基于激光传感器的同时定位和映射(SLAM)已被移动机器人和自动驾驶汽车广泛采用。这些大满贯系统需要用有限的计算资源来支持准确的本地化。特别是,点云注册,即,在全球坐标框架中在多个位置收集的多个LIDAR扫描匹配和对齐的过程被视为SLAM的瓶颈步骤。在本文中,我们提出了一种功能过滤算法Pfilter,可以过滤无效的功能,因此可以大大减轻这种瓶颈。同时,由于精心策划的特征点,总体注册精度也得到了提高。我们将PFILTER集成到公认的扫描到映射激光射击轨道框架F-LOAM,并评估其在KITTI数据集中的性能。实验结果表明,pfilter可以删除本地特征图中约48.4%的点,并将扫描中的特征点平均减少19.3%,从而节省每帧的处理时间20.9%。同时,我们将准确性提高了9.4%。
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传统的LIDAR射测(LO)系统主要利用从经过的环境获得的几何信息来注册激光扫描并估算Lidar Ego-Motion,而在动态或非结构化环境中可能不可靠。本文提出了Inten-loam,一种低饮用和健壮的激光镜和映射方法,该方法完全利用激光扫描的隐式信息(即几何,强度和时间特征)。扫描点被投影到圆柱形图像上,这些图像有助于促进各种特征的有效和适应性提取,即地面,梁,立面和反射器。我们提出了一种新型基于强度的点登记算法,并将其纳入LIDAR的探光仪,从而使LO系统能够使用几何和强度特征点共同估计LIDAR EGO-MOTION。为了消除动态对象的干扰,我们提出了一种基于时间的动态对象删除方法,以在MAP更新之前过滤它们。此外,使用与时间相关的体素网格滤波器组织并缩减了本地地图,以维持当前扫描和静态局部图之间的相似性。在模拟和实际数据集上进行了广泛的实验。结果表明,所提出的方法在正常驾驶方案中实现了类似或更高的精度W.R.T,在非结构化环境中,最先进的方法优于基于几何的LO。
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当视野中有许多移动对象时,基于静态场景假设的SLAM系统会引入重大估计错误。跟踪和维护语义对象有益于场景理解,并为计划和控制模块提供丰富的决策信息。本文介绍了MLO,这是一种多对象的激光雷达探光仪,该镜像仅使用激光雷达传感器跟踪自我运动和语义对象。为了实现对多个对象的准确和强大的跟踪,我们提出了一个最小二乘估计器,该估计器融合了3D边界框和几何点云,用于对象状态更新。通过分析跟踪列表中的对象运动状态,映射模块使用静态对象和环境特征来消除累积错误。同时,它在MAP坐标中提供了连续的对象轨迹。我们的方法在公共Kitti数据集的不同情况下进行了定性和定量评估。实验结果表明,在高度动态,非结构化和未知的语义场景中,MLO的自我定位精度比最先进的系统更好。同时,与基于滤波的方法相比,具有语义几何融合的多目标跟踪方法在跟踪准确性和一致性方面也具有明显的优势。
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We propose a real-time method for odometry and mapping using range measurements from a 2-axis lidar moving in 6-DOF. The problem is hard because the range measurements are received at different times, and errors in motion estimation can cause mis-registration of the resulting point cloud. To date, coherent 3D maps can be built by off-line batch methods, often using loop closure to correct for drift over time. Our method achieves both low-drift and low-computational complexity without the need for high accuracy ranging or inertial measurements.The key idea in obtaining this level of performance is the division of the complex problem of simultaneous localization and mapping, which seeks to optimize a large number of variables simultaneously, by two algorithms. One algorithm performs odometry at a high frequency but low fidelity to estimate velocity of the lidar. Another algorithm runs at a frequency of an order of magnitude lower for fine matching and registration of the point cloud. Combination of the two algorithms allows the method to map in real-time. The method has been evaluated by a large set of experiments as well as on the KITTI odometry benchmark. The results indicate that the method can achieve accuracy at the level of state of the art offline batch methods.
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激光射道是激光雷达同时定位和映射(SLAM)的重要部分之一。但是,现有的LiDAR探光法倾向于将新的扫描与以前的固定置扫描相匹配,并逐渐累积错误。此外,作为一种有效的关节优化机制,由于大规模全球地标的密集计算,捆绑捆绑调整(BA)不能直接引入实时探光仪。因此,这封信设计了一种新策略,称为LINDAR SLAM中的捆绑调节探针仪(LMBAO)的具有里程碑意义的地图,以解决这些问题。首先,通过主动地标维护策略进一步开发了基于BA的进程法,以进行更准确的本地注册并避免累积错误。具体来说,本文将整个稳定地标在地图上保存,而不仅仅是在滑动窗口中的特征点,并根据其主动等级删除地标。接下来,减小滑动窗口长度,并执行边缘化以保留窗口外的扫描,但对应于地图上的活动地标,从而大大简化了计算并改善了实时属性。此外,在三个具有挑战性的数据集上进行的实验表明,我们的算法在户外驾驶中实现了实时性能,并且超过了最先进的激光雷达大满贯算法,包括乐高乐园和VLOM。
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This paper presents an accurate, highly efficient, and learning-free method for large-scale odometry estimation using spinning radar, empirically found to generalize well across very diverse environments -- outdoors, from urban to woodland, and indoors in warehouses and mines - without changing parameters. Our method integrates motion compensation within a sweep with one-to-many scan registration that minimizes distances between nearby oriented surface points and mitigates outliers with a robust loss function. Extending our previous approach CFEAR, we present an in-depth investigation on a wider range of data sets, quantifying the importance of filtering, resolution, registration cost and loss functions, keyframe history, and motion compensation. We present a new solving strategy and configuration that overcomes previous issues with sparsity and bias, and improves our state-of-the-art by 38%, thus, surprisingly, outperforming radar SLAM and approaching lidar SLAM. The most accurate configuration achieves 1.09% error at 5Hz on the Oxford benchmark, and the fastest achieves 1.79% error at 160Hz.
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同时定位和映射(SLAM)被认为是智能车辆和移动机器人的重要功能。但是,当前的大多数LiDAR SLAM方法都是基于静态环境的假设。因此,在具有多个移动对象的动态环境中的本地化实际上是不可靠的。本文提出了一个动态的SLAM框架RF-LIO,该框架在LIO-SAM上构建,该框架添加了自适应多分辨率范围图像,并使用紧密耦合的LIDAR惯性探测器首先删除移动对象,然后将激光镜扫描与子束相匹配。因此,即使在高动态环境中,它也可以获得准确的姿势。在自收集的数据集和Open UrbanLoco数据集上评估了提出的RF-LIO。高动态环境中的实验结果表明,与壤土和LIO-SAM相比,所提出的RF-LIO的绝对轨迹精度分别可以提高90%和70%。 RF-LIO是高动态环境中最先进的大满贯系统之一。
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在过去的几十年,光探测和测距(LIDAR)技术已被广泛研究作为自我定位与地图强大的替代方案。这些典型地接近状态自运动估计作为非线性优化问题取决于当前点云和地图之间建立的对应关系,无论其范围,局部或全局的。本文提出LiODOM,对于姿态估计和地图建设的新的激光雷达仅里程计和绘图方法中,基于最小化从一组加权点 - 线对应的衍生与本地地图损失函数从该组可用的抽象点云。此外,该工作场所特别强调赋予其快速数据关联的相关地图表示。为了有效地代表了环境,我们提出了一个数据结构与哈希方案相结合,可以快速进入地图的任何部分。 LiODOM通过在公共数据集的一组实验中,对于其媲美针对其它解决方案的装置验证。它的性能上,主板还报告了一个空中平台。
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感知性挑战性环境中的现场机器人需要快速准确的状态估计,但现代LIDAR传感器迅速压倒电流算法算法。为此,本文介绍了一种轻质前端激光乐曲线液,具有一致和准确的本地化,用于计算限制的机器人平台。我们的直接激光探针内径(DLO)方法包括多个关键算法创新,该创新优先考虑计算效率并实现密集,最小预处理的点云,以实时提供准确的姿态估计。这是通过一种新型密钥帧系统来实现的,该系统还有效地管理历史地图信息,除了用于数据结构回收的快速点云登记的自定义迭代最近的点求解器之外。我们的方法更准确地具有比当前最先进的计算开销更准确,并且在空中和腿机器人的几个感知性挑战环境中广泛地评估了作为美国国家航空航天委员会队队的一部分是美国国家航空航天委员会的一部分的感知挑战性的环境,这是DARPA地铁的研究和开发工作的一部分挑战。
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The current LiDAR SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) system suffers greatly from low accuracy and limited robustness when faced with complicated circumstances. From our experiments, we find that current LiDAR SLAM systems have limited performance when the noise level in the obtained point clouds is large. Therefore, in this work, we propose a general framework to tackle the problem of denoising and loop closure for LiDAR SLAM in complex environments with many noises and outliers caused by reflective materials. Current approaches for point clouds denoising are mainly designed for small-scale point clouds and can not be extended to large-scale point clouds scenes. In this work, we firstly proposed a lightweight network for large-scale point clouds denoising. Subsequently, we have also designed an efficient loop closure network for place recognition in global optimization to improve the localization accuracy of the whole system. Finally, we have demonstrated by extensive experiments and benchmark studies that our method can have a significant boost on the localization accuracy of the LiDAR SLAM system when faced with noisy point clouds, with a marginal increase in computational cost.
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特征提取和匹配是许多计算机视觉任务的基本部分,例如2D或3D对象检测,识别和注册。众所周知,2D功能提取和匹配已经取得了巨大的成功。不幸的是,在3D领域,由于描述性和效率低下,目前的方法无法支持3D激光雷达传感器在视觉任务中的广泛应用。为了解决此限制,我们提出了一种新颖的3D特征表示方法:3D激光点云的线性关键点表示,称为link3d。 Link3D的新颖性在于它完全考虑了LiDar Point Cloud的特征(例如稀疏性,场景的复杂性),并用其强大的邻居键盘来表示当前关键点,从而对当前关键点的描述提供了强烈的约束。提出的链接3D已在两个公共数据集(即Kitti,Steven VLP16)上进行了评估,实验结果表明,我们的方法在匹配性能方面的最先进表现都大大优于最先进的方法。更重要的是,Link3D显示出出色的实时性能(基于LIDAR的频率10 Hz)。 Link3D平均仅需32毫秒即可从64射线激光束收集的点云中提取功能,并且仅需大约8毫秒即可匹配两次LIDAR扫描,当时用Intel Core i7 @2.2 GHz处理器执行笔记本。此外,我们的方法可以广泛扩展到各种3D视觉应用。在本文中,我们已将Link3D应用于3D注册,LiDAR ODOMETIRE和放置识别任务,并与最先进的方法相比实现了竞争成果。
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We propose a framework for tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping, LIO-SAM, that achieves highly accurate, real-time mobile robot trajectory estimation and map-building. LIO-SAM formulates lidar-inertial odometry atop a factor graph, allowing a multitude of relative and absolute measurements, including loop closures, to be incorporated from different sources as factors into the system. The estimated motion from inertial measurement unit (IMU) pre-integration de-skews point clouds and produces an initial guess for lidar odometry optimization. The obtained lidar odometry solution is used to estimate the bias of the IMU. To ensure high performance in real-time, we marginalize old lidar scans for pose optimization, rather than matching lidar scans to a global map. Scan-matching at a local scale instead of a global scale significantly improves the real-time performance of the system, as does the selective introduction of keyframes, and an efficient sliding window approach that registers a new keyframe to a fixed-size set of prior "sub-keyframes." The proposed method is extensively evaluated on datasets gathered from three platforms over various scales and environments.
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我们在本文中介绍Raillomer,实现实时准确和鲁棒的内径测量和轨道车辆的测绘。 Raillomer从两个Lidars,IMU,火车车程和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收器接收测量。作为前端,来自IMU / Royomer缩放组的估计动作De-Skews DeSoised Point云并为框架到框架激光轨道测量产生初始猜测。作为后端,配制了基于滑动窗口的因子图以共同优化多模态信息。另外,我们利用来自提取的轨道轨道和结构外观描述符的平面约束,以进一步改善对重复结构的系统鲁棒性。为了确保全局常见和更少的模糊映射结果,我们开发了一种两级映射方法,首先以本地刻度执行扫描到地图,然后利用GNSS信息来注册模块。该方法在聚集的数据集上广泛评估了多次范围内的数据集,并且表明Raillomer即使在大或退化的环境中也能提供排入量级定位精度。我们还将Raillomer集成到互动列车状态和铁路监控系统原型设计中,已经部署到实验货量交通铁路。
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本文提出了一种有效的概率自适应体素映射方法,用于激光雷达的探光法。该地图是体素的集合;每个都包含一个平面(或边缘)功能,该特征可以实现环境的概率表示以及新的LIDAR扫描的准确配置。我们进一步分析了对粗到1的体素映射的需求,然后使用哈希表和动手组织的新型体素图来有效地构建和更新地图。我们将提出的体素图应用于迭代的扩展卡尔曼滤波器,并为姿势估计构建最大后验概率问题。与其他最先进的方法相比,开放Kitti数据集的实验显示了我们方法的高精度和效率。在具有非重复扫描激光雷达的非结构化环境上进行的室外实验进一步验证了我们的映射方法对不同环境和LIDAR扫描模式的适应性。我们的代码和数据集在GitHub上开源
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迭代最接近的点(ICP)算法是三维表面配准的几何比喻对齐的最重要算法之一,该算法经常用于计算机视觉任务,包括同时定位和映射(SLAM)任务。在本文中,我们说明了ICP算法的理论原理,如何在表面注册任务中使用以及ICP算法变体的传统分类学。随着SLAM成为一个受欢迎的话题,我们还根据每种SLAM任务的特征,包括SLAM任务是否在线,以及地标是否作为特征作为特征作为功能,我们还介绍了ICP算法的大满贯分类。大满贯任务。我们通过比较几个最新的研究论文并分析其实施细节来综合每种SLAM任务。
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Conventional sensor-based localization relies on high-precision maps, which are generally built using specialized mapping techniques involving high labor and computational costs. In the architectural, engineering and construction industry, Building Information Models (BIM) are available and can provide informative descriptions of environments. This paper explores an effective way to localize a mobile 3D LiDAR sensor on BIM-generated maps considering both geometric and semantic properties. First, original BIM elements are converted to semantically augmented point cloud maps using categories and locations. After that, a coarse-to-fine semantic localization is performed to align laser points to the map based on iterative closest point registration. The experimental results show that the semantic localization can track the pose successfully with only one LiDAR sensor, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed mapping-free localization framework. The results also show that using semantic information can help reduce localization errors on BIM-generated maps.
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我们介绍了一种简单而有效的方法,可以使用本地3D深度描述符(L3DS)同时定位和映射解决循环闭合检测。 L3DS正在采用深度学习算法从数据从数据中学到的点云提取的斑块的紧凑型表示。通过在通过其估计的相对姿势向循环候选点云登记之后计算对应于相互最近邻接描述符的点之间的度量误差,提出了一种用于循环检测的新颖重叠度量。这种新方法使我们能够在小重叠的情况下精确地检测环并估计六个自由度。我们将基于L3D的循环闭合方法与最近的LIDAR数据的方法进行比较,实现最先进的环路闭合检测精度。此外,我们嵌入了我们在最近的基于边缘的SLAM系统中的循环闭合方法,并对现实世界RGBD-TUM和合成ICL数据集进行了评估。与其原始环路闭合策略相比,我们的方法能够实现更好的本地化准确性。
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Ego-pose estimation and dynamic object tracking are two critical problems for autonomous driving systems. The solutions to these problems are generally based on their respective assumptions, \ie{the static world assumption for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and the accurate ego-pose assumption for object tracking}. However, these assumptions are challenging to hold in dynamic road scenarios, where SLAM and object tracking become closely correlated. Therefore, we propose DL-SLOT, a dynamic LiDAR SLAM and object tracking method, to simultaneously address these two coupled problems. This method integrates the state estimations of both the autonomous vehicle and the stationary and dynamic objects in the environment into a unified optimization framework. First, we used object detection to identify all points belonging to potentially dynamic objects. Subsequently, a LiDAR odometry was conducted using the filtered point cloud. Simultaneously, we proposed a sliding window-based object association method that accurately associates objects according to the historical trajectories of tracked objects. The ego-states and those of the stationary and dynamic objects are integrated into the sliding window-based collaborative graph optimization. The stationary objects are subsequently restored from the potentially dynamic object set. Finally, a global pose-graph is implemented to eliminate the accumulated error. Experiments on KITTI datasets demonstrate that our method achieves better accuracy than SLAM and object tracking baseline methods. This confirms that solving SLAM and object tracking simultaneously is mutually advantageous, dramatically improving the robustness and accuracy of SLAM and object tracking in dynamic road scenarios.
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我们提出了一种适用于一般3D点云数据的新型可区分加权的广义最接近点(WGICP)方法,包括来自LIDAR的数据。我们的方法建立在可区分的通用ICP(GICP)的基础上,我们建议使用可区分的k-neartient(KNN)算法来增强可怜性。可区分的GICP算法提供了相对于每个输入点的输出姿势估计的梯度,这使我们能够训练神经网络以预测其在估计正确姿势时的重要性或权重。与其他基于ICP的方法相反,这些方法使用基于体素的下采样或匹配方法来降低计算成本,我们的方法直接通过仅选择具有最高权重并忽略冗余较低权重的人来直接减少GICP使用的点数。我们表明,我们的方法提高了KITTI数据集的GICP算法的准确性和速度,可用于开发更强大,更有效的SLAM系统。
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在这项研究中,我们提出了一种新型的视觉定位方法,以根据RGB摄像机的可视数据准确估计机器人在3D激光镜头内的六个自由度(6-DOF)姿势。使用基于先进的激光雷达的同时定位和映射(SLAM)算法,可获得3D地图,能够收集精确的稀疏图。将从相机图像中提取的功能与3D地图的点进行了比较,然后解决了几何优化问题,以实现精确的视觉定位。我们的方法允许使用配备昂贵激光雷达的侦察兵机器人一次 - 用于映射环境,并且仅使用RGB摄像头的多个操作机器人 - 执行任务任务,其本地化精度高于常见的基于相机的解决方案。该方法在Skolkovo科学技术研究所(Skoltech)收集的自定义数据集上进行了测试。在评估本地化准确性的过程中,我们设法达到了厘米级的准确性;中间翻译误差高达1.3厘米。仅使用相机实现的确切定位使使用自动移动机器人可以解决需要高度本地化精度的最复杂的任务。
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