这项工作提供了有关图消息传递神经网络(GMPNNS)(例如图形神经网络(GNNS))的第一个理论研究,以执行归纳性脱离分布(OOD)链接预测任务,在部署(测试)(测试))图大小比训练图大。我们首先证明了非反应界限,表明基于GMPNN获得的基于置换 - 等值的(结构)节点嵌入的链接预测变量可以随着测试图变大,可以收敛到随机猜测。然后,我们提出了一个理论上的GMPNN,该GMPNN输出结构性成对(2节点)嵌入,并证明非扰动边界表明,随着测试图的增长,这些嵌入量会收敛到连续函数的嵌入,以保留其预测链接的能力。随机图上的经验结果表明与我们的理论结果一致。
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消息传递神经网络(MPNN)自从引入卷积神经网络以泛滥到图形结构的数据以来,人们的受欢迎程度急剧上升,现在被认为是解决各种以图形为中心的最先进的工具问题。我们研究图形分类和回归中MPNN的概括误差。我们假设不同类别的图是从不同的随机图模型中采样的。我们表明,当在从这种分布中采样的数据集上训练MPNN时,概括差距会增加MPNN的复杂性,并且不仅相对于训练样本的数量,而且还会减少节点的平均数量在图中。这表明,只要图形很大,具有高复杂性的MPNN如何从图形的小数据集中概括。概括结合是从均匀收敛结果得出的,该结果表明,应用于图的任何MPNN近似于该图离散的几何模型上应用的MPNN。
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图形神经网络(GNN)在许多基于图的学​​习任务中表现出很大的优势,但通常无法准确预测基于任务的节点集,例如链接/主题预测等。最近,许多作品通过使用随机节点功能或节点距离特征来解决此问题。但是,它们的收敛速度缓慢,预测不准确或高复杂性。在这项工作中,我们重新访问允许使用位置编码(PE)技术(例如Laplacian eigenmap,deepwalk等)的节点的位置特征。 。在这里,我们以原则性的方式研究了这些问题,并提出了一种可证明的解决方案,这是一类用严格数学分析的钉子的GNN层。 PEG使用单独的频道来更新原始节点功能和位置功能。 PEG施加置换量比W.R.T.原始节点功能并施加$ O(P)$(正交组)均值W.R.T.位置特征同时特征,其中$ p $是二手位置特征的维度。在8个现实世界网络上进行的广泛链接预测实验证明了PEG在概括和可伸缩性方面的优势。
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在本文中,我们提供了一种使用图形神经网络(GNNS)的理论,用于多节点表示学习(我们有兴趣学习一组多个节点的表示)。我们知道GNN旨在学习单节点表示。当我们想学习涉及多个节点的节点集表示时,先前作品中的常见做法是直接将GNN学习的多节点表示与节点集的关节表示。在本文中,我们显示了这种方法的基本限制,即无法捕获节点集中节点之间的依赖性,并且认为直接聚合各个节点表示不会导致多个节点的有效关节表示。然后,我们注意到,以前的一些成功的工作作品用于多节点表示学习,包括密封,距离编码和ID-GNN,所有使用的节点标记。这些方法根据应用GNN之前的与目标节点集的关系,首先标记图中的节点。然后,在标记的图表中获得的节点表示被聚合到节点集表示中。通过调查其内部机制,我们将这些节点标记技术统一到单个和最基本的形式,即标记技巧。我们证明,通过标记技巧,可以获得足够富有表现力的GNN学习最具表现力的节点集表示,因此原则上可以解决节点集的任何联合学习任务。关于一个重要的双节点表示学习任务,链接预测,验证了我们理论的实验。我们的工作建立了使用GNN在节点集上使用GNN进行联合预测任务的理论基础。
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消息传递神经网络(MPNNS)是由于其简单性和可扩展性而大部分地进行图形结构数据的深度学习的领先架构。不幸的是,有人认为这些架构的表现力有限。本文提出了一种名为Comifariant Subgraph聚合网络(ESAN)的新颖框架来解决这个问题。我们的主要观察是,虽然两个图可能无法通过MPNN可区分,但它们通常包含可区分的子图。因此,我们建议将每个图形作为由某些预定义策略导出的一组子图,并使用合适的等分性架构来处理它。我们为图同构同构同构造的1立维Weisfeiler-Leman(1-WL)测试的新型变体,并在这些新的WL变体方面证明了ESAN的表达性下限。我们进一步证明,我们的方法增加了MPNNS和更具表现力的架构的表现力。此外,我们提供了理论结果,描述了设计选择诸如子图选择政策和等效性神经结构的设计方式如何影响我们的架构的表现力。要处理增加的计算成本,我们提出了一种子图采样方案,可以将其视为我们框架的随机版本。关于真实和合成数据集的一套全面的实验表明,我们的框架提高了流行的GNN架构的表现力和整体性能。
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Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.
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In the last few years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have become the standard toolkit for analyzing and learning from data on graphs. This emerging field has witnessed an extensive growth of promising techniques that have been applied with success to computer science, mathematics, biology, physics and chemistry. But for any successful field to become mainstream and reliable, benchmarks must be developed to quantify progress. This led us in March 2020 to release a benchmark framework that i) comprises of a diverse collection of mathematical and real-world graphs, ii) enables fair model comparison with the same parameter budget to identify key architectures, iii) has an open-source, easy-to-use and reproducible code infrastructure, and iv) is flexible for researchers to experiment with new theoretical ideas. As of December 2022, the GitHub repository has reached 2,000 stars and 380 forks, which demonstrates the utility of the proposed open-source framework through the wide usage by the GNN community. In this paper, we present an updated version of our benchmark with a concise presentation of the aforementioned framework characteristics, an additional medium-sized molecular dataset AQSOL, similar to the popular ZINC, but with a real-world measured chemical target, and discuss how this framework can be leveraged to explore new GNN designs and insights. As a proof of value of our benchmark, we study the case of graph positional encoding (PE) in GNNs, which was introduced with this benchmark and has since spurred interest of exploring more powerful PE for Transformers and GNNs in a robust experimental setting.
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为了捕获许多社区检测问题的固有几何特征,我们建议使用一个新的社区随机图模型,我们称之为\ emph {几何块模型}。几何模型建立在\ emph {随机几何图}(Gilbert,1961)上,这是空间网络的随机图的基本模型之一,就像在ERD \ H上建立的良好的随机块模型一样{o} s-r \'{en} yi随机图。它也是受到社区发现中最新的理论和实际进步启发的随机社区模型的自然扩展。为了分析几何模型,我们首先为\ emph {Random Annulus图}提供新的连接结果,这是随机几何图的概括。自引入以来,已经研究了几何图的连通性特性,并且由于相关的边缘形成而很难分析它们。然后,我们使用随机环形图的连接结果来提供必要的条件,以有效地为几何块模型恢复社区。我们表明,一种简单的三角计数算法来检测几何模型中的社区几乎是最佳的。为此,我们考虑了两个图密度方案。在图表的平均程度随着顶点的对数增长的状态中,我们表明我们的算法在理论上和实际上都表现出色。相比之下,三角计数算法对于对数学度方案中随机块模型远非最佳。我们还查看了图表的平均度与顶点$ n $的数量线性增长的状态,因此要存储一个需要$ \ theta(n^2)$内存的图表。我们表明,我们的算法需要在此制度中仅存储$ o(n \ log n)$边缘以恢复潜在社区。
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Network data are ubiquitous in modern machine learning, with tasks of interest including node classification, node clustering and link prediction. A frequent approach begins by learning an Euclidean embedding of the network, to which algorithms developed for vector-valued data are applied. For large networks, embeddings are learned using stochastic gradient methods where the sub-sampling scheme can be freely chosen. Despite the strong empirical performance of such methods, they are not well understood theoretically. Our work encapsulates representation methods using a subsampling approach, such as node2vec, into a single unifying framework. We prove, under the assumption that the graph is exchangeable, that the distribution of the learned embedding vectors asymptotically decouples. Moreover, we characterize the asymptotic distribution and provided rates of convergence, in terms of the latent parameters, which includes the choice of loss function and the embedding dimension. This provides a theoretical foundation to understand what the embedding vectors represent and how well these methods perform on downstream tasks. Notably, we observe that typically used loss functions may lead to shortcomings, such as a lack of Fisher consistency.
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近年来,监督学习环境的几个结果表明,古典统计学习 - 理论措施,如VC维度,不充分解释深度学习模型的性能,促使在无限宽度和迭代制度中的工作摆动。但是,对于超出监督环境之外的神经网络成功几乎没有理论解释。在本文中,我们认为,在一些分布假设下,经典学习 - 理论措施可以充分解释转导造型中的图形神经网络的概括。特别是,我们通过分析节点分类问题图卷积网络的概括性特性,对神经网络的性能进行严格分析神经网络。虽然VC维度确实导致该设置中的琐碎泛化误差界限,但我们表明转导变速器复杂性可以解释用于随机块模型的图形卷积网络的泛化特性。我们进一步使用基于转换的Rademacher复杂性的泛化误差界限来展示图形卷积和网络架构在实现较小的泛化误差方面的作用,并在图形结构可以帮助学习时提供洞察。本文的调查结果可以重新新的兴趣在学习理论措施方面对神经网络的概括,尽管在特定问题中。
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Learning node embeddings that capture a node's position within the broader graph structure is crucial for many prediction tasks on graphs. However, existing Graph Neural Network (GNN) architectures have limited power in capturing the position/location of a given node with respect to all other nodes of the graph. Here we propose Position-aware Graph Neural Networks (P-GNNs), a new class of GNNs for computing position-aware node embeddings. P-GNN first samples sets of anchor nodes, computes the distance of a given target node to each anchor-set, and then learns a non-linear distance-weighted aggregation scheme over the anchor-sets. This way P-GNNs can capture positions/locations of nodes with respect to the anchor nodes. P-GNNs have several advantages: they are inductive, scalable, and can incorporate node feature information. We apply P-GNNs to multiple prediction tasks including link prediction and community detection. We show that P-GNNs consistently outperform state of the art GNNs, with up to 66% improvement in terms of the ROC AUC score.Node embedding methods can be categorized into Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) approaches (Scarselli et al., 2009),
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Graph Neural Networks (graph NNs) are a promising deep learning approach for analyzing graph-structured data. However, it is known that they do not improve (or sometimes worsen) their predictive performance as we pile up many layers and add non-lineality. To tackle this problem, we investigate the expressive power of graph NNs via their asymptotic behaviors as the layer size tends to infinity. Our strategy is to generalize the forward propagation of a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN), which is a popular graph NN variant, as a specific dynamical system. In the case of a GCN, we show that when its weights satisfy the conditions determined by the spectra of the (augmented) normalized Laplacian, its output exponentially approaches the set of signals that carry information of the connected components and node degrees only for distinguishing nodes. Our theory enables us to relate the expressive power of GCNs with the topological information of the underlying graphs inherent in the graph spectra. To demonstrate this, we characterize the asymptotic behavior of GCNs on the Erdős -Rényi graph. We show that when the Erdős -Rényi graph is sufficiently dense and large, a broad range of GCNs on it suffers from the "information loss" in the limit of infinite layers with high probability. Based on the theory, we provide a principled guideline for weight normalization of graph NNs. We experimentally confirm that the proposed weight scaling enhances the predictive performance of GCNs in real data 1 .
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图表学习方法的理论分析通常假设输入图的完全观察。由于实践中的可扩展性问题,这种假设可能对处理任何大小的图表都不有用。在这项工作中,我们在部分观察设置中开发了图形分类问题的理论框架(即,子图采样)。在图形限制理论中配备了洞察力,我们提出了一种新的图形分类模型,用于在随机采样的子图和新颖的拓扑上工作,以表征模型的可颂扬性。我们的理论框架在图形上提供了迷你批量学习的理论验证,并导致新的学习 - 理论上的泛化界限以及尺寸概括地,而不是输入的假设。
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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are an effective framework for representation learning of graphs. GNNs follow a neighborhood aggregation scheme, where the representation vector of a node is computed by recursively aggregating and transforming representation vectors of its neighboring nodes. Many GNN variants have been proposed and have achieved state-of-the-art results on both node and graph classification tasks. However, despite GNNs revolutionizing graph representation learning, there is limited understanding of their representational properties and limitations. Here, we present a theoretical framework for analyzing the expressive power of GNNs to capture different graph structures. Our results characterize the discriminative power of popular GNN variants, such as Graph Convolutional Networks and GraphSAGE, and show that they cannot learn to distinguish certain simple graph structures. We then develop a simple architecture that is provably the most expressive among the class of GNNs and is as powerful as the Weisfeiler-Lehman graph isomorphism test. We empirically validate our theoretical findings on a number of graph classification benchmarks, and demonstrate that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance. * Equal contribution. † Work partially performed while in Tokyo, visiting Prof. Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi.
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我们研究了图形表示学习的量子电路,并提出了等级的量子图电路(EQGCS),作为一类参数化量子电路,具有强大的关系感应偏压,用于学习图形结构数据。概念上,EQGCS作为量子图表表示学习的统一框架,允许我们定义几个有趣的子类,其中包含了现有的提案。就代表性权力而言,我们证明了感兴趣的子类是界限图域中的函数的普遍近似器,并提供实验证据。我们对量子图机学习方法的理论透视开启了许多方向以进行进一步的工作,可能导致具有超出古典方法的能力的模型。
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我们提出了对学度校正随机块模型(DCSBM)的合适性测试。该测试基于调整后的卡方统计量,用于测量$ n $多项式分布的组之间的平等性,该分布具有$ d_1,\ dots,d_n $观测值。在网络模型的背景下,多项式的数量($ n $)的数量比观测值数量($ d_i $)快得多,与节点$ i $的度相对应,因此设置偏离了经典的渐近学。我们表明,只要$ \ {d_i \} $的谐波平均值生长到无穷大,就可以使统计量在NULL下分配。顺序应用时,该测试也可以用于确定社区数量。该测试在邻接矩阵的压缩版本上进行操作,因此在学位上有条件,因此对大型稀疏网络具有高度可扩展性。我们结合了一个新颖的想法,即在测试$ K $社区时根据$(k+1)$ - 社区分配来压缩行。这种方法在不牺牲计算效率的情况下增加了顺序应用中的力量,我们证明了它在恢复社区数量方面的一致性。由于测试统计量不依赖于特定的替代方案,因此其效用超出了顺序测试,可用于同时测试DCSBM家族以外的各种替代方案。特别是,我们证明该测试与具有社区结构的潜在可变性网络模型的一般家庭一致。
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近年来,基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构,是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题,它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里,我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用,专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景,展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习,讨论最近的扩展,并概述算法的连接(置换 - )方面的神经结构。此外,我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向,以刺激进一步的研究。
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Although theoretical properties such as expressive power and over-smoothing of graph neural networks (GNN) have been extensively studied recently, its convergence property is a relatively new direction. In this paper, we investigate the convergence of one powerful GNN, Invariant Graph Network (IGN) over graphs sampled from graphons. We first prove the stability of linear layers for general $k$-IGN (of order $k$) based on a novel interpretation of linear equivariant layers. Building upon this result, we prove the convergence of $k$-IGN under the model of \citet{ruiz2020graphon}, where we access the edge weight but the convergence error is measured for graphon inputs. Under the more natural (and more challenging) setting of \citet{keriven2020convergence} where one can only access 0-1 adjacency matrix sampled according to edge probability, we first show a negative result that the convergence of any IGN is not possible. We then obtain the convergence of a subset of IGNs, denoted as IGN-small, after the edge probability estimation. We show that IGN-small still contains function class rich enough that can approximate spectral GNNs arbitrarily well. Lastly, we perform experiments on various graphon models to verify our statements.
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图形神经网络(GNNS)具有有限的表现力量,无法正确代表许多图形类。虽然更具表现力的图表表示学习(GRL)替代方案可以区分其中一些类,但它们明显难以实现,可能不会很好地扩展,并且尚未显示在现实世界任务中优于经过良好调整的GNN。因此,设计简单,可扩展和表现力的GRL架构,也实现了现实世界的改进仍然是一个开放的挑战。在这项工作中,我们展示了图形重建的程度 - 从其子图重建图形 - 可以减轻GRL架构目前面临的理论和实际问题。首先,我们利用图形重建来构建两个新的表达图表表示。其次,我们展示了图形重建如何提升任何GNN架构的表现力,同时是一个(可证明的)强大的归纳偏见,用于侵略性的侵略性。凭经验,我们展示了重建如何提高GNN的表现力 - 同时保持其与顶点的排列的不变性 - 通过解决原始GNN的七个图形属性任务而无法解决。此外,我们展示了如何在九世界基准数据集中提升最先进的GNN性能。
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链接预测是图神经网络(GNN)的重要应用。链接预测的大多数现有GNN基于一维Weisfeiler-Lehman(1-WL)测试。 1-wl-gnn首先通过迭代的相邻节点特征来计算中心,然后通过汇总成对节点表示来获得链接表示。正如先前的作品所指出的那样,这两步过程会导致较低的区分功能,因为自然而然地学习节点级表示而不是链接级别。在本文中,我们研究了一种完全不同的方法,该方法可以基于\ textit {二维WEISFEILER-LEHMAN(2-WL)测试直接获得节点对(链接)表示。 2-WL测试直接使用链接(2个小说)作为消息传递单元而不是节点,因此可以直接获得链接表示。我们理论上分析了2-WL测试的表达能力以区分非晶状体链接,并证明其优越的链接与1-WL相比。基于不同的2-WL变体,我们提出了一系列用于链路预测的新型2-WL-GNN模型。在广泛的现实数据集上进行的实验证明了它们对最先进的基线的竞争性能以及优于普通1-WL-GNN的优势。
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