植物点云的分割以获得高精度的形态特征对于植物表型和作物育种至关重要。尽管深度学习方法的绽放促进了对植物点云的分割的大量研究,但大多数作品遵循基于硬素化或基于下采样的方法的共同实践。它们仅限于细分简单的植物器官,忽略了解决具有高空间分辨率的复杂植物点云的困难。在这项研究中,我们提出了一个深度学习网络分割变压器(PST),以实现MLS(移动激光扫描)油料种子强奸点云的语义和实例分割,该强奸点云将其特征在于微小的硅酸盐和致密点作为主要特征。 PST由:(i)一个动态体素特征编码器(DVFE),可通过原始空间分辨率进行每个点特征聚集; (ii)双窗口设置注意力块以捕获上下文信息; (iii)一个密集的特征传播模块,以获得最终的致密点特征图。结果证明,PST和PST-PointGroup(PG)在语义和实例分段任务中实现了最新性能。对于语义细分,PST分别达到93.96%,97.29%,96.52%,96.88%和97.07%的平均值,平均精度,平均召回率,平均F1得分和整体准确性。例如,在MCOV,MWCOV,MPERC90和MREC90中,分割的PST-PG分别达到89.51%,89.85%,88.83%和82.53%。这项研究以端到端的方式扩展了油料强奸的表型,并证明了深度学习方法具有巨大的潜力,可以理解具有复杂形态特征的密集植物点云。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Reliable and automated 3D plant shoot segmentation is a core prerequisite for the extraction of plant phenotypic traits at the organ level. Combining deep learning and point clouds can provide effective ways to address the challenge. However, fully supervised deep learning methods require datasets to be point-wise annotated, which is extremely expensive and time-consuming. In our work, we proposed a novel weakly supervised framework, Eff-3DPSeg, for 3D plant shoot segmentation. First, high-resolution point clouds of soybean were reconstructed using a low-cost photogrammetry system, and the Meshlab-based Plant Annotator was developed for plant point cloud annotation. Second, a weakly-supervised deep learning method was proposed for plant organ segmentation. The method contained: (1) Pretraining a self-supervised network using Viewpoint Bottleneck loss to learn meaningful intrinsic structure representation from the raw point clouds; (2) Fine-tuning the pre-trained model with about only 0.5% points being annotated to implement plant organ segmentation. After, three phenotypic traits (stem diameter, leaf width, and leaf length) were extracted. To test the generality of the proposed method, the public dataset Pheno4D was included in this study. Experimental results showed that the weakly-supervised network obtained similar segmentation performance compared with the fully-supervised setting. Our method achieved 95.1%, 96.6%, 95.8% and 92.2% in the Precision, Recall, F1-score, and mIoU for stem leaf segmentation and 53%, 62.8% and 70.3% in the AP, AP@25, and AP@50 for leaf instance segmentation. This study provides an effective way for characterizing 3D plant architecture, which will become useful for plant breeders to enhance selection processes.
translated by 谷歌翻译
与卷积神经网络相比,最近开发的纯变压器架构已经实现了对点云学习基准的有希望的准确性。然而,现有点云变压器是计算昂贵的,因为它们在构建不规则数据时浪费了大量时间。要解决此缺点,我们呈现稀疏窗口注意(SWA)模块,以收集非空体素的粗粒颗粒特征,不仅绕过昂贵的不规则数据结构和无效的空体素计算,还可以获得线性计算复杂性到体素分辨率。同时,要收集关于全球形状的细粒度特征,我们介绍了相对的注意(RA)模块,更强大的自我关注变体,用于对象的刚性变换。我们配备了SWA和RA,我们构建了我们的神经结构,称为PVT,将两个模块集成到Point云学习的联合框架中。与以前的变压器和关注的模型相比,我们的方法平均达到了分类基准和10x推理加速的最高精度为94.0%。广泛的实验还有效地验证了PVT在部分和语义分割基准上的有效性(分别为86.6%和69.2%Miou)。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Point cloud learning has lately attracted increasing attention due to its wide applications in many areas, such as computer vision, autonomous driving, and robotics. As a dominating technique in AI, deep learning has been successfully used to solve various 2D vision problems. However, deep learning on point clouds is still in its infancy due to the unique challenges faced by the processing of point clouds with deep neural networks. Recently, deep learning on point clouds has become even thriving, with numerous methods being proposed to address different problems in this area. To stimulate future research, this paper presents a comprehensive review of recent progress in deep learning methods for point clouds. It covers three major tasks, including 3D shape classification, 3D object detection and tracking, and 3D point cloud segmentation. It also presents comparative results on several publicly available datasets, together with insightful observations and inspiring future research directions.
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们提出了一种基于动态卷积的3D点云的实例分割方法。这使其能够在推断时适应变化的功能和对象尺度。这样做避免了一些自下而上的方法的陷阱,包括对超参数调整和启发式后处理管道的依赖,以弥补物体大小的不可避免的可变性,即使在单个场景中也是如此。通过收集具有相同语义类别并为几何质心进行仔细投票的均匀点,网络的表示能力大大提高了。然后通过几个简单的卷积层解码实例,其中参数是在输入上生成的。所提出的方法是无建议的,而是利用适应每个实例的空间和语义特征的卷积过程。建立在瓶颈层上的轻重量变压器使模型可以捕获远程依赖性,并具有有限的计算开销。结果是一种简单,高效且健壮的方法,可以在各种数据集上产生强大的性能:ScannETV2,S3DIS和Partnet。基于体素和点的体系结构的一致改进意味着提出的方法的有效性。代码可在以下网址找到:https://git.io/dyco3d
translated by 谷歌翻译
变压器在自然语言处理中的成功最近引起了计算机视觉领域的关注。由于能够学习长期依赖性,变压器已被用作广泛使用的卷积运算符的替代品。事实证明,这种替代者在许多任务中都取得了成功,其中几种最先进的方法依靠变压器来更好地学习。在计算机视觉中,3D字段还见证了使用变压器来增加3D卷积神经网络和多层感知器网络的增加。尽管许多调查都集中在视力中的变压器上,但由于与2D视觉相比,由于数据表示和处理的差异,3D视觉需要特别注意。在这项工作中,我们介绍了针对不同3D视觉任务的100多种变压器方法的系统和彻底审查,包括分类,细分,检测,完成,姿势估计等。我们在3D Vision中讨论了变形金刚的设计,该设计使其可以使用各种3D表示形式处理数据。对于每个应用程序,我们强调了基于变压器的方法的关键属性和贡献。为了评估这些方法的竞争力,我们将它们的性能与12个3D基准测试的常见非转化方法进行了比较。我们通过讨论3D视觉中变压器的不同开放方向和挑战来结束调查。除了提出的论文外,我们的目标是频繁更新最新的相关论文及其相应的实现:https://github.com/lahoud/3d-vision-transformers。
translated by 谷歌翻译
3D点云的卷积经过广泛研究,但在几何深度学习中却远非完美。卷积的传统智慧在3D点之间表现出特征对应关系,这是对差的独特特征学习的内在限制。在本文中,我们提出了自适应图卷积(AGCONV),以供点云分析的广泛应用。 AGCONV根据其动态学习的功能生成自适应核。与使用固定/各向同性核的解决方案相比,AGCONV提高了点云卷积的灵活性,有效,精确地捕获了不同语义部位的点之间的不同关系。与流行的注意力体重方案不同,AGCONV实现了卷积操作内部的适应性,而不是简单地将不同的权重分配给相邻点。广泛的评估清楚地表明,我们的方法优于各种基准数据集中的点云分类和分割的最新方法。同时,AGCONV可以灵活地采用更多的点云分析方法来提高其性能。为了验证其灵活性和有效性,我们探索了基于AGCONV的完成,DeNoing,Upsmpling,注册和圆圈提取的范式,它们与竞争对手相当甚至优越。我们的代码可在https://github.com/hrzhou2/adaptconv-master上找到。
translated by 谷歌翻译
随着激光雷达传感器和3D视觉摄像头的扩散,3D点云分析近年来引起了重大关注。经过先驱工作点的成功后,基于深度学习的方法越来越多地应用于各种任务,包括3D点云分段和3D对象分类。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的3D点云学习网络,通过选择性地执行具有动态池的邻域特征聚合和注意机制来提出作为动态点特征聚合网络(DPFA-NET)。 DPFA-Net有两个可用于三维云的语义分割和分类的变体。作为DPFA-NET的核心模块,我们提出了一个特征聚合层,其中每个点的动态邻域的特征通过自我注意机制聚合。与其他分割模型相比,来自固定邻域的聚合特征,我们的方法可以在不同层中聚合来自不同邻居的特征,在不同层中为查询点提供更具选择性和更广泛的视图,并更多地关注本地邻域中的相关特征。此外,为了进一步提高所提出的语义分割模型的性能,我们提出了两种新方法,即两级BF-Net和BF-Rengralization来利用背景前台信息。实验结果表明,所提出的DPFA-Net在S3DIS数据集上实现了最先进的整体精度分数,在S3DIS数据集上进行了语义分割,并在不同的语义分割,部分分割和3D对象分类中提供始终如一的令人满意的性能。与其他方法相比,它也在计算上更有效。
translated by 谷歌翻译
由于其广泛的应用,尤其是在现场理解领域,因此在3D点云上进行的实例细分一直在吸引越来越多的关注。但是,大多数现有方法都需要完全注释培训数据。在点级的手动准备地面真相标签非常繁琐且劳动密集型。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新颖的弱监督方法RWSEG,该方法仅需要用一个点标记一个对象。有了这些稀疏的标签,我们使用自我注意事项和随机步行引入了一个带有两个分支的统一框架,分别将语义和实例信息分别传播到未知区域。此外,我们提出了一个跨画竞争的随机步行(CGCRW)算法,该算法鼓励不同实例图之间的竞争以解决紧密放置对象中的歧义并改善实例分配的性能。 RWSEG可以生成定性实例级伪标签。 Scannet-V2和S3DIS数据集的实验结果表明,我们的方法通过完全监督的方法实现了可比的性能,并且通过大幅度优于先前的弱监督方法。这是弥合该地区弱和全面监督之间差距的第一项工作。
translated by 谷歌翻译
点云学习界见证了从CNN到变形金刚的模型转移,纯变压器架构在主要学习基准上实现了最高精度。然而,现有的点变压器是计算昂贵的,因为它们需要产生大的注意图,其相对于输入大小具有二次复杂度(空间和时间)。为了解决这种缺点,我们介绍补丁注意(PAT),以便自适应地学习计算注意力地图的更小的基础。通过对这些基础的加权求和,PAT仅捕获全局形状上下文,而且还可以实现输入大小的线性复杂性。此外,我们提出了一种轻量级的多尺度关注(MST)块来构建不同尺度特征的关注,提供具有多尺度特征的模型。我们配备了PAT和MST,我们构建了我们的神经结构,称为PatchFormer,将两个模块集成到Point云学习的联合框架中。广泛的实验表明,我们的网络对一般点云学习任务的可比准确性具有9.2倍的速度高于先前的点变压器。
translated by 谷歌翻译
变压器一直是自然语言处理(NLP)和计算机视觉(CV)革命的核心。 NLP和CV的显着成功启发了探索变压器在点云处理中的使用。但是,变压器如何应对点云的不规则性和无序性质?变压器对于不同的3D表示(例如,基于点或体素)的合适性如何?各种3D处理任务的变压器有多大的能力?截至目前,仍然没有对这些问题的研究进行系统的调查。我们第一次为3D点云分析提供了越来越受欢迎的变压器的全面概述。我们首先介绍变压器体系结构的理论,并在2D/3D字段中审查其应用程序。然后,我们提出三种不同的分类法(即实现 - 数据表示和基于任务),它们可以从多个角度对当前的基于变压器的方法进行分类。此外,我们介绍了研究3D中自我注意机制的变异和改进的结果。为了证明变压器在点云分析中的优势,我们提供了基于各种变压器的分类,分割和对象检测方法的全面比较。最后,我们建议三个潜在的研究方向,为3D变压器的开发提供福利参考。
translated by 谷歌翻译
LIDAR传感器对于自动驾驶汽车和智能机器人的感知系统至关重要。为了满足现实世界应用程序中的实时要求,有必要有效地分割激光扫描。以前的大多数方法将3D点云直接投影到2D球形范围图像上,以便它们可以利用有效的2D卷积操作进行图像分割。尽管取得了令人鼓舞的结果,但在球形投影中,邻里信息尚未保存得很好。此外,在单个扫描分割任务中未考虑时间信息。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一种新型的语义分割方法,用于元素rangeseg的激光雷达序列,其中引入了新的范围残差图像表示以捕获空间时间信息。具体而言,使用元内核来提取元特征,从而减少了2D范围图像坐标输入和3D笛卡尔坐标输出之间的不一致。有效的U-NET主链用于获得多尺度功能。此外,特征聚合模块(FAM)增强了范围通道的作用,并在不同级别上汇总特征。我们已经进行了广泛的实验,以评估semantickitti和semanticposs。有希望的结果表明,我们提出的元rangeseg方法比现有方法更有效。我们的完整实施可在https://github.com/songw-zju/meta-rangeseg上公开获得。
translated by 谷歌翻译
随着商业深度传感器和3D扫描仪的最近可用性和可承受能力,越来越多的3D(即RGBD,点云)数据集已被宣传以促进3D计算机视觉的研究。但是,现有的数据集覆盖相对较小的区域或具有有限的语义注释。对城市规模3D场景的细粒度理解仍处于起步阶段。在本文中,我们介绍了Sensaturban,一个城市规模的UAV摄影测量点云数据集,包括从三个英国城市收集的近30亿积分,占地7.6公里^ 2。 DataSet中的每个点已标记为具有细粒度的语义注释,导致数据集是上一个现有最大摄影测量点云数据集的三倍的三倍。除了诸如道路和植被等诸如道路和植被的常见类别之外,我们的数据集还包含包括轨道,桥梁和河流的城市水平类别。基于此数据集,我们进一步构建了基准,以评估最先进的分段算法的性能。特别是,我们提供了全面的分析,确定了限制城市规模点云理解的几个关键挑战。数据集可在http://point-cloud-analysis.cs.ox.ac.uk中获取。
translated by 谷歌翻译
We introduce Similarity Group Proposal Network (SGPN), a simple and intuitive deep learning framework for 3D object instance segmentation on point clouds. SGPN uses a single network to predict point grouping proposals and a corresponding semantic class for each proposal, from which we can directly extract instance segmentation results. Important to the effectiveness of SGPN is its novel representation of 3D instance segmentation results in the form of a similarity matrix that indicates the similarity between each pair of points in embedded feature space, thus producing an accurate grouping proposal for each point. Experimental results on various 3D scenes show the effectiveness of our method on 3D instance segmentation, and we also evaluate the capability of SGPN to improve 3D object detection and semantic segmentation results. We also demonstrate its flexibility by seamlessly incorporating 2D CNN features into the framework to boost performance.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Point cloud is an important type of geometric data structure. Due to its irregular format, most researchers transform such data to regular 3D voxel grids or collections of images. This, however, renders data unnecessarily voluminous and causes issues. In this paper, we design a novel type of neural network that directly consumes point clouds, which well respects the permutation invariance of points in the input. Our network, named PointNet, provides a unified architecture for applications ranging from object classification, part segmentation, to scene semantic parsing. Though simple, PointNet is highly efficient and effective. Empirically, it shows strong performance on par or even better than state of the art. Theoretically, we provide analysis towards understanding of what the network has learnt and why the network is robust with respect to input perturbation and corruption.
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们介绍了一个3D实例表示,称为实例内核,其中实例由一维向量表示,该向量编码3D实例的语义,位置和形状信息。我们显示了实例内核通过简单地在整个场景中扫描内核,避免对标准3D实例分段管道中的建议或启发式聚类算法的严重依赖,从而实现了简单的掩盖推理。实例内核的想法是受到2D/3D实例分割中动态卷积的最新成功的启发。但是,我们发现由于点云数据的无序和非结构化的性质,代表3D实例是非平凡的,例如,糟糕的实例定位可以显着降低实例表示。为了解决这个问题,我们构建了一个编码范式的新颖3D实例。首先,潜在的实例质心定位为候选。然后,设计了一个候选人合并方案,以同时汇总重复的候选人,并收集围绕合并的质心的背景,以形成实例内核。一旦实例内核可用,就可以通过在实例内核调节的动态卷积来重建实例掩码。整个管道是通过动态内核网络(DKNET)实例化的。结果表明,DKNET的表现优于ScannETV2和S3DIS数据集的艺术状态,并具有更好的实例本地化。可用代码:https://github.com/w1zheng/dknet。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Point cloud completion is a generation and estimation issue derived from the partial point clouds, which plays a vital role in the applications in 3D computer vision. The progress of deep learning (DL) has impressively improved the capability and robustness of point cloud completion. However, the quality of completed point clouds is still needed to be further enhanced to meet the practical utilization. Therefore, this work aims to conduct a comprehensive survey on various methods, including point-based, convolution-based, graph-based, and generative model-based approaches, etc. And this survey summarizes the comparisons among these methods to provoke further research insights. Besides, this review sums up the commonly used datasets and illustrates the applications of point cloud completion. Eventually, we also discussed possible research trends in this promptly expanding field.
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文提出了一个统一的神经网络结构,用于联合3D对象检测和点云分段。我们利用检测和分割标签的丰富监督,而不是使用其中一个。另外,基于广泛应用于3D场景和对象理解的隐式功能,提出了基于单级对象检测器的扩展。扩展分支从对象检测模块作为输入采用最终特征映射,并产生隐式功能,为其对应的体素中心产生每个点的语义分布。我们展示了我们在NUSCENES-LIDARSEG上的结构的表现,这是一个大型户外数据集。我们的解决方案在与对象检测解决方案相比,在3D对象检测和点云分割中实现了针对现有的方法的竞争结果。通过实验验证了所提出的方法的有效弱监管语义分割的能力。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Scene understanding is crucial for autonomous robots in dynamic environments for making future state predictions, avoiding collisions, and path planning. Camera and LiDAR perception made tremendous progress in recent years, but face limitations under adverse weather conditions. To leverage the full potential of multi-modal sensor suites, radar sensors are essential for safety critical tasks and are already installed in most new vehicles today. In this paper, we address the problem of semantic segmentation of moving objects in radar point clouds to enhance the perception of the environment with another sensor modality. Instead of aggregating multiple scans to densify the point clouds, we propose a novel approach based on the self-attention mechanism to accurately perform sparse, single-scan segmentation. Our approach, called Gaussian Radar Transformer, includes the newly introduced Gaussian transformer layer, which replaces the softmax normalization by a Gaussian function to decouple the contribution of individual points. To tackle the challenge of the transformer to capture long-range dependencies, we propose our attentive up- and downsampling modules to enlarge the receptive field and capture strong spatial relations. We compare our approach to other state-of-the-art methods on the RadarScenes data set and show superior segmentation quality in diverse environments, even without exploiting temporal information.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Image segmentation is a key topic in image processing and computer vision with applications such as scene understanding, medical image analysis, robotic perception, video surveillance, augmented reality, and image compression, among many others. Various algorithms for image segmentation have been developed in the literature. Recently, due to the success of deep learning models in a wide range of vision applications, there has been a substantial amount of works aimed at developing image segmentation approaches using deep learning models. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature at the time of this writing, covering a broad spectrum of pioneering works for semantic and instance-level segmentation, including fully convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multi-scale and pyramid based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings. We investigate the similarity, strengths and challenges of these deep learning models, examine the most widely used datasets, report performances, and discuss promising future research directions in this area.
translated by 谷歌翻译