量子计算有望加快科学和工程中的一些最具挑战性问题。已经提出了量子算法,显示了从化学到物流优化的应用中的理论优势。科学和工程中出现的许多问题可以作为一组微分方程重写。用于求解微分方程的量子算法已经示出了容错量计算制度中的可提供的优势,其中深宽的量子电路可用于求解局部微分方程(PDES)的大型线性系统。最近,提出了求解非线性PDE的变分方法也具有近术语量子器件。最有前途的一般方法之一是基于近期科学机器学习领域的发展来解决PDE。我们将近期量子计算机的适用性扩展到更一般的科学机器学习任务,包括从测量数据集发现微分方程。我们使用可分辨率量子电路(DQC)来解决由操作员库参数化的等式,并在数据和方程的组合上执行回归。我们的结果显示了普通模型发现(QMOD)的有希望的路径,在经典和量子机器学习方法之间的界面上。我们在不同系统上展示了成功的参数推断和方程发现,包括二阶,常微分方程和非线性部分微分方程。
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Harmonic functions are abundant in nature, appearing in limiting cases of Maxwell's, Navier-Stokes equations, the heat and the wave equation. Consequently, there are many applications of harmonic functions, spanning applications from industrial process optimisation to robotic path planning and the calculation of first exit times of random walks. Despite their ubiquity and relevance, there have been few attempts to develop effective means of representing harmonic functions in the context of machine learning architectures, either in machine learning on classical computers, or in the nascent field of quantum machine learning. Architectures which impose or encourage an inductive bias towards harmonic functions would facilitate data-driven modelling and the solution of inverse problems in a range of applications. For classical neural networks, it has already been established how leveraging inductive biases can in general lead to improved performance of learning algorithms. The introduction of such inductive biases within a quantum machine learning setting is instead still in its nascent stages. In this work, we derive exactly-harmonic (conventional- and quantum-) neural networks in two dimensions for simply-connected domains by leveraging the characteristics of holomorphic complex functions. We then demonstrate how these can be approximately extended to multiply-connected two-dimensional domains using techniques inspired by domain decomposition in physics-informed neural networks. We further provide architectures and training protocols to effectively impose approximately harmonic constraints in three dimensions and higher, and as a corollary we report divergence-free network architectures in arbitrary dimensions. Our approaches are demonstrated with applications to heat transfer, electrostatics and robot navigation, with comparisons to physics-informed neural networks included.
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在工程和科学方面的许多计算问题中,功能或模型差异化是必不可少的,但还需要集成。一类重要的计算问题包括所谓的内形差异方程,包括函数的积分和衍生物。在另一个示例中,随机微分方程可以用随机变量的概率密度函数的部分微分方程编写。要根据密度函数学习随机变量的特征,需要计算特定的积分变换,即密度函数的特定矩。最近,物理知识神经网络的机器学习范式以越来越多的流行度作为一种通过利用自动分化来求解微分方程的方法。在这项工作中,我们建议通过自动集成来扩大物理知识的神经网络的范式,以计算训练有素的解决方案上的复杂积分转换,并求解在训练过程中在训练过程中计算积分的整数差异方程。此外,我们在各种应用程序设置中展示了这些技术,从数值模拟了基于量子计算机的神经网络以及经典的神经网络。
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FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.
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Given ample experimental data from a system governed by differential equations, it is possible to use deep learning techniques to construct the underlying differential operators. In this work we perform symbolic discovery of differential operators in a situation where there is sparse experimental data. This small data regime in machine learning can be made tractable by providing our algorithms with prior information about the underlying dynamics. Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have been very successful in this regime (reconstructing entire ODE solutions using only a single point or entire PDE solutions with very few measurements of the initial condition). We modify the PINN approach by adding a neural network that learns a representation of unknown hidden terms in the differential equation. The algorithm yields both a surrogate solution to the differential equation and a black-box representation of the hidden terms. These hidden term neural networks can then be converted into symbolic equations using symbolic regression techniques like AI Feynman. In order to achieve convergence of these neural networks, we provide our algorithms with (noisy) measurements of both the initial condition as well as (synthetic) experimental data obtained at later times. We demonstrate strong performance of this approach even when provided with very few measurements of noisy data in both the ODE and PDE regime.
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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Despite great progress in simulating multiphysics problems using the numerical discretization of partial differential equations (PDEs), one still cannot seamlessly incorporate noisy data into existing algorithms, mesh generation remains complex, and high-dimensional problems governed by parameterized PDEs cannot be tackled. Moreover, solving inverse problems with hidden physics is often prohibitively expensive and requires different formulations and elaborate computer codes. Machine learning has emerged as a promising alternative, but training deep neural networks requires big data, not always available for scientific problems. Instead, such networks can be trained from additional information obtained by enforcing the physical laws (for example, at random points in the continuous space-time domain). Such physics-informed learning integrates (noisy) data and mathematical models, and implements them through neural networks or other kernel-based regression networks. Moreover, it may be possible to design specialized network architectures that automatically satisfy some of the physical invariants for better accuracy, faster training and improved generalization. Here, we review some of the prevailing trends in embedding physics into machine learning, present some of the current capabilities and limitations and discuss diverse applications of physics-informed learning both for forward and inverse problems, including discovering hidden physics and tackling high-dimensional problems.
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近年来,机器学习的巨大进步已经开始对许多科学和技术的许多领域产生重大影响。在本文的文章中,我们探讨了量子技术如何从这项革命中受益。我们在说明性示例中展示了过去几年的科学家如何开始使用机器学习和更广泛的人工智能方法来分析量子测量,估计量子设备的参数,发现新的量子实验设置,协议和反馈策略,以及反馈策略,以及通常改善量子计算,量子通信和量子模拟的各个方面。我们重点介绍了公开挑战和未来的可能性,并在未来十年的一些投机愿景下得出结论。
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在科学的背景下,众所周知的格言“一张图片胜过千言万语”可能是“一个型号胜过一千个数据集”。在本手稿中,我们将Sciml软件生态系统介绍作为混合物理法律和科学模型的信息,并使用数据驱动的机器学习方法。我们描述了一个数学对象,我们表示通用微分方程(UDE),作为连接生态系统的统一框架。我们展示了各种各样的应用程序,从自动发现解决高维汉密尔顿 - Jacobi-Bellman方程的生物机制,可以通过UDE形式主义和工具进行措辞和有效地处理。我们展示了软件工具的一般性,以处理随机性,延迟和隐式约束。这使得各种SCIML应用程序变为核心训练机构的核心集,这些训练机构高度优化,稳定硬化方程,并与分布式并行性和GPU加速器兼容。
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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动态系统参见在物理,生物学,化学等自然科学中广泛使用,以及电路分析,计算流体动力学和控制等工程学科。对于简单的系统,可以通过应用基本物理法来导出管理动态的微分方程。然而,对于更复杂的系统,这种方法变得非常困难。数据驱动建模是一种替代范式,可以使用真实系统的观察来了解系统的动态的近似值。近年来,对数据驱动的建模技术的兴趣增加,特别是神经网络已被证明提供了解决广泛任务的有效框架。本文提供了使用神经网络构建动态系统模型的不同方式的调查。除了基础概述外,我们还审查了相关的文献,概述了这些建模范式必须克服的数值模拟中最重要的挑战。根据审查的文献和确定的挑战,我们提供了关于有前途的研究领域的讨论。
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PDE发现显示了揭示复杂物理系统的预测模型,但在测量稀疏和嘈杂时难以困难。我们介绍了一种新方法,用于PDE发现,它使用两个合理的神经网络和原始的稀疏回归算法来识别管理系统响应的隐藏动态。第一网络了解系统响应函数,而第二个网络了解一个驱动系统演进的隐藏PDE。然后,我们使用无参数稀疏回归算法从第二网络中提取隐藏PDE的人类可读形式。我们在名为PDE-读取的开源库中实现了我们的方法。我们的方法成功地识别了热,汉堡和KorteDeg-de Vries方程,具有显着的一致性。我们表明,我们的方法对稀疏性和噪音都是前所未有的强大,因此适用于现实世界的观察数据。
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Hybrid quantum-classical systems make it possible to utilize existing quantum computers to their fullest extent. Within this framework, parameterized quantum circuits can be regarded as machine learning models with remarkable expressive power. This Review presents the components of these models and discusses their application to a variety of data-driven tasks, such as supervised learning and generative modeling. With an increasing number of experimental demonstrations carried out on actual quantum hardware and with software being actively developed, this rapidly growing field is poised to have a broad spectrum of real-world applications.
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In this paper, we introduce PDE-LEARN, a novel PDE discovery algorithm that can identify governing partial differential equations (PDEs) directly from noisy, limited measurements of a physical system of interest. PDE-LEARN uses a Rational Neural Network, $U$, to approximate the system response function and a sparse, trainable vector, $\xi$, to characterize the hidden PDE that the system response function satisfies. Our approach couples the training of $U$ and $\xi$ using a loss function that (1) makes $U$ approximate the system response function, (2) encapsulates the fact that $U$ satisfies a hidden PDE that $\xi$ characterizes, and (3) promotes sparsity in $\xi$ using ideas from iteratively reweighted least-squares. Further, PDE-LEARN can simultaneously learn from several data sets, allowing it to incorporate results from multiple experiments. This approach yields a robust algorithm to discover PDEs directly from realistic scientific data. We demonstrate the efficacy of PDE-LEARN by identifying several PDEs from noisy and limited measurements.
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深度学习方法的应用加快了挑战性电流问题的分辨率,最近显示出令人鼓舞的结果。但是,电力系统动力学不是快照,稳态操作。必须考虑这些动力学,以确保这些模型提供的最佳解决方案遵守实用的动力约束,避免频率波动和网格不稳定性。不幸的是,由于其高计算成本,基于普通或部分微分方程的动态系统模型通常不适合在控制或状态估计中直接应用。为了应对这些挑战,本文介绍了一种机器学习方法,以近乎实时近似电力系统动态的行为。该拟议的框架基于梯度增强的物理知识的神经网络(GPINNS),并编码有关电源系统的基本物理定律。拟议的GPINN的关键特征是它的训练能力而无需生成昂贵的培训数据。该论文说明了在单机无限总线系统中提出的方法在预测转子角度和频率的前进和反向问题中的潜力,以及不确定的参数,例如惯性和阻尼,以展示其在一系列电力系统应用中的潜力。
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我们制定了一类由物理驱动的深层变量模型(PDDLVM),以学习参数偏微分方程(PDES)的参数到解决方案(正向)和解决方案到参数(逆)图。我们的公式利用有限元方法(FEM),深神经网络和概率建模来组装一个深层概率框架,在该框架中,向前和逆图通过连贯的不确定性量化近似。我们的概率模型明确合并了基于参数PDE的密度和可训练的解决方案到参数网络,而引入的摊销变异家庭假定参数到解决方案网络,所有这些网络均经过联合培训。此外,所提出的方法不需要任何昂贵的PDE解决方案,并且仅在训练时间内对物理信息进行了信息,该方法允许PDE的实时仿真和培训后的逆问题解决方案的产生,绕开了对FEM操作的需求,以相当的准确性,以便于FEM解决方案。提出的框架进一步允许无缝集成观察到的数据,以解决反问题和构建生成模型。我们证明了方法对非线性泊松问题,具有复杂3D几何形状的弹性壳以及整合通用物理信息信息的神经网络(PINN)体系结构的有效性。与传统的FEM求解器相比,训练后,我们最多达到了三个数量级的速度,同时输出连贯的不确定性估计值。
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这本数字本书包含在物理模拟的背景下与深度学习相关的一切实际和全面的一切。尽可能多,所有主题都带有Jupyter笔记本的形式的动手代码示例,以便快速入门。除了标准的受监督学习的数据中,我们将看看物理丢失约束,更紧密耦合的学习算法,具有可微分的模拟,以及加强学习和不确定性建模。我们生活在令人兴奋的时期:这些方法具有从根本上改变计算机模拟可以实现的巨大潜力。
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在许多学科中,动态系统的数据信息预测模型的开发引起了广泛的兴趣。我们提出了一个统一的框架,用于混合机械和机器学习方法,以从嘈杂和部分观察到的数据中识别动态系统。我们将纯数据驱动的学习与混合模型进行比较,这些学习结合了不完善的域知识。我们的公式与所选的机器学习模型不可知,在连续和离散的时间设置中都呈现,并且与表现出很大的内存和错误的模型误差兼容。首先,我们从学习理论的角度研究无内存线性(W.R.T.参数依赖性)模型误差,从而定义了过多的风险和概括误差。对于沿阵行的连续时间系统,我们证明,多余的风险和泛化误差都通过与T的正方形介于T的术语(指定训练数据的时间间隔)的术语界定。其次,我们研究了通过记忆建模而受益的方案,证明了两类连续时间复发性神经网络(RNN)的通用近似定理:两者都可以学习与内存有关的模型误差。此外,我们将一类RNN连接到储层计算,从而将学习依赖性错误的学习与使用随机特征在Banach空间之间进行监督学习的最新工作联系起来。给出了数值结果(Lorenz '63,Lorenz '96多尺度系统),以比较纯粹的数据驱动和混合方法,发现混合方法较少,渴望数据较少,并且更有效。最后,我们从数值上证明了如何利用数据同化来从嘈杂,部分观察到的数据中学习隐藏的动态,并说明了通过这种方法和培训此类模型来表示记忆的挑战。
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封闭形式的微分方程,包括部分微分方程和高阶普通微分方程,是科学家用来建模和更好地理解自然现象的最重要工具之一。直接从数据中发现这些方程是具有挑战性的,因为它需要在数据中未观察到的各种衍生物之间建模关系(\ textit {equation-data不匹配}),并且涉及在可能的方程式的巨大空间中搜索。当前的方法对方程式的形式做出了强烈的假设,因此未能发现许多知名系统。此外,其中许多通过估计衍生物来解决方程数据不匹配,这使得它们不足以噪音且不经常采样系统。为此,我们提出了D-Cipher,这对测量工件非常健壮,可以发现新的且非常通用的微分方程类别。我们进一步设计了一种新颖的优化程序Collie,以帮助D-Cipher搜索该课程。最后,我们从经验上证明,它可以发现许多众所周知的方程,这些方程超出了当前方法的功能。
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机器学习方法最近在求解部分微分方程(PDE)中的承诺。它们可以分为两种广泛类别:近似解决方案功能并学习解决方案操作员。物理知识的神经网络(PINN)是前者的示例,而傅里叶神经操作员(FNO)是后者的示例。这两种方法都有缺点。 Pinn的优化是具有挑战性,易于发生故障,尤其是在多尺度动态系统上。 FNO不会遭受这种优化问题,因为它在给定的数据集上执行了监督学习,但获取此类数据可能太昂贵或无法使用。在这项工作中,我们提出了物理知识的神经运营商(Pino),在那里我们结合了操作学习和功能优化框架。这种综合方法可以提高PINN和FNO模型的收敛速度和准确性。在操作员学习阶段,Pino在参数PDE系列的多个实例上学习解决方案操作员。在测试时间优化阶段,Pino优化预先训练的操作员ANSATZ,用于PDE的查询实例。实验显示Pino优于许多流行的PDE家族的先前ML方法,同时保留与求解器相比FNO的非凡速度。特别是,Pino准确地解决了挑战的长时间瞬态流量,而其他基线ML方法无法收敛的Kolmogorov流程。
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