自适应优化方法已成为许多机器学习任务的默认求解器。不幸的是，适应性的好处可能会在具有不同隐私的训练时降低，因为噪声增加了，以确保隐私会降低自适应预处理的有效性。为此，我们提出了ADADP，这是一个使用非敏感的侧面信息来预处梯度的一般框架，从而可以在私有设置中有效使用自适应方法。我们正式显示ADADPS减少了获得类似隐私保证所需的噪声量，从而提高了优化性能。从经验上讲，我们利用简单且随时可用的侧面信息来探索实践中ADADP的性能，与集中式和联合设置中的强大基线相比。我们的结果表明，ADADP平均提高了准确性7.7％（绝对） - 在大规模文本和图像基准上产生最先进的隐私性权衡权衡。

Privacy noise may negate the benefits of using adaptive optimizers in differentially private model training. Prior works typically address this issue by using auxiliary information (e.g., public data) to boost the effectiveness of adaptive optimization. In this work, we explore techniques to estimate and efficiently adapt to gradient geometry in private adaptive optimization without auxiliary data. Motivated by the observation that adaptive methods can tolerate stale preconditioners, we propose differentially private adaptive training with delayed preconditioners (DP^2), a simple method that constructs delayed but less noisy preconditioners to better realize the benefits of adaptivity. Theoretically, we provide convergence guarantees for our method for both convex and non-convex problems, and analyze trade-offs between delay and privacy noise reduction. Empirically, we explore DP^2 across several real-world datasets, demonstrating that it can improve convergence speed by as much as 4x relative to non-adaptive baselines and match the performance of state-of-the-art optimization methods that require auxiliary data.

联邦学习（FL）是大规模分布式学习的范例，它面临两个关键挑战：（i）从高度异构的用户数据和（ii）保护参与用户的隐私的高效培训。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新颖的流动方法（DP-SCaffold）来通过将差异隐私（DP）约束结合到流行的脚手架算法中来解决这两个挑战。我们专注于有挑战性的环境，用户在没有任何可信中介的情况下与“诚实但奇怪的”服务器沟通，这需要确保隐私不仅可以访问最终模型的第三方，而且还要对服务器观察所有用户通信。使用DP理论的高级结果，我们建立了凸面和非凸面目标算法的融合。我们的分析清楚地突出了数据异质性下的隐私式折衷，并且当局部更新的数量和异质性水平增长时，展示了在最先进的算法DP-Fedivg上的DP-Scaffold的优越性。我们的数值结果证实了我们的分析，并表明DP-Scaffold在实践中提供了重大的收益。

我们重新审视使​​用公共数据来改善差异私有（DP）模型培训的隐私/实用权折衷的问题。在这里，公共数据是指没有隐私问题的辅助数据集。我们考虑与私人培训数据相同的分发的公共数据。对于凸损失，我们表明镜子血清的变体提供了与模型的维度（$ p $）的人口风险保证。具体地，我们将镜像血液应用于由公共数据生成的丢失作为镜像映射，并使用私有（敏感）数据生成的丢失的DP梯度。为了获得维度独立性，我们需要$ g_q ^ 2 \ leq p $公共数据样本，其中$ g_q $是损失功能各向同性的量度。我们进一步表明，我们的算法具有天然的“噪音稳定性”属性：如果围绕当前迭代公共损失，请以$ V $的方向满足$ \ alpha_v $ -strong凸性，然后使用嘈杂的渐变而不是确切的渐变偏移我们的下一次迭代$ v $ v $比例为$ 1 / alpha_v $（与DP-SGD相比，换档是各向同性的）。在前作品中的类似结果必须使用预处理器矩阵形式的公共数据明确地学习几何图形。我们的方法也适用于非凸损失，因为它不依赖于凸起假设以确保DP保证。我们通过显示线性回归，深度学习基准数据集（Wikitext-2，Cifar-10和Emnist）以及联合学习（StackOverflow）来证明我们的算法的经验效果。我们表明，我们的算法不仅显着改善了传统的DP-SGD和DP-FedAVG，它没有访问公共数据，而且还可以改善DP-SGD和DP-FedAVG对已与公众预先培训的模型数据开始。

我们考虑使用迷你批量梯度进行差异隐私（DP）的培训模型。现有的最先进的差异私有随机梯度下降（DP-SGD）需要通过采样或洗机来获得最佳隐私/准确性/计算权衡的隐私放大。不幸的是，在重要的实际情况下，精确采样和洗牌的精确要求可能很难获得，特别是联邦学习（FL）。我们设计和分析跟随 - 正规的领导者（DP-FTRL）的DP变体，其比较（理论上和经验地）与放大的DP-SGD相比，同时允许更灵活的数据访问模式。DP-FTRL不使用任何形式的隐私放大。该代码可在https://github.com/google-Research/federated/tree/master/dp_ftrl和https://github.com/google-reesearch/dp-ftrl处获得。

隐私和沟通效率是联邦神经网络培训中的重要挑战，并将它们组合仍然是一个公开的问题。在这项工作中，我们开发了一种统一高度压缩通信和差异隐私（DP）的方法。我们引入基于相对熵编码（REC）到联合设置的压缩技术。通过对REC进行微小的修改，我们获得了一种可怕的私立学习算法，DP-REC，并展示了如何计算其隐私保证。我们的实验表明，DP-REC大大降低了通信成本，同时提供与最先进的隐私保证。

大规模的机器学习系统通常涉及分布在用户集合中的数据。联合学习算法通过将模型更新传达给中央服务器而不是整个数据集来利用此结构。在本文中，我们研究了一个个性化联合学习设置的随机优化算法，涉及符合用户级别（联合）差异隐私的本地和全球模型。在学习私人全球模型的同时，促进了隐私成本，但本地学习是完全私人的。我们提供概括保证，表明与私人集中学习协调本地学习可以产生一种普遍有用和改进的精度和隐私之间的权衡。我们通过有关合成和现实世界数据集的实验来说明我们的理论结果。

Federated Learning is a distributed learning paradigm with two key challenges that differentiate it from traditional distributed optimization: (1) significant variability in terms of the systems characteristics on each device in the network (systems heterogeneity), and (2) non-identically distributed data across the network (statistical heterogeneity). In this work, we introduce a framework, FedProx, to tackle heterogeneity in federated networks. FedProx can be viewed as a generalization and re-parametrization of FedAvg, the current state-of-the-art method for federated learning. While this re-parameterization makes only minor modifications to the method itself, these modifications have important ramifications both in theory and in practice. Theoretically, we provide convergence guarantees for our framework when learning over data from non-identical distributions (statistical heterogeneity), and while adhering to device-level systems constraints by allowing each participating device to perform a variable amount of work (systems heterogeneity). Practically, we demonstrate that FedProx allows for more robust convergence than FedAvg across a suite of realistic federated datasets. In particular, in highly heterogeneous settings, FedProx demonstrates significantly more stable and accurate convergence behavior relative to FedAvg-improving absolute test accuracy by 22% on average.

可扩展性和隐私是交叉设备联合学习（FL）系统的两个关键问题。在这项工作中，我们确定了FL中的客户端更新的同步流动聚合不能高效地缩放到几百个并行培训之外。它导致ModelPerforce和训练速度的回报递减，Ampanysto大批量培训。另一方面，FL（即异步FL）中的客户端更新的异步聚合减轻了可扩展性问题。但是，聚合个性链子更新与安全聚合不兼容，这可能导致系统的不良隐私水平。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种新颖的缓冲异步聚合方法FedBuff，这是不可知的优化器的选择，并结合了同步和异步FL的最佳特性。我们经验证明FEDBuff比同步FL更有效，比异步FL效率更高3.3倍，同时兼容保留保护技术，如安全聚合和差异隐私。我们在平滑的非凸设置中提供理论融合保证。最后，我们显示在差异私有培训下，FedBuff可以在低隐私设置下占FEDAVGM并实现更高隐私设置的相同实用程序。

我们展示了一个联合学习框架，旨在强大地提供具有异构数据的各个客户端的良好预测性能。所提出的方法对基于SuperQualile的学习目标铰接，捕获异构客户端的误差分布的尾统计。我们提出了一种随机训练算法，其与联合平均步骤交织差异私人客户重新重量步骤。该提出的算法支持有限时间收敛保证，保证覆盖凸和非凸面设置。关于联邦学习的基准数据集的实验结果表明，我们的方法在平均误差方面与古典误差竞争，并且在误差的尾统计方面优于它们。

通过确保学习算法中的差异隐私，可以严格降低大型模型记忆敏感培训数据的风险。在本文中，我们为此目的研究了两种算法，即DP-SGD和DP-NSGD，它们首先剪辑或归一化\ textIt \ textIt {每样本}梯度以绑定灵敏度，然后添加噪声以使精确信息混淆。我们通过两个常见的假设分析了非凸优化设置中这两种算法的收敛行为，并实现了$ \ nathcal {o} \ left（\ sqrt [4] {\ frac {\ frac {d \ log（1/\ delta） ）} {n^2 \ epsilon^2}} \ right）$ $ d $ - 二维模型，$ n $ samples和$（\ epsilon，\ delta）$ - dp，它改进了以前的改进在较弱的假设下的界限。具体而言，我们在DP-NSGD中引入了一个正规化因素，并表明它对融合证明至关重要，并巧妙地控制了偏见和噪声权衡。我们的证明故意处理针对私人环境指定的按样本梯度剪辑和标准化。从经验上讲，我们证明这两种算法达到了相似的最佳准确性，而DP-NSGD比DP-SGD更容易调整，因此在计算调整工作时可能有助于进一步节省隐私预算。

在联合学习（FL）设置中具有用户级差异隐私（例如，DP联合平均）培训神经网络的现有方法涉及通过*将其绘制到某些常量值的贡献限制每个用户的模型更新的贡献。但是，没有好处*先验*跨任务和学习设置的剪切规范设置：更新规范分布取决于模型架构和丢失，每个设备上的数据量，客户端学习率以及可能各种其他参数。我们提出了一种方法，其中代替固定剪切范围，一个剪辑到更新规范分布的指定定量位的值，其中定量位的值本身估计在线，具有差异隐私。该方法紧密地追踪量级，使用可忽略的隐私预算，与其他联合学习技术相容，例如压缩和安全聚合，并具有DP-Fedivg的直接联合DP分析。实验表明，适应性剪辑到中位更新规范的适应性剪辑跨越一系列现实的联合学习任务，有时甚至优于在后敏感中选择的最佳固定剪辑，而无需调整任何剪切的超参数。

Federated learning is a distributed machine learning paradigm in which a large number of clients coordinate with a central server to learn a model without sharing their own training data. Standard federated optimization methods such as Federated Averaging (FEDAVG) are often difficult to tune and exhibit unfavorable convergence behavior. In non-federated settings, adaptive optimization methods have had notable success in combating such issues. In this work, we propose federated versions of adaptive optimizers, including ADAGRAD, ADAM, and YOGI, and analyze their convergence in the presence of heterogeneous data for general nonconvex settings. Our results highlight the interplay between client heterogeneity and communication efficiency. We also perform extensive experiments on these methods and show that the use of adaptive optimizers can significantly improve the performance of federated learning.

差异隐私（DP）提供了正式的隐私保证，以防止对手可以访问机器学习模型，从而从提取有关单个培训点的信息。最受欢迎的DP训练方法是差异私有随机梯度下降（DP-SGD），它通过在训练过程中注入噪声来实现这种保护。然而，以前的工作发现，DP-SGD通常会导致标准图像分类基准的性能显着降解。此外，一些作者假设DP-SGD在大型模型上固有地表现不佳，因为保留隐私所需的噪声规范与模型维度成正比。相反，我们证明了过度参数化模型上的DP-SGD可以比以前想象的要好得多。将仔细的超参数调整与简单技术结合起来，以确保信号传播并提高收敛速率，我们获得了新的SOTA，而没有额外数据的CIFAR-10，在81.4％的81.4％下（8，10^{ - 5}） - 使用40 -layer wide-Resnet，比以前的SOTA提高了71.7％。当对预训练的NFNET-F3进行微调时，我们在ImageNet（0.5，8*10^{ - 7}）下达到了83.8％的TOP-1精度。此外，我们还在（8，8 \ cdot 10^{ - 7}）下达到了86.7％的TOP-1精度，DP仅比当前的非私人SOTA仅4.3％。我们认为，我们的结果是缩小私人图像分类和非私有图像分类之间准确性差距的重要一步。

Privacy in AI remains a topic that draws attention from researchers and the general public in recent years. As one way to implement privacy-preserving AI, differentially private learning is a framework that enables AI models to use differential privacy (DP). To achieve DP in the learning process, existing algorithms typically limit the magnitude of gradients with a constant clipping, which requires carefully tuned due to its significant impact on model performance. As a solution to this issue, latest works NSGD and Auto-S innovatively propose to use normalization instead of clipping to avoid hyperparameter tuning. However, normalization-based approaches like NSGD and Auto-S rely on a monotonic weight function, which imposes excessive weight on small gradient samples and introduces extra deviation to the update. In this paper, we propose a Differentially Private Per-Sample Adaptive Clipping (DP-PSAC) algorithm based on a non-monotonic adaptive weight function, which guarantees privacy without the typical hyperparameter tuning process of using a constant clipping while significantly reducing the deviation between the update and true batch-averaged gradient. We provide a rigorous theoretical convergence analysis and show that with convergence rate at the same order, the proposed algorithm achieves a lower non-vanishing bound, which is maintained over training iterations, compared with NSGD/Auto-S. In addition, through extensive experimental evaluation, we show that DP-PSAC outperforms or matches the state-of-the-art methods on multiple main-stream vision and language tasks.

Deep neural networks have strong capabilities of memorizing the underlying training data, which can be a serious privacy concern. An effective solution to this problem is to train models with differential privacy, which provides rigorous privacy guarantees by injecting random noise to the gradients. This paper focuses on the scenario where sensitive data are distributed among multiple participants, who jointly train a model through federated learning (FL), using both secure multiparty computation (MPC) to ensure the confidentiality of each gradient update, and differential privacy to avoid data leakage in the resulting model. A major challenge in this setting is that common mechanisms for enforcing DP in deep learning, which inject real-valued noise, are fundamentally incompatible with MPC, which exchanges finite-field integers among the participants. Consequently, most existing DP mechanisms require rather high noise levels, leading to poor model utility. Motivated by this, we propose Skellam mixture mechanism (SMM), an approach to enforce DP on models built via FL. Compared to existing methods, SMM eliminates the assumption that the input gradients must be integer-valued, and, thus, reduces the amount of noise injected to preserve DP. Further, SMM allows tight privacy accounting due to the nice composition and sub-sampling properties of the Skellam distribution, which are key to accurate deep learning with DP. The theoretical analysis of SMM is highly non-trivial, especially considering (i) the complicated math of differentially private deep learning in general and (ii) the fact that the mixture of two Skellam distributions is rather complex, and to our knowledge, has not been studied in the DP literature. Extensive experiments on various practical settings demonstrate that SMM consistently and significantly outperforms existing solutions in terms of the utility of the resulting model.

在均匀的Lipschitzness的简单假设下，即每样本样本梯度均匀地界限的大多数先前的收敛结果是在均匀的私有随机梯度下降（DP-SGD）中得出的。在许多问题，例如使用高斯数据的线性回归中，此假设是不现实的。我们可以通过假设每个样本梯度具有\ textit {样品依赖性}上限，即每样本的Lipschitz常数，而它们本身可能是无限的，那么我们就会放松均匀的唇。当按样本Lipschitz常数具有有限的矩时，我们在凸函数和非凸函数上得出DP-SGD的新收敛结果。此外，我们还提供了针对DP-SGD中选择剪辑标准的原则指导，以使其满足我们轻松的Lipschitzness的凸设置，而无需在Lipschitz常数上做出分配假设。我们通过基准测试数据集的实验来验证建议的有效性。

We demonstrate that it is possible to train large recurrent language models with user-level differential privacy guarantees with only a negligible cost in predictive accuracy. Our work builds on recent advances in the training of deep networks on user-partitioned data and privacy accounting for stochastic gradient descent. In particular, we add user-level privacy protection to the federated averaging algorithm, which makes "large step" updates from user-level data. Our work demonstrates that given a dataset with a sufficiently large number of users (a requirement easily met by even small internet-scale datasets), achieving differential privacy comes at the cost of increased computation, rather than in decreased utility as in most prior work. We find that our private LSTM language models are quantitatively and qualitatively similar to un-noised models when trained on a large dataset.

Distributing machine learning predictors enables the collection of large-scale datasets while leaving sensitive raw data at trustworthy sites. We show that locally training support vector machines (SVMs) and computing their averages leads to a learning technique that is scalable to a large number of users, satisfies differential privacy, and is applicable to non-trivial tasks, such as CIFAR-10. For a large number of participants, communication cost is one of the main challenges. We achieve a low communication cost by requiring only a single invocation of an efficient secure multiparty summation protocol. By relying on state-of-the-art feature extractors (SimCLR), we are able to utilize differentially private convex learners for non-trivial tasks such as CIFAR-10. Our experimental results illustrate that for $1{,}000$ users with $50$ data points each, our scheme outperforms state-of-the-art scalable distributed learning methods (differentially private federated learning, short DP-FL) while requiring around $500$ times fewer communication costs: For CIFAR-10, we achieve a classification accuracy of $79.7\,\%$ for an $\varepsilon = 0.59$ while DP-FL achieves $57.6\,\%$. More generally, we prove learnability properties for the average of such locally trained models: convergence and uniform stability. By only requiring strongly convex, smooth, and Lipschitz-continuous objective functions, locally trained via stochastic gradient descent (SGD), we achieve a strong utility-privacy tradeoff.

深度神经网络（DNNS）铰接对大型数据集的可用性的最新成功;但是，对此类数据集的培训经常为敏感培训信息构成隐私风险。在本文中，我们的目标是探讨生成模型和梯度稀疏性的力量，并提出了一种可扩展的隐私保留生成模型数据标准。与标准展示隐私保留框架相比，允许教师对一维预测进行投票，在高维梯度向量上投票在隐私保存方面具有挑战性。随着需要尺寸减少技术，我们需要在（1）之间的改进之间导航精致的权衡空间，并进行SGD收敛的放缓。为了解决这一点，我们利用通信高效学习，并通过将顶-K压缩与相应的噪声注入机构相结合，提出一种新的噪声压缩和聚集方法TopAGG。理论上，我们证明了DataLens框架保证了其生成数据的差异隐私，并提供了其收敛性的分析。为了展示DataLens的实际使用情况，我们对不同数据集进行广泛的实验，包括Mnist，Fashion-Mnist和高维Celeba，并且我们表明，DataLens显着优于其他基线DP生成模型。此外，我们改进了所提出的Topagg方法，该方法是DP SGD培训的主要构建块之一，并表明它能够在大多数情况下实现比最先进的DP SGD方法更高的效用案件。我们的代码在HTTPS://github.com/ai-secure/datalens公开提供。