部分微分方程（PDE）在研究大量科学和工程问题方面发挥着至关重要的作用。数值求解的非线性和/或高维PDE通常是一个具有挑战性的任务。灵感来自传统有限差分和有限元的方法和机器学习的新兴进步，我们提出了一个名为神经PDE的序列深度学习框架，这允许通过使用双向来自动学习从现有数据的任何时间依赖于现有数据的管理规则LSTM编码器，并预测下一个时间步长数据。我们所提出的框架的一个关键特征是，神经PDE能够同时学习和模拟多尺度变量。我们通过一维PDE的一系列示例测试神经PDE到高维和非线性复杂流体模型。结果表明，神经PDE能够学习初始条件，边界条件和差分运营商，而不知道PDE系统的特定形式。在我们的实验中，神经PDE可以有效地提取20个时期训练内的动态，并产生准确的预测。此外，与在学习PDE中的传统机器学习方法不同，例如CNN和MLP，这需要用于模型精度的巨大参数，神经PDE在所有时间步骤中共享参数，从而显着降低了计算复杂性并导致快速学习算法。

在本文中，我们提出了一种深度学习技术，用于数据驱动的流体介质中波传播的预测。该技术依赖于基于注意力的卷积复发自动编码器网络（AB-CRAN）。为了构建波传播数据的低维表示，我们采用了基于转化的卷积自动编码器。具有基于注意力的长期短期记忆细胞的AB-CRAN体系结构构成了我们的深度神经网络模型，用于游行低维特征的时间。我们评估了针对标准复发性神经网络的拟议的AB-Cran框架，用于波传播的低维学习。为了证明AB-Cran模型的有效性，我们考虑了三个基准问题，即一维线性对流，非线性粘性汉堡方程和二维圣人浅水系统。我们的新型AB-CRAN结构使用基准问题的空间 - 时空数据集，可以准确捕获波幅度，并在长期范围内保留溶液的波特性。与具有长期短期记忆细胞的标准复发性神经网络相比，基于注意力的序列到序列网络增加了预测的时间莫。 Denoising自动编码器进一步减少了预测的平方平方误差，并提高了参数空间中的概括能力。

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have lately received significant attention as a representative deep learning-based technique for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). Most fully connected network-based PINNs use automatic differentiation to construct loss functions that suffer from slow convergence and difficult boundary enforcement. In addition, although convolutional neural network (CNN)-based PINNs can significantly improve training efficiency, CNNs have difficulty in dealing with irregular geometries with unstructured meshes. Therefore, we propose a novel framework based on graph neural networks (GNNs) and radial basis function finite difference (RBF-FD). We introduce GNNs into physics-informed learning to better handle irregular domains with unstructured meshes. RBF-FD is used to construct a high-precision difference format of the differential equations to guide model training. Finally, we perform numerical experiments on Poisson and wave equations on irregular domains. We illustrate the generalizability, accuracy, and efficiency of the proposed algorithms on different PDE parameters, numbers of collection points, and several types of RBFs.

物理信息的神经网络（PINN）是神经网络（NNS），它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程，例如部分微分方程（PDE）。如今，PINN是用于求解PDE，分数方程，积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架，在该框架中，NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述：虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络，这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩（Vanilla Pinn）以及许多其他变体，例如物理受限的神经网络（PCNN），各种HP-VPINN，变量HP-VPINN，VPINN，VPINN，变体。和保守的Pinn（CPINN）。该研究表明，大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能，梯度优化技术，神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛，但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法（FEM）等经典数值技术更可行的能力，但仍有可能的进步，最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。

许多物理过程，例如天气现象或流体力学由部分微分方程（PDE）管辖。使用神经网络建模这种动态系统是一个新兴的研究领域。然而，目前的方法以各种方式限制：它们需要关于控制方程的先验知识，并限于线性或一阶方程。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种将卷积神经网络（CNNS）与可微分的颂歌求解器结合到模型动力系统的模型。我们表明，标准PDE求解器中使用的线路方法可以使用卷曲来表示，这使得CNN是对参数化任意PDE动态的自然选择。我们的模型可以应用于任何数据而不需要任何关于管理PDE的知识。我们评估通过求解各种PDE而产生的数据集的NeuralPDE，覆盖更高的订单，非线性方程和多个空间尺寸。

近年来，由于其网状柔性和计算效率，近年来，部分微分方程（PDE）的深度学习方法受到了很多关注。但是，到目前为止，大多数作品都集中在时间依赖性的非线性微分方程上。在这项工作中，我们用众所周知的物理知情神经网络分析了潜在问题，用于微分方程，边界上的约束很少（即，约束仅在几个点上）。这种分析促使我们引入了一种名为Finnet的新技术，用于通过将有限的差异纳入深度学习来解决微分方程。即使我们在训练过程中使用网格，预测阶段也不是网状的。我们通过解决各种方程式的实验来说明我们方法的有效性，这表明Finnet可以求解较低的错误率，即使Pinns不能，也可以工作。

求解部分微分方程（PDE）是物理，生物学和化学领域的重要研究手段。作为数值方法的近似替代方法，Pinn受到了广泛的关注，并在许多领域发挥了重要作用。但是，Pinn使用完全连接的网络作为其模型，在时间和空间中，其合适能力和有限的外推能力有限。在本文中，我们提出了用于求解图形神经网络基础的部分微分方程的phygnnet，该方程由编码器，处理器和解码器块组成。特别是，我们将计算区域划分为常规网格，在网格上定义部分差分运算符，然后构建PDE损失以使网络优化以构建Phygnnet模型。更重要的是，我们对汉堡方程和热方程式进行比较实验以验证我们的方法，结果表明，与PINN相比，我们的方法在时间和空间区域具有更好的拟合能力和外推能力。

Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in diverse applications; however, its use in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) has emerged only recently. Here, we present an overview of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), which embed a PDE into the loss of the neural network using automatic differentiation. The PINN algorithm is simple, and it can be applied to different types of PDEs, including integro-differential equations, fractional PDEs, and stochastic PDEs. Moreover, from the implementation point of view, PINNs solve inverse problems as easily as forward problems. We propose a new residual-based adaptive refinement (RAR) method to improve the training efficiency of PINNs. For pedagogical reasons, we compare the PINN algorithm to a standard finite element method. We also present a Python library for PINNs, DeepXDE, which is designed to serve both as an education tool to be used in the classroom as well as a research tool for solving problems in computational science and engineering. Specifically, DeepXDE can solve forward problems given initial and boundary conditions, as well as inverse problems given some extra measurements. DeepXDE supports complex-geometry domains based on the technique of constructive solid geometry, and enables the user code to be compact, resembling closely the mathematical formulation. We introduce the usage of DeepXDE and its customizability, and we also demonstrate the capability of PINNs and the user-friendliness of DeepXDE for five different examples. More broadly, DeepXDE contributes to the more rapid development of the emerging Scientific Machine Learning field.

We present an end-to-end framework to learn partial differential equations that brings together initial data production, selection of boundary conditions, and the use of physics-informed neural operators to solve partial differential equations that are ubiquitous in the study and modeling of physics phenomena. We first demonstrate that our methods reproduce the accuracy and performance of other neural operators published elsewhere in the literature to learn the 1D wave equation and the 1D Burgers equation. Thereafter, we apply our physics-informed neural operators to learn new types of equations, including the 2D Burgers equation in the scalar, inviscid and vector types. Finally, we show that our approach is also applicable to learn the physics of the 2D linear and nonlinear shallow water equations, which involve three coupled partial differential equations. We release our artificial intelligence surrogates and scientific software to produce initial data and boundary conditions to study a broad range of physically motivated scenarios. We provide the source code, an interactive website to visualize the predictions of our physics informed neural operators, and a tutorial for their use at the Data and Learning Hub for Science.

Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.

State estimation is important for a variety of tasks, from forecasting to substituting for unmeasured states in feedback controllers. Performing real-time state estimation for PDEs using provably and rapidly converging observers, such as those based on PDE backstepping, is computationally expensive and in many cases prohibitive. We propose a framework for accelerating PDE observer computations using learning-based approaches that are much faster while maintaining accuracy. In particular, we employ the recently-developed Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) to learn the functional mapping from the initial observer state and boundary measurements to the state estimate. By employing backstepping observer gains for previously-designed observers with particular convergence rate guarantees, we provide numerical experiments that evaluate the increased computational efficiency gained with FNO. We consider the state estimation for three benchmark PDE examples motivated by applications: first, for a reaction-diffusion (parabolic) PDE whose state is estimated with an exponential rate of convergence; second, for a parabolic PDE with exact prescribed-time estimation; and, third, for a pair of coupled first-order hyperbolic PDEs that modeling traffic flow density and velocity. The ML-accelerated observers trained on simulation data sets for these PDEs achieves up to three orders of magnitude improvement in computational speed compared to classical methods. This demonstrates the attractiveness of the ML-accelerated observers for real-time state estimation and control.

事实证明，神经操作员是无限维函数空间之间非线性算子的强大近似值，在加速偏微分方程（PDE）的溶液方面是有希望的。但是，它需要大量的模拟数据，这些数据可能成本高昂，从而导致鸡肉 - 蛋的困境并限制其在求解PDE中的使用。为了摆脱困境，我们提出了一个无数据的范式，其中神经网络直接从由离散的PDE构成的平方平方残留（MSR）损失中学习物理。我们研究了MSR损失中的物理信息，并确定神经网络必须具有对PDE空间域中的远距离纠缠建模的挑战，PDE的空间域中的模式在不同的PDE中有所不同。因此，我们提出了低级分解网络（Lordnet），该网络可调节，并且也有效地建模各种纠缠。具体而言，Lordnet通过简单的完全连接的层学习了与全球纠缠的低级别近似值，从而以降低的计算成本来提取主要模式。关于解决泊松方程和纳维尔 - 长方式方程的实验表明，MSR损失的物理约束可以提高神经网络的精确度和泛化能力。此外，Lordnet在PDE中的其他现代神经网络体系结构都优于最少的参数和最快的推理速度。对于Navier-Stokes方程式，学习的运算符的速度比具有相同计算资源的有限差异解决方案快50倍。

机器学习方法最近已用于求解微分方程和动态系统。这些方法已发展为一个新型的研究领域，称为科学机器学习，其中深层神经网络和统计学习等技术应用于应用数学的经典问题。由于神经网络提供了近似能力，因此在求解各种偏微分方程（PDE）时，通过机器学习和优化方法通过机器学习和优化方法实现了明显的性能。在本文中，我们开发了一种新颖的数值算法，该算法结合了机器学习和人工智能来解决PDE。特别是，我们基于Legendre-Galerkin神经网络提出了一种无监督的机器学习算法，以找到与不同类型PDE的解决方案的准确近似值。提出的神经网络应用于一般的1D和2D PDE，以及具有边界层行为的奇异扰动PDE。

由于在许多领域的无与伦比的成功，例如计算机视觉，自然语言处理，推荐系统以及最近在模拟多物理问题和预测非线性动力学系统方面，深度学习引起了人们的关注。但是，建模和预测混乱系统的动态仍然是一个开放的研究问题，因为训练深度学习模型需要大数据，在许多情况下，这并不总是可用的。可以通过从模拟结果获得的其他信息以及执行混乱系统的物理定律来培训这样的深度学习者。本文考虑了极端事件及其动态，并提出了基于深层神经网络的优雅模型，称为基于知识的深度学习（KDL）。我们提出的KDL可以通过直接从动力学及其微分方程中对真实和模拟数据进行联合培训来学习控制混乱系统的复杂模式。这些知识被转移到模型和预测现实世界中的混乱事件，表现出极端行为。我们通过在三个实际基准数据集上进行评估来验证模型的效率：El Nino海面温度，San Juan登革热病毒感染和BJ {\ o} rn {\ o} ya每日降水，所有这些都受极端事件的控制'动态。利用对极端事件和基于物理的损失功能的先验知识来领导神经网络学习，我们即使在小型数据制度中也可以确保身体一致，可推广和准确的预测。

Deep operator network (DeepONet) has demonstrated great success in various learning tasks, including learning solution operators of partial differential equations. In particular, it provides an efficient approach to predict the evolution equations in a finite time horizon. Nevertheless, the vanilla DeepONet suffers from the issue of stability degradation in the long-time prediction. This paper proposes a {\em transfer-learning} aided DeepONet to enhance the stability. Our idea is to use transfer learning to sequentially update the DeepONets as the surrogates for propagators learned in different time frames. The evolving DeepONets can better track the varying complexities of the evolution equations, while only need to be updated by efficient training of a tiny fraction of the operator networks. Through systematic experiments, we show that the proposed method not only improves the long-time accuracy of DeepONet while maintaining similar computational cost but also substantially reduces the sample size of the training set.

随着计算能力的增加和机器学习的进步，基于数据驱动的学习方法在解决PDE方面引起了极大的关注。物理知识的神经网络（PINN）最近出现并成功地在各种前进和逆PDES问题中取得了成功，其优异的特性，例如灵活性，无网格解决方案和无监督的培训。但是，它们的收敛速度较慢和相对不准确的解决方案通常会限制其在许多科学和工程领域中的更广泛适用性。本文提出了一种新型的数据驱动的PDES求解器，物理知识的细胞表示（Pixel），优雅地结合了经典数值方法和基于学习的方法。我们采用来自数值方法的网格结构，以提高准确性和收敛速度并克服PINN中呈现的光谱偏差。此外，所提出的方法在PINN中具有相同的好处，例如，使用相同的优化框架来解决前进和逆PDE问题，并很容易通过现代自动分化技术强制执行PDE约束。我们为原始Pinn所努力的各种具有挑战性的PDE提供了实验结果，并表明像素达到了快速收敛速度和高精度。

科学和工程学中的一个基本问题是设计最佳的控制政策，这些政策将给定的系统转向预期的结果。这项工作提出了同时求解给定系统状态和最佳控制信号的控制物理信息的神经网络（控制PINNS），在符合基础物理定律的一个阶段框架中。先前的方法使用两个阶段的框架，该框架首先建模然后按顺序控制系统。相比之下，控制PINN将所需的最佳条件纳入其体系结构和损耗函数中。通过解决以下开环的最佳控制问题来证明控制PINN的成功：（i）一个分析问题，（ii）一维热方程，以及（iii）二维捕食者捕食者问题。

近年来，深入学习技术已被用来解决部分微分方程（PDE），其中物理信息的神经网络（PINNS）出现是解决前向和反向PDE问题的有希望的方法。具有点源的PDE，其表示为管理方程中的DIRAC DELTA函数是许多物理过程的数学模型。然而，由于DIRAC DELTA功能所带来的奇点，它们不能直接通过传统的PINNS方法来解决。我们提出了一种普遍的解决方案，以用三种新颖的技术解决这个问题。首先，DIRAC DELTA功能被建模为连续概率密度函数以消除奇点;其次，提出了下限约束的不确定性加权算法，以平衡点源区和其他区域之间的Pinns损失;第三，使用具有周期性激活功能的多尺度深度神经网络来提高PinnS方法的准确性和收敛速度。我们评估了三种代表性PDE的提出方法，实验结果表明，我们的方法优于基于深度学习的方法，涉及准确性，效率和多功能性。

Deep neural networks (DNNs) recently emerged as a promising tool for analyzing and solving complex differential equations arising in science and engineering applications. Alternative to traditional numerical schemes, learning-based solvers utilize the representation power of DNNs to approximate the input-output relations in an automated manner. However, the lack of physics-in-the-loop often makes it difficult to construct a neural network solver that simultaneously achieves high accuracy, low computational burden, and interpretability. In this work, focusing on a class of evolutionary PDEs characterized by having decomposable operators, we show that the classical ``operator splitting'' numerical scheme of solving these equations can be exploited to design neural network architectures. This gives rise to a learning-based PDE solver, which we name Deep Operator-Splitting Network (DOSnet). Such non-black-box network design is constructed from the physical rules and operators governing the underlying dynamics contains learnable parameters, and is thus more flexible than the standard operator splitting scheme. Once trained, it enables the fast solution of the same type of PDEs. To validate the special structure inside DOSnet, we take the linear PDEs as the benchmark and give the mathematical explanation for the weight behavior. Furthermore, to demonstrate the advantages of our new AI-enhanced PDE solver, we train and validate it on several types of operator-decomposable differential equations. We also apply DOSnet to nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations (NLSE) which have important applications in the signal processing for modern optical fiber transmission systems, and experimental results show that our model has better accuracy and lower computational complexity than numerical schemes and the baseline DNNs.

Boundary conditions (BCs) are important groups of physics-enforced constraints that are necessary for solutions of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) to satisfy at specific spatial locations. These constraints carry important physical meaning, and guarantee the existence and the uniqueness of the PDE solution. Current neural-network based approaches that aim to solve PDEs rely only on training data to help the model learn BCs implicitly. There is no guarantee of BC satisfaction by these models during evaluation. In this work, we propose Boundary enforcing Operator Network (BOON) that enables the BC satisfaction of neural operators by making structural changes to the operator kernel. We provide our refinement procedure, and demonstrate the satisfaction of physics-based BCs, e.g. Dirichlet, Neumann, and periodic by the solutions obtained by BOON. Numerical experiments based on multiple PDEs with a wide variety of applications indicate that the proposed approach ensures satisfaction of BCs, and leads to more accurate solutions over the entire domain. The proposed correction method exhibits a (2X-20X) improvement over a given operator model in relative $L^2$ error (0.000084 relative $L^2$ error for Burgers' equation).