hz} $ 2 $ 2 $ 2美元的预测地平线。我们使用在质量框架中心中定义的单个刚体动态模型,以提高计算效率。在仿真中,测试NMPC以横穿一组不同尺寸的托盘,走进V形烟囱,并在崎岖的地形上招揽。在真实实验中,我们展示了我们的NMPC与移动功能的有效性,使IIT为87美元\,\ Mathrm {kg} $四分之一的机器人HIQ,以实现平坦地形上的全方位步行,横穿静态托盘,并适应在散步期间重新定位托盘。
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We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g.
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本文着重于影响弹性的移动机器人的碰撞运动计划和控制的新兴范式转移,并开发了一个统一的层次结构框架,用于在未知和部分观察的杂物空间中导航。在较低级别上,我们开发了一种变形恢复控制和轨迹重新启动策略,该策略处理可能在本地运行时发生的碰撞。低级系统会积极检测碰撞(通过内部内置的移动机器人上的嵌入式霍尔效应传感器),使机器人能够从其内部恢复,并在本地调整后影响后的轨迹。然后,在高层,我们提出了一种基于搜索的计划算法,以确定如何最好地利用潜在的碰撞来改善某些指标,例如控制能量和计算时间。我们的方法建立在A*带有跳跃点的基础上。我们生成了一种新颖的启发式功能,并进行了碰撞检查和调整技术,从而使A*算法通过利用和利用可能的碰撞来更快地收敛到达目标。通过将全局A*算法和局部变形恢复和重新融合策略以及该框架的各个组件相结合而生成的整体分层框架在模拟和实验中都经过了广泛的测试。一项消融研究借鉴了与基于搜索的最先进的避免碰撞计划者(用于整体框架)的链接,以及基于搜索的避免碰撞和基于采样的碰撞 - 碰撞 - 全球规划师(对于更高的较高的碰撞 - 等级)。结果证明了我们的方法在未知环境中具有碰撞的运动计划和控制的功效,在2D中运行的一类撞击弹性机器人具有孤立的障碍物。
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Despite recent progress on trajectory planning of multiple robots and path planning of a single tethered robot, planning of multiple tethered robots to reach their individual targets without entanglements remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a complete approach to address this problem. Firstly, we propose a multi-robot tether-aware representation of homotopy, using which we can efficiently evaluate the feasibility and safety of a potential path in terms of (1) the cable length required to reach a target following the path, and (2) the risk of entanglements with the cables of other robots. Then, the proposed representation is applied in a decentralized and online planning framework that includes a graph-based kinodynamic trajectory finder and an optimization-based trajectory refinement, to generate entanglement-free, collision-free and dynamically feasible trajectories. The efficiency of the proposed homotopy representation is compared against existing single and multiple tethered robot planning approaches. Simulations with up to 8 UAVs show the effectiveness of the approach in entanglement prevention and its real-time capabilities. Flight experiments using 3 tethered UAVs verify the practicality of the presented approach.
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作为自动驾驶系统的核心部分,运动计划已受到学术界和行业的广泛关注。但是,由于非体力学动力学,尤其是在存在非结构化的环境和动态障碍的情况下,没有能够有效的轨迹计划解决方案能够为空间周期关节优化。为了弥合差距,我们提出了一种多功能和实时轨迹优化方法,该方法可以在任意约束下使用完整的车辆模型生成高质量的可行轨迹。通过利用类似汽车的机器人的差异平坦性能,我们使用平坦的输出来分析所有可行性约束,以简化轨迹计划问题。此外,通过全尺寸多边形实现避免障碍物,以产生较少的保守轨迹,并具有安全保证,尤其是在紧密约束的空间中。我们通过最先进的方法介绍了全面的基准测试,这证明了所提出的方法在效率和轨迹质量方面的重要性。现实世界实验验证了我们算法的实用性。我们将发布我们的代码作为开源软件包,目的是参考研究社区。
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我们为非全面移动机器人设计了MPC方法,并在分析上表明,随着时间的变化,线性化的系统可以在跟踪任务中的来源周围产生渐近稳定性。为了避免障碍物,我们提出了速度空间中的约束,该约束根据当前状态明确耦合两个控件输入。
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我们向连续状态马尔可夫决策过程(MDP)提出了一种扩散近似方法,该方法可用于解决非结构化的越野环境中的自主导航和控制。与呈现完全已知的状态转换模型的大多数决策定理计划框架相比,我们设计了一种方法,该方法消除了这种强烈假设,这些假设通常非常难以在现实中工程师。我们首先采用价值函数的二阶泰勒扩展。然后通过部分微分方程近似贝尔曼的最优性方程,其仅依赖于转换模型的第一和第二矩。通过组合价值函数的内核表示,然后设计一种有效的策略迭代算法,其策略评估步骤可以表示为特征的方程式的线性系统,其特征是由有限组支持状态。我们首先通过大量的仿真以2D美元的$ 2D $避让和2.5d $地形导航问题进行验证。结果表明,拟议的方法在几个基线上导致了卓越的性能。然后,我们开发一个系统,该系统将我们的决策框架整合,与船上感知,并在杂乱的室内和非结构化的户外环境中进行现实世界的实验。物理系统的结果进一步展示了我们在挑战现实世界环境中的方法的适用性。
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在本文中,我们在局部不同的牵引条件下解决了处理限制的运动规划和控制问题。我们提出了一种新的解决方案方法,其中通过源自预测摩擦估计来表示预测地平线上的牵引变化。在后退地平线时装解决了约束的有限时间最佳控制问题,施加了这些时变的约束。此外,我们的方法具有集成的采样增强程序,该过程解决了对突然约束改变而产生的局部最小值的不可行性和敏感性的问题,例如,由于突然的摩擦变化。我们在一系列临界情景中验证了沃尔沃FH16重型车辆的提议算法。实验结果表明,通过确保计划运动的动态可行性,通过确保高牵引利用时,牵引自适应运动规划和控制改善了避免事故的车辆的能力,既通过适应低局部牵引。
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Force modulation of robotic manipulators has been extensively studied for several decades. However, it is not yet commonly used in safety-critical applications due to a lack of accurate interaction contact modeling and weak performance guarantees - a large proportion of them concerning the modulation of interaction forces. This study presents a high-level framework for simultaneous trajectory optimization and force control of the interaction between a manipulator and soft environments, which is prone to external disturbances. Sliding friction and normal contact force are taken into account. The dynamics of the soft contact model and the manipulator are simultaneously incorporated in a trajectory optimizer to generate desired motion and force profiles. A constrained optimization framework based on Alternative Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) has been employed to efficiently generate real-time optimal control inputs and high-dimensional state trajectories in a Model Predictive Control fashion. Experimental validation of the model performance is conducted on a soft substrate with known material properties using a Cartesian space force control mode. Results show a comparison of ground truth and real-time model-based contact force and motion tracking for multiple Cartesian motions in the valid range of the friction model. It is shown that a contact model-based motion planner can compensate for frictional forces and motion disturbances and improve the overall motion and force tracking accuracy. The proposed high-level planner has the potential to facilitate the automation of medical tasks involving the manipulation of compliant, delicate, and deformable tissues.
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