本文提出了一种新型的自适应样品基于空间的Viterbi算法,以在线方式定位。该方法依靠将目标的运动空间离散为代表有限数量的隐藏状态的单元。然后,通过隐藏的Markov模型(HMM)框架中的动态编程计算了跟踪目标的最可能的轨迹。提出的方法使用贝叶斯估计框架,该框架既不限于高斯噪声模型,也不需要线性化的目标运动模型或传感器测量模型。但是,基于HMM的定位方法可能会遭受较差的计算复杂性,因为在大空间中,由于高分辨率建模或目标定位,隐藏状态的数量增加。为了提高这种差的计算复杂性,本文提出了在最可能的信念空间中依次低至高分辨率的信念传播,从而大大降低了所需的资源。所提出的方法的灵感来自计算机视野字段中常用的K-D树算法(例如Quadtree)。使用超宽带(UWB)传感器网络进行的实验测试证明了我们的结果。
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在室内和GPS拒绝环境中的无线移动设备或机器人的本地化是一个难题,特别是在传统摄像机和基于LIDAR的替代感测和本地化模式可能失败的动态场景中。我们提出了一种用于估计移动机器人的位置与在环境中部署的静态无线传感器节点(WSN)相关的方法。该方法采用新的粒子滤波器,其使用在到达方向(DOA)估计的高斯概率与移动机器人的移动模型结合使用的高斯概率来更新其权重。通过广泛的模拟和公共现实世界测量数据集,在准确性和计算效率方面评估和验证所提出的方法,与标准的最先进的本地化方法相比。结果显示了通过高计算效率平衡的高仪表级定位精度,使其能够在线使用,而无需为基于典型指纹的定位算法中的专用离线阶段使用。
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本文解决了积极计划的问题,以在GNSS受限的场景中测量不确定性下实现多机器人系统(MRS)的合作定位。具体而言,我们解决了准确预测配备基于范围的测量设备的两个机器人之间未来连接的概率的问题。由于配备的传感器范围有限,由于机器人相互移动,网络连接拓扑中的边缘将被创建或破坏。因此,鉴于状态估计不完善和嘈杂的驱动,准确地预测边缘的未来存在是一项具有挑战性的任务。自适应功率序列扩展(或APSE)算法是根据当前估计和控制候选者开发的。这种算法在正态分布中应用了二次阳性形式的功率序列扩展公式。有限端近似是为了实现计算障碍。提出了进一步的分析,以表明通过自适应选择功率序列的求和度,可以从理论上将有限端近似中的截断误差降低到所需的阈值。几种足够的条件被严格得出作为选择原则。最后,相对于单个和多机器人案例,广泛的仿真结果和比较验证了正式计算的,因此将来拓扑的更准确的概率可以帮助改善在不确定性下积极计划的性能。
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移动机器人的精确位置信息对于导航和任务处理至关重要,尤其是对于多机器人系统(MRS),可以从该领域进行协作和收集有价值的数据。但是,在无法访问GPS信号(例如在环境控制,室内或地下环境中)的机器人发现很难单独使用其传感器找到。结果,机器人共享其本地信息以改善其本地化估计,使整个MRS团队受益。已经尝试使用无线电信号强度指标(RSSI)作为计算轴承信息的来源进行了几次尝试模拟基于多机器人的定位。我们还利用了通过系统中多个机器人的通信生成的无线网络,并旨在在动态环境中具有很高准确性和效率的定位代理,以共享信息融合以完善本地化估计。该估计器结构减少了一个测量相关性的来源,同时适当地纳入了其他相关性。本文提出了一个分散的多机器人协同定位系统(MRSL),以实现密集和动态的环境。每当从邻居那里收到新信息时,机器人都会更新其位置估计。当系统感觉到该地区其他机器人的存在时,它会交换位置估计并将接收到的数据合并以提高其本地化精度。我们的方法使用基于贝叶斯规则的集成,该集成已证明在计算上是有效的,适用于异步机器人通信。我们已经使用数量不同的机器人进行了广泛的仿真实验,以分析算法。 MRSL与RSSI的本地化准确性优于文献中的其他算法,对未来发展有很大的希望。
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Efficient localization plays a vital role in many modern applications of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) and Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which would contribute to improved control, safety, power economy, etc. The ubiquitous 5G NR (New Radio) cellular network will provide new opportunities for enhancing localization of UAVs and UGVs. In this paper, we review the radio frequency (RF) based approaches for localization. We review the RF features that can be utilized for localization and investigate the current methods suitable for Unmanned vehicles under two general categories: range-based and fingerprinting. The existing state-of-the-art literature on RF-based localization for both UAVs and UGVs is examined, and the envisioned 5G NR for localization enhancement, and the future research direction are explored.
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The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
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Location-aware networks will introduce new services and applications for modern convenience, surveillance, and public safety. In this paper, we consider the problem of cooperative localization in a wireless network where the position of certain anchor nodes can be controlled. We introduce an active planning method that aims at moving the anchors such that the information gain of future measurements is maximized. In the control layer of the proposed method, control inputs are calculated by minimizing the traces of approximate inverse Bayesian Fisher information matrixes (FIMs). The estimation layer computes estimates of the agent states and provides Gaussian representations of marginal posteriors of agent positions to the control layer for approximate Bayesian FIM computations. Based on a cost function that accumulates Bayesian FIM contributions over a sliding window of discrete future timesteps, a receding horizon (RH) control is performed. Approximations that make it possible to solve the resulting tree-search problem efficiently are also discussed. A numerical case study demonstrates the intelligent behavior of a single controlled anchor in a 3-D scenario and the resulting significantly improved localization accuracy.
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当前的融合定位系统主要基于过滤算法,例如卡尔曼过滤或粒子过滤。但是,实际应用方案的系统复杂性通常很高,例如行人惯性导航系统中的噪声建模或指纹匹配和定位算法中的环境噪声建模。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一个基于深度学习的融合定位系统,并提出了一种转移学习策略,以改善具有不同分布的样本的神经网络模型的性能。结果表明,在整个地板方案中,融合网络的平均定位精度为0.506米。转移学习的实验结果表明,惯性导航定位步骤大小和不同行人的旋转角的估计精度可以平均提高53.3%,可以将不同设备的蓝牙定位精度提高33.4%,并且融合可以提高。可以提高31.6%。
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We propose a multisensor fusion framework for onboard real-time navigation of a quadrotor in an indoor environment, by integrating sensor readings from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a camera-based object detection algorithm, and an Ultra-WideBand (UWB) localization system. The sensor readings from the camera-based object detection algorithm and the UWB localization system arrive intermittently, since the measurements are not readily available. We design a Kalman filter that manages intermittent observations in order to handle and fuse the readings and estimate the pose of the quadrotor for tracking a predefined trajectory. The system is implemented via a Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation technique, in which the dynamic model of the quadrotor is simulated in an open-source 3D robotics simulator tool, and the whole navigation system is implemented on Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled edge GPU. The simulation results show that our proposed framework offers low positioning and trajectory errors, while handling intermittent sensor measurements.
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有效推论是一种数学框架,它起源于计算神经科学,作为大脑如何实现动作,感知和学习的理论。最近,已被证明是在不确定性下存在国家估算和控制问题的有希望的方法,以及一般的机器人和人工代理人的目标驱动行为的基础。在这里,我们审查了最先进的理论和对国家估计,控制,规划和学习的积极推断的实现;描述当前的成就,特别关注机器人。我们展示了相关实验,以适应,泛化和稳健性而言说明其潜力。此外,我们将这种方法与其他框架联系起来,并讨论其预期的利益和挑战:使用变分贝叶斯推理具有功能生物合理性的统一框架。
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主动位置估计(APE)是使用一个或多个传感平台本地化一个或多个目标的任务。 APE是搜索和拯救任务,野生动物监测,源期限估计和协作移动机器人的关键任务。 APE的成功取决于传感平台的合作水平,他们的数量,他们的自由度和收集的信息的质量。 APE控制法通过满足纯粹剥削或纯粹探索性标准,可以实现主动感测。前者最大限度地减少了位置估计的不确定性;虽然后者驱动了更接近其任务完成的平台。在本文中,我们定义了系统地分类的主要元素,并批判地讨论该域中的最新状态。我们还提出了一个参考框架作为对截图相关的解决方案的形式主义。总体而言,本调查探讨了主要挑战,并设想了本地化任务的自主感知系统领域的主要研究方向。促进用于搜索和跟踪应用的强大主动感测方法的开发也有益。
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This paper proposes a new 3D gas distribution mapping technique based on the local message passing of Gaussian belief propagation that is capable of resolving in real time, concentration estimates in 3D space whilst accounting for the obstacle information within the scenario, the first of its kind in the literature. The gas mapping problem is formulated as a 3D factor graph of Gaussian potentials, the connections of which are conditioned on local occupancy values. The Gaussian belief propagation framework is introduced as the solver and a new hybrid message scheduler is introduced to increase the rate of convergence. The factor graph problem is then redesigned as a dynamically expanding inference task, coupling the information of consecutive gas measurements with local spatial structure obtained by the robot. The proposed algorithm is compared to the state of the art methods in 2D and 3D simulations and is found to resolve distribution maps orders of magnitude quicker than typical direct solvers. The proposed framework is then deployed for the first time onboard a ground robot in a 3D mapping and exploration task. The system is shown to be able to resolve multiple sensor inputs and output high resolution 3D gas distribution maps in a GPS denied cluttered scenario in real time. This online inference of complicated plume structures provides a new layer of contextual information over its 2D counterparts and enables autonomous systems to take advantage of real time estimates to inform potential next best sampling locations.
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嘈杂的传感,不完美的控制和环境变化是许多现实世界机器人任务的定义特征。部分可观察到的马尔可夫决策过程(POMDP)提供了一个原则上的数学框架,用于建模和解决不确定性下的机器人决策和控制任务。在过去的十年中,它看到了许多成功的应用程序,涵盖了本地化和导航,搜索和跟踪,自动驾驶,多机器人系统,操纵和人类机器人交互。这项调查旨在弥合POMDP模型的开发与算法之间的差距,以及针对另一端的不同机器人决策任务的应用。它分析了这些任务的特征,并将它们与POMDP框架的数学和算法属性联系起来,以进行有效的建模和解决方案。对于从业者来说,调查提供了一些关键任务特征,以决定何时以及如何成功地将POMDP应用于机器人任务。对于POMDP算法设计师,该调查为将POMDP应用于机器人系统的独特挑战提供了新的见解,并指出了有希望的新方向进行进一步研究。
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在这项工作中,我们研究了在不确定性下的在线决策问题,我们将其制定为在信仰空间的规划中。在高维状态(例如,整个轨迹)上维护信仰(即,整个轨迹)不仅被证明可以显着提高准确性,而且还允许在主动SLAM和信息收集的任务所需的情况下规划信息理论目标。尽管如此,根据这种“平滑”范式的规划持有高计算复杂性,这使得在线解决方案具有挑战性。因此,我们建议以下想法:在规划之前,在初始信念上执行独立状态可变重新排序过程,并“推进”所有预测的环路关闭变量。由于初始可变顺序确定将受到传入更新影响的它们的哪个子集,因此这种重新排序允许我们最小化受影响变量的总数,并在规划期间降低候选评估的计算复杂性。我们称之为Pivot:预测增量变量订购策略。应用此策略也可以提高国家推理效率;如果我们在规划会议后维持枢轴令,那么我们应该同样降低循环闭合的成本,当实际发生时。为了展示其有效性,我们将枢轴应用于一个现实的主动Slam仿真中,在那里我们设法显着减少了规划和推理会话的计算时间。该方法适用于一般分布,并不能准确地损失。
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本文介绍了用于增量平滑和映射(NF-ISAM)的归一化流,这是一种新型算法,用于通过非线性测量模型和非高斯因素来推断SLAM问题中完整的后验分布。NF-ISAM利用了神经网络的表达能力,并将正常的流量训练以建模和对完整的后部进行采样。通过利用贝叶斯树,NF-ISAM启用了类似于ISAM2的有效增量更新,尽管在更具挑战性的非高斯环境中。我们证明了NF-ISAM使用数据关联模棱两可的仅范围的SLAM问题来证明NF-ISAM比最先进的点和分布估计算法的优势。NF-ISAM在描述连续变量(例如位置)和离散变量(例如数据关联)的后验信仰方面提出了卓越的准确性。
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Reliability is a key factor for realizing safety guarantee of full autonomous robot systems. In this paper, we focus on reliability in mobile robot localization. Monte Carlo localization (MCL) is widely used for mobile robot localization. However, it is still difficult to guarantee its safety because there are no methods determining reliability for MCL estimate. This paper presents a novel localization framework that enables robust localization, reliability estimation, and quick re-localization, simultaneously. The presented method can be implemented using similar estimation manner to that of MCL. The method can increase localization robustness to environment changes by estimating known and unknown obstacles while performing localization; however, localization failure of course occurs by unanticipated errors. The method also includes a reliability estimation function that enables us to know whether localization has failed. Additionally, the method can seamlessly integrate a global localization method via importance sampling. Consequently, quick re-localization from failures can be realized while mitigating noisy influence of global localization. Through three types of experiments, we show that reliable MCL that performs robust localization, self-failure detection, and quick failure recovery can be realized.
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主动同时定位和映射(SLAM)是规划和控制机器人运动以构建周围环境中最准确,最完整的模型的问题。自从三十多年前出现了积极感知的第一项基础工作以来,该领域在不同科学社区中受到了越来越多的关注。这带来了许多不同的方法和表述,并回顾了当前趋势,对于新的和经验丰富的研究人员来说都是非常有价值的。在这项工作中,我们在主动大满贯中调查了最先进的工作,并深入研究了仍然需要注意的公开挑战以满足现代应用程序的需求。为了实现现实世界的部署。在提供了历史观点之后,我们提出了一个统一的问题制定并审查经典解决方案方案,该方案将问题分解为三个阶段,以识别,选择和执行潜在的导航措施。然后,我们分析替代方法,包括基于深入强化学习的信念空间规划和现代技术,以及审查有关多机器人协调的相关工作。该手稿以讨论新的研究方向的讨论,解决可再现的研究,主动的空间感知和实际应用,以及其他主题。
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在本文中,我们使用单个摄像头和惯性测量单元(IMU)以及相应的感知共识问题(即,所有观察者的独特性和相同的ID)来解决基于视觉的检测和跟踪多个航空车的问题。我们设计了几种基于视觉的分散贝叶斯多跟踪滤波策略,以解决视觉探测器算法获得的传入的未分类测量与跟踪剂之间的关联。我们根据团队中代理的数量在不同的操作条件以及可扩展性中比较它们的准确性。该分析提供了有关给定任务最合适的设计选择的有用见解。我们进一步表明,提出的感知和推理管道包括深度神经网络(DNN),因为视觉目标检测器是轻量级的,并且能够同时运行控制和计划,并在船上进行大小,重量和功率(交换)约束机器人。实验结果表明,在各种具有挑战性的情况(例如重闭)中,有效跟踪了多个无人机。
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We propose a path planning methodology for a mobile robot navigating through an obstacle-filled environment to generate a reference path that is traceable with moderate sensing efforts. The desired reference path is characterized as the shortest path in an obstacle-filled Gaussian belief manifold equipped with a novel information-geometric distance function. The distance function we introduce is shown to be an asymmetric quasi-pseudometric and can be interpreted as the minimum information gain required to steer the Gaussian belief. An RRT*-based numerical solution algorithm is presented to solve the formulated shortest-path problem. To gain insight into the asymptotic optimality of the proposed algorithm, we show that the considered path length function is continuous with respect to the topology of total variation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in various robot navigation scenarios to reduce sensing costs, such as the required frequency of sensor measurements and the number of sensors that must be operated simultaneously.
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本文主要研究范围传感机器人在置信度富的地图(CRM)中的定位和映射,这是一种持续信仰的密集环境表示,然后扩展到信息理论探索以减少姿势不确定性。大多数关于主动同时定位和映射(SLAM)和探索的作品始终假设已知的机器人姿势或利用不准确的信息指标来近似姿势不确定性,从而导致不知名的环境中的勘探性能和效率不平衡。这激发了我们以可测量的姿势不确定性扩展富含信心的互信息(CRMI)。具体而言,我们为CRMS提出了一种基于Rao-Blackwellized粒子过滤器的定位和映射方案(RBPF-CLAM),然后我们开发了一种新的封闭形式的加权方法来提高本地化精度而不扫描匹配。我们通过更准确的近似值进一步计算了使用加权颗粒的不确定的CRMI(UCRMI)。仿真和实验评估显示了在非结构化和密闭场景中提出的方法的定位准确性和探索性能。
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