在本文中，我们通过随机搜索方向的Kiefer-Wolfowitz算法调查了随机优化问题模型参数的统计参数问题。我们首先介绍了Polyak-ruppert-veriving型Kiefer-Wolfowitz（AKW）估计器的渐近分布，其渐近协方差矩阵取决于函数查询复杂性和搜索方向的分布。分布结果反映了统计效率与函数查询复杂性之间的权衡。我们进一步分析了随机搜索方向的选择来最小化渐变协方差矩阵，并得出结论，最佳搜索方向取决于相对于Fisher信息矩阵的不同摘要统计的最优标准。根据渐近分布结果，我们通过提供两个有效置信区间的结构进行一次通过统计推理。我们提供了验证我们的理论结果的数值实验，并通过程序的实际效果。

在关键的科学应用中，随着随机梯度算法培训的统计机器学习模型越来越多地部署。然而，在若干这样的应用中计算随机梯度是高度昂贵的甚至不可能。在这种情况下，使用衍生物或零顺序算法。迄今为止在统计机器学习文献中没有充分解决的一个重要问题是用实用又严谨的推理能力装备随机零顺序算法，以便我们不仅具有点估计或预测，而且还通过信心量化相关的不确定性间隔或集合。在这方面，在这项工作中，我们首先建立一个用于Polyak-ruppert平均随机零级梯度算法的中央极限定理。然后，我们提供出现在中央极限定理中的渐变协方差矩阵的在线估算，从而提供用于在零顺序设置中为参数估计（或预测）构建渐近有效的置信度（或间隔）的实际过程。

With the fast development of big data, it has been easier than before to learn the optimal decision rule by updating the decision rule recursively and making online decisions. We study the online statistical inference of model parameters in a contextual bandit framework of sequential decision-making. We propose a general framework for online and adaptive data collection environment that can update decision rules via weighted stochastic gradient descent. We allow different weighting schemes of the stochastic gradient and establish the asymptotic normality of the parameter estimator. Our proposed estimator significantly improves the asymptotic efficiency over the previous averaged SGD approach via inverse probability weights. We also conduct an optimality analysis on the weights in a linear regression setting. We provide a Bahadur representation of the proposed estimator and show that the remainder term in the Bahadur representation entails a slower convergence rate compared to classical SGD due to the adaptive data collection.

Online learning naturally arises in many statistical and machine learning problems. The most widely used methods in online learning are stochastic first-order algorithms. Among this family of algorithms, there is a recently developed algorithm, Recursive One-Over-T SGD (ROOT-SGD). ROOT-SGD is advantageous in that it converges at a non-asymptotically fast rate, and its estimator further converges to a normal distribution. However, this normal distribution has unknown asymptotic covariance; thus cannot be directly applied to measure the uncertainty. To fill this gap, we develop two estimators for the asymptotic covariance of ROOT-SGD. Our covariance estimators are useful for statistical inference in ROOT-SGD. Our first estimator adopts the idea of plug-in. For each unknown component in the formula of the asymptotic covariance, we substitute it with its empirical counterpart. The plug-in estimator converges at the rate $\mathcal{O}(1/\sqrt{t})$, where $t$ is the sample size. Despite its quick convergence, the plug-in estimator has the limitation that it relies on the Hessian of the loss function, which might be unavailable in some cases. Our second estimator is a Hessian-free estimator that overcomes the aforementioned limitation. The Hessian-free estimator uses the random-scaling technique, and we show that it is an asymptotically consistent estimator of the true covariance.

联合学习（FL）使大量优化的优势计算设备（例如，移动电话）联合学习全局模型而无需数据共享。在FL中，数据以分散的方式产生，具有高异质性。本文研究如何在联邦设置中对统计估算和推断进行统计估算和推理。我们分析所谓的本地SGD，这是一种使用间歇通信来提高通信效率的多轮估计过程。我们首先建立一个{\ IT功能的中央极限定理}，显示了本地SGD的平均迭代弱融合到重新定位的布朗运动。我们接下来提供两个迭代推断方法：{\ IT插件}和{\ IT随机缩放}。随机缩放通过沿整个本地SGD路径的信息构造推断的渐近枢转统计。这两种方法都是通信高效且适用于在线数据。我们的理论和经验结果表明，本地SGD同时实现了统计效率和通信效率。

The implicit stochastic gradient descent (ISGD), a proximal version of SGD, is gaining interest in the literature due to its stability over (explicit) SGD. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth analysis of the two modes of ISGD for smooth convex functions, namely proximal Robbins-Monro (proxRM) and proximal Poylak-Ruppert (proxPR) procedures, for their use in statistical inference on model parameters. Specifically, we derive nonasymptotic point estimation error bounds of both proxRM and proxPR iterates and their limiting distributions, and propose on-line estimators of their asymptotic covariance matrices that require only a single run of ISGD. The latter estimators are used to construct valid confidence intervals for the model parameters. Our analysis is free of the generalized linear model assumption that has limited the preceding analyses, and employs feasible procedures. Our on-line covariance matrix estimators appear to be the first of this kind in the ISGD literature.* Equal contribution 1 Kakao Entertainment Corp.

我们提出了一种基于优化的基于优化的框架，用于计算差异私有M估算器以及构建差分私立置信区的新方法。首先，我们表明稳健的统计数据可以与嘈杂的梯度下降或嘈杂的牛顿方法结合使用，以便分别获得具有全局线性或二次收敛的最佳私人估算。我们在局部强大的凸起和自我协调下建立当地和全球融合保障，表明我们的私人估算变为对非私人M估计的几乎最佳附近的高概率。其次，我们通过构建我们私有M估计的渐近方差的差异私有估算来解决参数化推断的问题。这自然导致近​​似枢轴统计，用于构建置信区并进行假设检测。我们展示了偏置校正的有效性，以提高模拟中的小样本实证性能。我们说明了我们在若干数值例子中的方法的好处。

我们解决了如何在没有严格缩放条件的情况下实现分布式分数回归中最佳推断的问题。由于分位数回归（QR）损失函数的非平滑性质，这是具有挑战性的，这使现有方法的使用无效。难度通过应用于本地（每个数据源）和全局目标函数的双光滑方法解决。尽管依赖局部和全球平滑参数的精致组合，但分位数回归模型是完全参数的，从而促进了解释。在低维度中，我们为顺序定义的分布式QR估计器建立了有限样本的理论框架。这揭示了通信成本和统计错误之间的权衡。我们进一步讨论并比较了基于WALD和得分型测试和重采样技术的反转的几种替代置信集结构，并详细介绍了对更极端分数系数有效的改进。在高维度中，采用了一个稀疏的框架，其中提出的双滑目标功能与$ \ ell_1 $ -penalty相辅相成。我们表明，相应的分布式QR估计器在近乎恒定的通信回合之后达到了全球收敛率。一项彻底的模拟研究进一步阐明了我们的发现。

通过在线规范相关性分析的问题，我们提出了\ emph {随机缩放梯度下降}（SSGD）算法，以最小化通用riemannian歧管上的随机功能的期望。 SSGD概括了投影随机梯度下降的思想，允许使用缩放的随机梯度而不是随机梯度。在特殊情况下，球形约束的特殊情况，在广义特征向量问题中产生的，我们建立了$ \ sqrt {1 / t} $的令人反感的有限样本，并表明该速率最佳最佳，直至具有积极的积极因素相关参数。在渐近方面，一种新的轨迹平均争论使我们能够实现局部渐近常态，其速率与鲁普特 - Polyak-Quaditsky平均的速率匹配。我们将这些想法携带在一个在线规范相关分析，从事文献中的第一次获得了最佳的一次性尺度算法，其具有局部渐近融合到正常性的最佳一次性尺度算法。还提供了用于合成数据的规范相关分析的数值研究。

我们应用随机顺序二次编程（STOSQP）算法来求解受约束的非线性优化问题，在该问题是随机的，并且约束是确定性的。我们研究了一个完全随机的设置，其中每次迭代中只有一个样本可用于估计物镜的梯度和黑森州。我们允许stosqp选择一个随机架子$ \ bar {\ alpha} _t $适应性，使得$ \ beta_t \ leq \ leq \ bar {\ alpha} _t \ leq \ leq \ beta_t+beta_t+\ chi_t+\ chi_t $，wither = o（\ beta_t）$是预定的确定性序列。我们还允许STOSQP通过随机迭代求解器（例如，使用草图和项目方法）求解牛顿系统。而且我们不需要不精确的牛顿方向的近似误差即可消失。对于这个一般的STOSQP框架，我们建立了其最后一次迭代的渐近收敛速率，最差的案例迭代复杂性是副产品。我们执行统计推断。特别是，有了适当的衰减$ \ beta_t，\ chi_t $，我们表明：（i）STOSQP方案最多可以采用$ o（1/\ epsilon^4）$ iterations $ iterations $ iTerations以实现$ \ epsilon $ -Stationarity; （ii）几乎毫无疑问，$ \ |（x_t -x^\ star，\ lambda_t- \ lambda^\ star）\ | | = o（\ sqrt {\ beta_t \ log（1/\ beta_t）}）+o（\ chi_t/\ beta_t）$，其中$（x_t，\ lambda_t）$是primal-dimal-dimal-dialal-dialal-dialal-dual stosqp itselmate; （iii）序列$ 1/\ sqrt {\ beta_t} \ cdot（x_t -x^\ star，\ lambda_t- \ lambda_t- \ lambda^\ star）$收敛到平均零高斯分布，具有非琐事的共价矩阵。此外，我们建立了$（x_t，\ lambda_t）$的Berry-Esseen，以定量地测量其分布功能的收敛性。我们还为协方差矩阵提供了实用的估计器，可以使用iTerates $ \ {（x_t，\ lambda_t）\} _ t $构建$（x^\ star，\ lambda^\ star）$的置信区间（x^\ star，\ lambda^\ star）$。我们的定理使用最可爱的测试集中的非线性问题验证。

Influence diagnostics such as influence functions and approximate maximum influence perturbations are popular in machine learning and in AI domain applications. Influence diagnostics are powerful statistical tools to identify influential datapoints or subsets of datapoints. We establish finite-sample statistical bounds, as well as computational complexity bounds, for influence functions and approximate maximum influence perturbations using efficient inverse-Hessian-vector product implementations. We illustrate our results with generalized linear models and large attention based models on synthetic and real data.

We consider minimizing a smooth and strongly convex objective function using a stochastic Newton method. At each iteration, the algorithm is given an oracle access to a stochastic estimate of the Hessian matrix. The oracle model includes popular algorithms such as Subsampled Newton and Newton Sketch. Despite using second-order information, these existing methods do not exhibit superlinear convergence, unless the stochastic noise is gradually reduced to zero during the iteration, which would lead to a computational blow-up in the per-iteration cost. We propose to address this limitation with Hessian averaging: instead of using the most recent Hessian estimate, our algorithm maintains an average of all the past estimates. This reduces the stochastic noise while avoiding the computational blow-up. We show that this scheme exhibits local $Q$-superlinear convergence with a non-asymptotic rate of $(\Upsilon\sqrt{\log (t)/t}\,)^{t}$, where $\Upsilon$ is proportional to the level of stochastic noise in the Hessian oracle. A potential drawback of this (uniform averaging) approach is that the averaged estimates contain Hessian information from the global phase of the method, i.e., before the iterates converge to a local neighborhood. This leads to a distortion that may substantially delay the superlinear convergence until long after the local neighborhood is reached. To address this drawback, we study a number of weighted averaging schemes that assign larger weights to recent Hessians, so that the superlinear convergence arises sooner, albeit with a slightly slower rate. Remarkably, we show that there exists a universal weighted averaging scheme that transitions to local convergence at an optimal stage, and still exhibits a superlinear convergence rate nearly (up to a logarithmic factor) matching that of uniform Hessian averaging.

Classical asymptotic theory for statistical inference usually involves calibrating a statistic by fixing the dimension $d$ while letting the sample size $n$ increase to infinity. Recently, much effort has been dedicated towards understanding how these methods behave in high-dimensional settings, where $d$ and $n$ both increase to infinity together. This often leads to different inference procedures, depending on the assumptions about the dimensionality, leaving the practitioner in a bind: given a dataset with 100 samples in 20 dimensions, should they calibrate by assuming $n \gg d$, or $d/n \approx 0.2$? This paper considers the goal of dimension-agnostic inference; developing methods whose validity does not depend on any assumption on $d$ versus $n$. We introduce an approach that uses variational representations of existing test statistics along with sample splitting and self-normalization to produce a new test statistic with a Gaussian limiting distribution, regardless of how $d$ scales with $n$. The resulting statistic can be viewed as a careful modification of degenerate U-statistics, dropping diagonal blocks and retaining off-diagonal blocks. We exemplify our technique for some classical problems including one-sample mean and covariance testing, and show that our tests have minimax rate-optimal power against appropriate local alternatives. In most settings, our cross U-statistic matches the high-dimensional power of the corresponding (degenerate) U-statistic up to a $\sqrt{2}$ factor.

Contextual bandit has been widely used for sequential decision-making based on the current contextual information and historical feedback data. In modern applications, such context format can be rich and can often be formulated as a matrix. Moreover, while existing bandit algorithms mainly focused on reward-maximization, less attention has been paid to the statistical inference. To fill in these gaps, in this work we consider a matrix contextual bandit framework where the true model parameter is a low-rank matrix, and propose a fully online procedure to simultaneously make sequential decision-making and conduct statistical inference. The low-rank structure of the model parameter and the adaptivity nature of the data collection process makes this difficult: standard low-rank estimators are not fully online and are biased, while existing inference approaches in bandit algorithms fail to account for the low-rankness and are also biased. To address these, we introduce a new online doubly-debiasing inference procedure to simultaneously handle both sources of bias. In theory, we establish the asymptotic normality of the proposed online doubly-debiased estimator and prove the validity of the constructed confidence interval. Our inference results are built upon a newly developed low-rank stochastic gradient descent estimator and its non-asymptotic convergence result, which is also of independent interest.

我们研究了随机近似程序，以便基于观察来自ergodic Markov链的长度$ n $的轨迹来求近求解$ d -dimension的线性固定点方程。我们首先表现出$ t _ {\ mathrm {mix}} \ tfrac {n}} \ tfrac {n}} \ tfrac {d}} \ tfrac {d} {n} $的非渐近性界限。$ t _ {\ mathrm {mix $是混合时间。然后，我们证明了一种在适当平均迭代序列上的非渐近实例依赖性，具有匹配局部渐近最小的限制的领先术语，包括对参数$的敏锐依赖（d，t _ {\ mathrm {mix}}） $以高阶术语。我们将这些上限与非渐近Minimax的下限补充，该下限是建立平均SA估计器的实例 - 最优性。我们通过Markov噪声的政策评估导出了这些结果的推导 - 覆盖了所有$ \ lambda \中的TD（$ \ lambda $）算法，以便[0,1）$ - 和线性自回归模型。我们的实例依赖性表征为HyperParameter调整的细粒度模型选择程序的设计开放了门（例如，在运行TD（$ \ Lambda $）算法时选择$ \ lambda $的值）。

套索是一种高维回归的方法，当时，当协变量$ p $的订单数量或大于观测值$ n $时，通常使用它。由于两个基本原因，经典的渐近态性理论不适用于该模型：$（1）$正规风险是非平滑的； $（2）$估算器$ \ wideHat {\ boldsymbol {\ theta}} $与true参数vector $ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$无法忽略。结果，标准的扰动论点是渐近正态性的传统基础。另一方面，套索估计器可以精确地以$ n $和$ p $大，$ n/p $的订单为一。这种表征首先是在使用I.I.D的高斯设计的情况下获得的。协变量：在这里，我们将其推广到具有非偏差协方差结构的高斯相关设计。这是根据更简单的``固定设计''模型表示的。我们在两个模型中各种数量的分布之间的距离上建立了非反应界限，它们在合适的稀疏类别中均匀地固定在信号上$ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$。作为应用程序，我们研究了借助拉索的分布，并表明需要校正程度对于计算有效的置信区间是必要的。

生成对抗网络（GAN）在数据生成方面取得了巨大成功。但是，其统计特性尚未完全理解。在本文中，我们考虑了GAN的一般$ f $ divergence公式的统计行为，其中包括Kullback- Leibler Divergence与最大似然原理密切相关。我们表明，对于正确指定的参数生成模型，在适当的规律性条件下，所有具有相同歧视类别类别的$ f $ divergence gans均在渐近上等效。 Moreover, with an appropriately chosen local discriminator, they become equivalent to the maximum likelihood estimate asymptotically.对于被误解的生成模型，具有不同$ f $ -Divergences {收敛到不同估计器}的gan，因此无法直接比较。但是，结果表明，对于某些常用的$ f $ -Diverences，原始的$ f $ gan并不是最佳的，因为当更换原始$ f $ gan配方中的判别器培训时，可以实现较小的渐近方差通过逻辑回归。结果估计方法称为对抗梯度估计（年龄）。提供了实证研究来支持该理论，并证明了年龄的优势，而不是模型错误的原始$ f $ gans。

我们在对数损失下引入条件密度估计的过程，我们调用SMP（样本Minmax预测器）。该估算器最大限度地减少了统计学习的新一般过度风险。在标准示例中，此绑定量表为$ d / n $，$ d $ d $模型维度和$ n $ sample大小，并在模型拼写条目下批判性仍然有效。作为一个不当（超出型号）的程序，SMP在模型内估算器（如最大似然估计）的内部估算器上，其风险过高的风险降低。相比，与顺序问题的方法相比，我们的界限删除了SubOltimal $ \ log n $因子，可以处理无限的类。对于高斯线性模型，SMP的预测和风险受到协变量的杠杆分数，几乎匹配了在没有条件的线性模型的噪声方差或近似误差的条件下匹配的最佳风险。对于Logistic回归，SMP提供了一种非贝叶斯方法来校准依赖于虚拟样本的概率预测，并且可以通过解决两个逻辑回归来计算。它达到了$ O的非渐近风险（（d + b ^ 2r ^ 2）/ n）$，其中$ r $绑定了特征的规范和比较参数的$ B $。相比之下，在模型内估计器内没有比$ \ min达到更好的速率（{b r} / {\ sqrt {n}}，{d e ^ {br} / {n}）$。这为贝叶斯方法提供了更实用的替代方法，这需要近似的后部采样，从而部分地解决了Foster等人提出的问题。 （2018）。

我们在$ \ Gamma $ -diScounted MDP中使用Polyak-Ruppert平均（A.K.A.，平均Q-Leaning）进行同步Q学习。我们为平均迭代$ \ bar {\ boldsymbol {q}}建立渐近常态。此外，我们展示$ \ bar {\ boldsymbol {q}} _ t $实际上是一个常规的渐近线性（RAL）估计值，用于最佳q-value函数$ \ boldsymbol {q} ^ * $与最有效的影响功能。它意味着平均Q学习迭代在所有RAL估算器之间具有最小的渐近方差。此外，我们为$ \ ell _ {\ infty} $错误$ \ mathbb {e} \ | \ | \ bar {\ boldsymbol {q}} _ t- \ boldsymbol {q} ^ *} ^ *} _ {\ idty} $，显示它与实例相关的下限以及最佳最低限度复杂性下限。作为一个副产品，我们发现Bellman噪音具有var-gaussian坐标，具有方差$ \ mathcal {o}（（1- \ gamma）^ {-1}）$而不是现行$ \ mathcal {o}（（1- \ Gamma）^ { - 2}）$根据标准界限奖励假设。子高斯结果有可能提高许多R1算法的样本复杂性。简而言之，我们的理论分析显示平均Q倾斜在统计上有效。

This paper revisits a fundamental problem in statistical inference from a non-asymptotic theoretical viewpoint $\unicode{x2013}$ the construction of confidence sets. We establish a finite-sample bound for the estimator, characterizing its asymptotic behavior in a non-asymptotic fashion. An important feature of our bound is that its dimension dependency is captured by the effective dimension $\unicode{x2013}$ the trace of the limiting sandwich covariance $\unicode{x2013}$ which can be much smaller than the parameter dimension in some regimes. We then illustrate how the bound can be used to obtain a confidence set whose shape is adapted to the optimization landscape induced by the loss function. Unlike previous works that rely heavily on the strong convexity of the loss function, we only assume the Hessian is lower bounded at optimum and allow it to gradually becomes degenerate. This property is formalized by the notion of generalized self-concordance which originated from convex optimization. Moreover, we demonstrate how the effective dimension can be estimated from data and characterize its estimation accuracy. We apply our results to maximum likelihood estimation with generalized linear models, score matching with exponential families, and hypothesis testing with Rao's score test.