Patients take care of what their teeth will be like after the orthodontics. Orthodontists usually describe the expectation movement based on the original smile images, which is unconvincing. The growth of deep-learning generative models change this situation. It can visualize the outcome of orthodontic treatment and help patients foresee their future teeth and facial appearance. While previous studies mainly focus on 2D or 3D virtual treatment outcome (VTO) at a profile level, the problem of simulating treatment outcome at a frontal facial image is poorly explored. In this paper, we build an efficient and accurate system for simulating virtual teeth alignment effects in a frontal facial image. Our system takes a frontal face image of a patient with visible malpositioned teeth and the patient's 3D scanned teeth model as input, and progressively generates the visual results of the patient's teeth given the specific orthodontics planning steps from the doctor (i.e., the specification of translations and rotations of individual tooth). We design a multi-modal encoder-decoder based generative model to synthesize identity-preserving frontal facial images with aligned teeth. In addition, the original image color information is used to optimize the orthodontic outcomes, making the results more natural. We conduct extensive qualitative and clinical experiments and also a pilot study to validate our method.
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以前的纵向图像生成方法大致分为两类:2D GAN和3D感知的GAN。 2D GAN可以产生高保真肖像,但具有低视图一致性。 3D感知GaN方法可以维护查看一致性,但它们所生成的图像不是本地可编辑的。为了克服这些限制,我们提出了FENERF,一个可以生成查看一致和本地可编辑的纵向图像的3D感知生成器。我们的方法使用两个解耦潜码,以在具有共享几何体的空间对齐的3D卷中生成相应的面部语义和纹理。从这种底层3D表示中受益,FENERF可以联合渲染边界对齐的图像和语义掩码,并使用语义掩模通过GaN反转编辑3D音量。我们进一步示出了可以从广泛可用的单手套图像和语义面膜对中学习这种3D表示。此外,我们揭示了联合学习语义和纹理有助于产生更精细的几何形状。我们的实验表明FENERF在各种面部编辑任务中优于最先进的方法。
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图像翻译和操纵随着深层生成模型的快速发展而引起了越来越多的关注。尽管现有的方法带来了令人印象深刻的结果,但它们主要在2D空间中运行。鉴于基于NERF的3D感知生成模型的最新进展,我们介绍了一项新的任务,语义到网络翻译,旨在重建由NERF模型的3D场景,该场景以一个单视语义掩码作为输入为条件。为了启动这项新颖的任务,我们提出了SEM2NERF框架。特别是,SEM2NERF通过将语义面膜编码到控制预训练的解码器的3D场景表示形式中来解决高度挑战的任务。为了进一步提高映射的准确性,我们将新的区域感知学习策略集成到编码器和解码器的设计中。我们验证了提出的SEM2NERF的功效,并证明它在两个基准数据集上的表现优于几个强基础。代码和视频可从https://donydchen.github.io/sem2nerf/获得
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与传统的头像创建管道相反,这是一个昂贵的过程,现代生成方法直接从照片中学习数据分布,而艺术的状态现在可以产生高度的照片现实图像。尽管大量作品试图扩展无条件的生成模型并达到一定程度的可控性,但要确保多视图一致性,尤其是在大型姿势中,仍然具有挑战性。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个3D肖像生成网络,该网络可产生3D一致的肖像,同时根据有关姿势,身份,表达和照明的语义参数可控。生成网络使用神经场景表示在3D中建模肖像,其生成以支持明确控制的参数面模型为指导。尽管可以通过将图像与部分不同的属性进行对比,但可以进一步增强潜在的分离,但在非面积区域(例如,在动画表达式)时,仍然存在明显的不一致。我们通过提出一种体积混合策略来解决此问题,在该策略中,我们通过将动态和静态辐射场融合在一起,形成一个复合输出,并从共同学习的语义场中分割了两个部分。我们的方法在广泛的实验中优于先前的艺术,在自由视点中观看时,在自然照明中产生了逼真的肖像。所提出的方法还证明了真实图像以及室外卡通面孔的概括能力,在实际应用中显示出巨大的希望。其他视频结果和代码将在项目网页上提供。
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In this work, we propose TediGAN, a novel framework for multi-modal image generation and manipulation with textual descriptions. The proposed method consists of three components: StyleGAN inversion module, visual-linguistic similarity learning, and instance-level optimization. The inversion module maps real images to the latent space of a well-trained StyleGAN. The visual-linguistic similarity learns the text-image matching by mapping the image and text into a common embedding space. The instancelevel optimization is for identity preservation in manipulation. Our model can produce diverse and high-quality images with an unprecedented resolution at 1024 2 . Using a control mechanism based on style-mixing, our Tedi-GAN inherently supports image synthesis with multi-modal inputs, such as sketches or semantic labels, with or without instance guidance. To facilitate text-guided multimodal synthesis, we propose the Multi-Modal CelebA-HQ, a large-scale dataset consisting of real face images and corresponding semantic segmentation map, sketch, and textual descriptions. Extensive experiments on the introduced dataset demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method. Code and data are available at https://github.com/weihaox/TediGAN.
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随着信息中的各种方式存在于现实世界中的各种方式,多式联信息之间的有效互动和融合在计算机视觉和深度学习研究中的多模式数据的创造和感知中起着关键作用。通过卓越的功率,在多式联运信息中建模互动,多式联运图像合成和编辑近年来已成为一个热门研究主题。与传统的视觉指导不同,提供明确的线索,多式联路指南在图像合成和编辑方面提供直观和灵活的手段。另一方面,该领域也面临着具有固有的模态差距的特征的几个挑战,高分辨率图像的合成,忠实的评估度量等。在本调查中,我们全面地阐述了最近多式联运图像综合的进展根据数据模型和模型架构编辑和制定分类。我们从图像合成和编辑中的不同类型的引导方式开始介绍。然后,我们描述了多模式图像综合和编辑方法,其具有详细的框架,包括生成的对抗网络(GAN),GaN反转,变压器和其他方法,例如NERF和扩散模型。其次是在多模式图像合成和编辑中广泛采用的基准数据集和相应的评估度量的综合描述,以及分析各个优点和限制的不同合成方法的详细比较。最后,我们为目前的研究挑战和未来的研究方向提供了深入了解。与本调查相关的项目可在HTTPS://github.com/fnzhan/mise上获得
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Our goal with this survey is to provide an overview of the state of the art deep learning technologies for face generation and editing. We will cover popular latest architectures and discuss key ideas that make them work, such as inversion, latent representation, loss functions, training procedures, editing methods, and cross domain style transfer. We particularly focus on GAN-based architectures that have culminated in the StyleGAN approaches, which allow generation of high-quality face images and offer rich interfaces for controllable semantics editing and preserving photo quality. We aim to provide an entry point into the field for readers that have basic knowledge about the field of deep learning and are looking for an accessible introduction and overview.
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StyleGAN has achieved great progress in 2D face reconstruction and semantic editing via image inversion and latent editing. While studies over extending 2D StyleGAN to 3D faces have emerged, a corresponding generic 3D GAN inversion framework is still missing, limiting the applications of 3D face reconstruction and semantic editing. In this paper, we study the challenging problem of 3D GAN inversion where a latent code is predicted given a single face image to faithfully recover its 3D shapes and detailed textures. The problem is ill-posed: innumerable compositions of shape and texture could be rendered to the current image. Furthermore, with the limited capacity of a global latent code, 2D inversion methods cannot preserve faithful shape and texture at the same time when applied to 3D models. To solve this problem, we devise an effective self-training scheme to constrain the learning of inversion. The learning is done efficiently without any real-world 2D-3D training pairs but proxy samples generated from a 3D GAN. In addition, apart from a global latent code that captures the coarse shape and texture information, we augment the generation network with a local branch, where pixel-aligned features are added to faithfully reconstruct face details. We further consider a new pipeline to perform 3D view-consistent editing. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art inversion methods in both shape and texture reconstruction quality. Code and data will be released.
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生成对抗性网络(GANS)的最新进展导致了面部图像合成的显着成果。虽然使用基于样式的GAN的方法可以产生尖锐的照片拟真的面部图像,但是通常难以以有意义和解开的方式控制所产生的面的特性。之前的方法旨在在先前培训的GaN的潜在空间内实现此类语义控制和解剖。相比之下,我们提出了一个框架,即明确地提出了诸如3D形状,反玻璃,姿势和照明的面部的身体属性,从而通过设计提供解剖。我们的方法,大多数GaN,与非线性3D可变模型的物理解剖和灵活性集成了基于风格的GAN的表现力和质感,我们与最先进的2D头发操纵网络相结合。大多数GaN通过完全解散的3D控制来实现肖像图像的照片拟理性操纵,从而实现了光线,面部表情和姿势变化的极端操作,直到完整的档案视图。
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由于其语义上的理解和用户友好的可控性,通过三维引导,通过三维引导的面部图像操纵已广泛应用于各种交互式场景。然而,现有的基于3D形式模型的操作方法不可直接适用于域名面,例如非黑色素化绘画,卡通肖像,甚至是动物,主要是由于构建每个模型的强大困难具体面部域。为了克服这一挑战,据我们所知,我们建议使用人为3DMM操纵任意域名的第一种方法。这是通过两个主要步骤实现的:1)从3DMM参数解开映射到潜在的STYLEGO2的潜在空间嵌入,可确保每个语义属性的解除响应和精确的控制; 2)通过实施一致的潜空间嵌入,桥接域差异并使人类3DMM适用于域外面的人类3DMM。实验和比较展示了我们高质量的语义操作方法在各种面部域中的优越性,所有主要3D面部属性可控姿势,表达,形状,反照镜和照明。此外,我们开发了直观的编辑界面,以支持用户友好的控制和即时反馈。我们的项目页面是https://cassiepython.github.io/cddfm3d/index.html
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尽管最近通过生成对抗网络(GAN)操纵面部属性最近取得了非常成功的成功,但在明确控制姿势,表达,照明等特征的明确控制方面仍然存在一些挑战。最近的方法通过结合2D生成模型来实现对2D图像的明确控制和3dmm。但是,由于3DMM缺乏现实主义和纹理重建的清晰度,因此合成图像与3DMM的渲染图像之间存在域间隙。由于渲染的3DMM图像仅包含面部区域,因此直接计算这两个域之间的损失是不理想的,因此训练有素的模型将是偏差的。在这项研究中,我们建议通过控制3DMM的参数来明确编辑验证样式的潜在空间。为了解决域间隙问题,我们提出了一个名为“地图和编辑”的新网络,以及一种简单但有效的属性编辑方法,以避免渲染和合成图像之间的直接损失计算。此外,由于我们的模型可以准确地生成多视图的面部图像,而身份保持不变。作为副产品,结合可见性掩模,我们提出的模型还可以生成质地丰富和高分辨率的紫外面部纹理。我们的模型依赖于验证的样式,并且提出的模型以自我监督的方式进行了训练,而无需任何手动注释或数据集训练。
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Image and video synthesis has become a blooming topic in computer vision and machine learning communities along with the developments of deep generative models, due to its great academic and application value. Many researchers have been devoted to synthesizing high-fidelity human images as one of the most commonly seen object categories in daily lives, where a large number of studies are performed based on various deep generative models, task settings and applications. Thus, it is necessary to give a comprehensive overview on these variant methods on human image generation. In this paper, we divide human image generation techniques into three paradigms, i.e., data-driven methods, knowledge-guided methods and hybrid methods. For each route, the most representative models and the corresponding variants are presented, where the advantages and characteristics of different methods are summarized in terms of model architectures and input/output requirements. Besides, the main public human image datasets and evaluation metrics in the literature are also summarized. Furthermore, due to the wide application potentials, two typical downstream usages of synthesized human images are covered, i.e., data augmentation for person recognition tasks and virtual try-on for fashion customers. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potential directions of human image generation to shed light on future research.
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本文的目标是对面部素描合成(FSS)问题进行全面的研究。然而,由于获得了手绘草图数据集的高成本,因此缺乏完整的基准,用于评估过去十年的FSS算法的开发。因此,我们首先向FSS引入高质量的数据集,名为FS2K,其中包括2,104个图像素描对,跨越三种类型的草图样式,图像背景,照明条件,肤色和面部属性。 FS2K与以前的FSS数据集不同于难度,多样性和可扩展性,因此应促进FSS研究的进展。其次,我们通过调查139种古典方法,包括34个手工特征的面部素描合成方法,37个一般的神经式传输方法,43个深映像到图像翻译方法,以及35个图像 - 素描方法。此外,我们详细说明了现有的19个尖端模型的综合实验。第三,我们为FSS提供了一个简单的基准,名为FSGAN。只有两个直截了当的组件,即面部感知屏蔽和风格矢量扩展,FSGAN将超越所提出的FS2K数据集的所有先前最先进模型的性能,通过大边距。最后,我们在过去几年中汲取的经验教训,并指出了几个未解决的挑战。我们的开源代码可在https://github.com/dengpingfan/fsgan中获得。
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我们介绍了我们称呼STYLESDF的高分辨率,3D一致的图像和形状生成技术。我们的方法仅在单视图RGB数据上培训,并站在StyleGan2的肩部,用于图像生成,同时解决3D感知GANS中的两个主要挑战:1)RGB图像的高分辨率,视图 - 一致生成RGB图像,以及2)详细的3D形状。通过使用基于样式的2D发生器合并基于SDF的3D表示来实现这一目标。我们的3D隐式网络呈现出低分辨率的特征映射,其中基于样式的网络生成了View-Consive,1024x1024图像。值得注意的是,基于SDF的3D建模定义了详细的3D曲面,导致一致的卷渲染。在视觉和几何质量方面,我们的方法显示出更高的质量结果。
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通过利用预熟gan的潜在空间,已经提出了许多最近的作品来进行面部图像编辑。但是,很少有尝试将它们直接应用于视频,因为1)他们不能保证时间一致性,2)他们的应用受到视频的处理速度的限制,3)他们无法准确编码面部运动和表达的细节。为此,我们提出了一个新颖的网络,将面部视频编码到Stylegan的潜在空间中,以进行语义面部视频操纵。基于视觉变压器,我们的网络重复了潜在向量的高分辨率部分,以实现时间一致性。为了捕捉微妙的面部运动和表情,我们设计了涉及稀疏面部地标和密集的3D脸部网眼的新颖损失。我们已经彻底评估了我们的方法,并成功证明了其对各种面部视频操作的应用。特别是,我们提出了一个新型网络,用于3D坐标系中的姿势/表达控制。定性和定量结果都表明,我们的方法可以显着优于现有的单图方法,同时实现实时(66 fps)速度。
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生成的对抗网络(GANS)已经实现了图像生成的照片逼真品质。但是,如何最好地控制图像内容仍然是一个开放的挑战。我们介绍了莱特基照片,这是一个两级GaN,它在古典GAN目标上训练了训练,在一组空间关键点上有内部调节。这些关键点具有相关的外观嵌入,分别控制生成对象的位置和样式及其部件。我们使用合适的网络架构和培训方案地址的一个主要困难在没有领域知识和监督信号的情况下将图像解开到空间和外观因素中。我们展示了莱特基点提供可解释的潜在空间,可用于通过重新定位和交换Keypoint Embedding来重新安排生成的图像,例如通过组合来自不同图像的眼睛,鼻子和嘴巴来产生肖像。此外,关键点和匹配图像的显式生成启用了一种用于无监督的关键点检测的新的GaN的方法。
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由于简单但有效的训练机制和出色的图像产生质量,生成的对抗网络(GAN)引起了极大的关注。具有生成照片现实的高分辨率(例如$ 1024 \ times1024 $)的能力,最近的GAN模型已大大缩小了生成的图像与真实图像之间的差距。因此,许多最近的作品表明,通过利用良好的潜在空间和博学的gan先验来利用预先训练的GAN模型的新兴兴趣。在本文中,我们简要回顾了从三个方面利用预先培训的大规模GAN模型的最新进展,即1)大规模生成对抗网络的培训,2)探索和理解预训练的GAN模型,以及预先培训的GAN模型,以及3)利用这些模型进行后续任务,例如图像恢复和编辑。有关相关方法和存储库的更多信息,请访问https://github.com/csmliu/pretretaining-gans。
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Facial image manipulation has achieved great progress in recent years. However, previous methods either operate on a predefined set of face attributes or leave users little freedom to interactively manipulate images. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a novel framework termed MaskGAN, enabling diverse and interactive face manipulation. Our key insight is that semantic masks serve as a suitable intermediate representation for flexible face manipulation with fidelity preservation. MaskGAN has two main components: 1) Dense Mapping Network (DMN) and 2) Editing Behavior Simulated Training (EBST). Specifically, DMN learns style mapping between a free-form user modified mask and a target image, enabling diverse generation results. EBST models the user editing behavior on the source mask, making the overall framework more robust to various manipulated inputs. Specifically, it introduces dual-editing consistency as the auxiliary supervision signal. To facilitate extensive studies, we construct a large-scale high-resolution face dataset with fine-grained mask annotations named CelebAMask-HQ. MaskGAN is comprehensively evaluated on two challenging tasks: attribute transfer and style copy, demonstrating superior performance over other state-of-the-art methods. The code, models, and dataset are available at https://github.com/switchablenorms/CelebAMask-HQ.
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Recent 3D-aware GANs rely on volumetric rendering techniques to disentangle the pose and appearance of objects, de facto generating entire 3D volumes rather than single-view 2D images from a latent code. Complex image editing tasks can be performed in standard 2D-based GANs (e.g., StyleGAN models) as manipulation of latent dimensions. However, to the best of our knowledge, similar properties have only been partially explored for 3D-aware GAN models. This work aims to fill this gap by showing the limitations of existing methods and proposing LatentSwap3D, a model-agnostic approach designed to enable attribute editing in the latent space of pre-trained 3D-aware GANs. We first identify the most relevant dimensions in the latent space of the model controlling the targeted attribute by relying on the feature importance ranking of a random forest classifier. Then, to apply the transformation, we swap the top-K most relevant latent dimensions of the image being edited with an image exhibiting the desired attribute. Despite its simplicity, LatentSwap3D provides remarkable semantic edits in a disentangled manner and outperforms alternative approaches both qualitatively and quantitatively. We demonstrate our semantic edit approach on various 3D-aware generative models such as pi-GAN, GIRAFFE, StyleSDF, MVCGAN, EG3D and VolumeGAN, and on diverse datasets, such as FFHQ, AFHQ, Cats, MetFaces, and CompCars. The project page can be found: \url{https://enisimsar.github.io/latentswap3d/}.
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随着几个行业正在朝着建模大规模的3D虚拟世界迈进,因此需要根据3D内容的数量,质量和多样性来扩展的内容创建工具的需求变得显而易见。在我们的工作中,我们旨在训练Parterant 3D生成模型,以合成纹理网格,可以通过3D渲染引擎直接消耗,因此立即在下游应用中使用。 3D生成建模的先前工作要么缺少几何细节,因此在它们可以生成的网格拓扑中受到限制,通常不支持纹理,或者在合成过程中使用神经渲染器,这使得它们在常见的3D软件中使用。在这项工作中,我们介绍了GET3D,这是一种生成模型,该模型直接生成具有复杂拓扑,丰富几何细节和高保真纹理的显式纹理3D网格。我们在可区分的表面建模,可区分渲染以及2D生成对抗网络中桥接了最新成功,以从2D图像集合中训练我们的模型。 GET3D能够生成高质量的3D纹理网格,从汽车,椅子,动物,摩托车和人类角色到建筑物,对以前的方法进行了重大改进。
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