Benefiting from a relatively larger aperture's angle, and in combination with a wide transmitting bandwidth, near-field synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides a high-resolution image of a target's scattering distribution-hot spots. Meanwhile, imaging result suffers inevitable degradation from sidelobes, clutters, and noises, hindering the information retrieval of the target. To restore the image, current methods make simplified assumptions; for example, the point spread function (PSF) is spatially consistent, the target consists of sparse point scatters, etc. Thus, they achieve limited restoration performance in terms of the target's shape, especially for complex targets. To address these issues, a preliminary study is conducted on restoration with the recent promising deep learning inverse technique in this work. We reformulate the degradation model into a spatially variable complex-convolution model, where the near-field SAR's system response is considered. Adhering to it, a model-based deep learning network is designed to restore the image. A simulated degraded image dataset from multiple complex target models is constructed to validate the network. All the images are formulated using the electromagnetic simulation tool. Experiments on the dataset reveal their effectiveness. Compared with current methods, superior performance is achieved regarding the target's shape and energy estimation.
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This work focuses on 3D Radar imaging inverse problems. Current methods obtain undifferentiated results that suffer task-depended information retrieval loss and thus don't meet the task's specific demands well. For example, biased scattering energy may be acceptable for screen imaging but not for scattering diagnosis. To address this issue, we propose a new task-oriented imaging framework. The imaging principle is task-oriented through an analysis phase to obtain task's demands. The imaging model is multi-cognition regularized to embed and fulfill demands. The imaging method is designed to be general-ized, where couplings between cognitions are decoupled and solved individually with approximation and variable-splitting techniques. Tasks include scattering diagnosis, person screen imaging, and parcel screening imaging are given as examples. Experiments on data from two systems indicate that the pro-posed framework outperforms the current ones in task-depended information retrieval.
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Tomographic SAR technique has attracted remarkable interest for its ability of three-dimensional resolving along the elevation direction via a stack of SAR images collected from different cross-track angles. The emerged compressed sensing (CS)-based algorithms have been introduced into TomoSAR considering its super-resolution ability with limited samples. However, the conventional CS-based methods suffer from several drawbacks, including weak noise resistance, high computational complexity, and complex parameter fine-tuning. Aiming at efficient TomoSAR imaging, this paper proposes a novel efficient sparse unfolding network based on the analytic learned iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (ALISTA) architecture with adaptive threshold, named Adaptive Threshold ALISTA-based Sparse Imaging Network (ATASI-Net). The weight matrix in each layer of ATASI-Net is pre-computed as the solution of an off-line optimization problem, leaving only two scalar parameters to be learned from data, which significantly simplifies the training stage. In addition, adaptive threshold is introduced for each azimuth-range pixel, enabling the threshold shrinkage to be not only layer-varied but also element-wise. Moreover, the final learned thresholds can be visualized and combined with the SAR image semantics for mutual feedback. Finally, extensive experiments on simulated and real data are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.
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Deep learning (DL)-based tomographic SAR imaging algorithms are gradually being studied. Typically, they use an unfolding network to mimic the iterative calculation of the classical compressive sensing (CS)-based methods and process each range-azimuth unit individually. However, only one-dimensional features are effectively utilized in this way. The correlation between adjacent resolution units is ignored directly. To address that, we propose a new model-data-driven network to achieve tomoSAR imaging based on multi-dimensional features. Guided by the deep unfolding methodology, a two-dimensional deep unfolding imaging network is constructed. On the basis of it, we add two 2D processing modules, both convolutional encoder-decoder structures, to enhance multi-dimensional features of the imaging scene effectively. Meanwhile, to train the proposed multifeature-based imaging network, we construct a tomoSAR simulation dataset consisting entirely of simulation data of buildings. Experiments verify the effectiveness of the model. Compared with the conventional CS-based FISTA method and DL-based gamma-Net method, the result of our proposed method has better performance on completeness while having decent imaging accuracy.
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深度学习方法已成功用于各种计算机视觉任务。受到成功的启发,已经在磁共振成像(MRI)重建中探索了深度学习。特别是,整合深度学习和基于模型的优化方法已显示出很大的优势。但是,对于高重建质量,通常需要大量标记的培训数据,这对于某些MRI应用来说是具有挑战性的。在本文中,我们提出了一种名为DUREN-NET的新型重建方法,该方法可以通过组合无监督的DeNoising网络和插件方法来为MR图像重建提供可解释的无监督学习。我们的目标是通过添加明确的先验利用成像物理学来提高无监督学习的重建性能。具体而言,使用denoising(红色)正规化实现了MRI重建网络的杠杆作用。实验结果表明,所提出的方法需要减少训练数据的数量才能达到高重建质量。
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As a common weather, rain streaks adversely degrade the image quality. Hence, removing rains from an image has become an important issue in the field. To handle such an ill-posed single image deraining task, in this paper, we specifically build a novel deep architecture, called rain convolutional dictionary network (RCDNet), which embeds the intrinsic priors of rain streaks and has clear interpretability. In specific, we first establish a RCD model for representing rain streaks and utilize the proximal gradient descent technique to design an iterative algorithm only containing simple operators for solving the model. By unfolding it, we then build the RCDNet in which every network module has clear physical meanings and corresponds to each operation involved in the algorithm. This good interpretability greatly facilitates an easy visualization and analysis on what happens inside the network and why it works well in inference process. Moreover, taking into account the domain gap issue in real scenarios, we further design a novel dynamic RCDNet, where the rain kernels can be dynamically inferred corresponding to input rainy images and then help shrink the space for rain layer estimation with few rain maps so as to ensure a fine generalization performance in the inconsistent scenarios of rain types between training and testing data. By end-to-end training such an interpretable network, all involved rain kernels and proximal operators can be automatically extracted, faithfully characterizing the features of both rain and clean background layers, and thus naturally lead to better deraining performance. Comprehensive experiments substantiate the superiority of our method, especially on its well generality to diverse testing scenarios and good interpretability for all its modules. Code is available in \emph{\url{https://github.com/hongwang01/DRCDNet}}.
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在计算断层摄影(CT)成像过程中,患者内的金属植入物总是造成有害伪影,这对重建的CT图像的视觉质量产生了负面影响,并且对随后的临床诊断产生负面影响。对于金属伪影减少(MAR)任务,基于深度学习的方法取得了有希望的表现。然而,大多数主要共享两个主要常见限制:1)CT物理成像几何约束是完全融入深网络结构中的; 2)整个框架对特定MAR任务具有薄弱的可解释性;因此,难以评估每个网络模块的作用。为了减轻这些问题,在本文中,我们构建了一种新的可解释的双域网络,称为Indudonet +,CT成像过程被精细地嵌入到其中。具体地说,我们推出了一个联合空间和氡域重建模型,并提出了一种仅具有简单操作员的优化算法来解决它。通过将所提出的算法中涉及的迭代步骤展开到相应的网络模块中,我们可以轻松地构建Indudonet +,以明确的解释性。此外,我们分析了不同组织之间的CT值,并将现有的观察合并到Endudonet +的现有网络中,这显着提高了其泛化性能。综合数据和临床数据的综合实验证实了所提出的方法的优越性以及超出当前最先进(SOTA)MAR方法的卓越概括性性能。代码可用于\ url {https://github.com/hongwang01/indududonet_plus}。
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由少量镜头组成的全景环形镜头(PAL)在全景周围具有巨大潜力,该镜头围绕着移动和可穿戴设备的传感任务,因为其尺寸很小,并且视野很大(FOV)。然而,由于缺乏畸变校正的镜头,小体积PAL的图像质量仅限于光学极限。在本文中,我们提出了一个环形计算成像(ACI)框架,以打破轻质PAL设计的光学限制。为了促进基于学习的图像恢复,我们引入了基于波浪的模拟管道,用于全景成像,并通过多个数据分布来应对合成间隙。提出的管道可以轻松地适应具有设计参数的任何PAL,并且适用于宽松的设计。此外,我们考虑了全景成像和物理知识学习的物理先验,我们设计了物理知情的图像恢复网络(PI2RNET)。在数据集级别,我们创建了Divpano数据集,其广泛的实验表明,我们提出的网络在空间变化的降级下在全景图像恢复中设置了新的最新技术。此外,对只有3个球形镜头的简单PAL上提议的ACI的评估揭示了高质量全景成像与紧凑设计之间的微妙平衡。据我们所知,我们是第一个探索PAL中计算成像(CI)的人。代码和数据集将在https://github.com/zju-jiangqi/aci-pi2rnet上公开提供。
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求解电磁逆散射问题(ISP)由于内在的非线性,呈不良和昂贵的计算成本,挑战。最近,深神经网络(DNN)技术已经成功地应用于ISP上,并在传统方法上示出了优异成像的电位。在本文中,我们分析了DNN溶剂和传统迭代算法之间的类比,并讨论了在训练过程中不能有效地纳入重要的物理现象。我们展示了在DNN的学习过程中包括近端前瞻的重要性。为此,我们提出了新的损耗功能设计,其包括基于多散射的近场数量(例如散射场或感兴趣领域内的诱导电流)。使用各种数值实验研究了物理引导功能的影响。总结了调查的ISP求解器的利弊,综述了不同损失功能。
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由于大气湍流的扭曲而恢复图像是一个长期存在的问题,这是由于变形的空间变化,图像形成过程的非线性以及训练和测试数据的稀缺性。现有方法通常在失真模型上具有强大的统计假设,在许多情况下,由于没有概括,因此在现实世界中的性能有限。为了克服挑战,本文提出了一种端到端物理驱动的方法,该方法有效,可以推广到现实世界的湍流。在数据合成方面,我们通过通过宽sense式的平稳性近似随机场来显着增加SOTA湍流模拟器可以处理的图像分辨率。新的数据合成过程使大规模的多级湍流和训练的地面真相对产生。在网络设计方面,我们提出了湍流缓解变压器(TMT),这是一个两级U-NET形状的多帧恢复网络,该网络具有Noval有效的自发机制,称为暂时通道关节关注(TCJA)。我们还引入了一种新的培训方案,该方案由新的模拟器启用,并设计新的变压器单元以减少内存消耗。在静态场景和动态场景上的实验结果是有希望的,包括各种真实的湍流场景。
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Deep neural networks provide unprecedented performance gains in many real world problems in signal and image processing. Despite these gains, future development and practical deployment of deep networks is hindered by their blackbox nature, i.e., lack of interpretability, and by the need for very large training sets. An emerging technique called algorithm unrolling or unfolding offers promise in eliminating these issues by providing a concrete and systematic connection between iterative algorithms that are used widely in signal processing and deep neural networks. Unrolling methods were first proposed to develop fast neural network approximations for sparse coding. More recently, this direction has attracted enormous attention and is rapidly growing both in theoretic investigations and practical applications. The growing popularity of unrolled deep networks is due in part to their potential in developing efficient, high-performance and yet interpretable network architectures from reasonable size training sets. In this article, we review algorithm unrolling for signal and image processing. We extensively cover popular techniques for algorithm unrolling in various domains of signal and image processing including imaging, vision and recognition, and speech processing. By reviewing previous works, we reveal the connections between iterative algorithms and neural networks and present recent theoretical results. Finally, we provide a discussion on current limitations of unrolling and suggest possible future research directions.
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With the development of convolutional neural networks, hundreds of deep learning based dehazing methods have been proposed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on supervised, semi-supervised, and unsupervised single image dehazing. We first discuss the physical model, datasets, network modules, loss functions, and evaluation metrics that are commonly used. Then, the main contributions of various dehazing algorithms are categorized and summarized. Further, quantitative and qualitative experiments of various baseline methods are carried out. Finally, the unsolved issues and challenges that can inspire the future research are pointed out. A collection of useful dehazing materials is available at \url{https://github.com/Xiaofeng-life/AwesomeDehazing}.
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基于深度学习的高光谱图像(HSI)恢复方法因其出色的性能而广受欢迎,但每当任务更改的细节时,通常都需要昂贵的网络再培训。在本文中,我们建议使用有效的插入方法以统一的方法恢复HSI,该方法可以共同保留基于优化方法的灵活性,并利用深神经网络的强大表示能力。具体而言,我们首先开发了一个新的深HSI DeNoiser,利用了门控复发单元,短期和长期的跳过连接以及增强的噪声水平图,以更好地利用HSIS内丰富的空间光谱信息。因此,这导致在高斯和复杂的噪声设置下,在HSI DeNosing上的最新性能。然后,在处理各种HSI恢复任务之前,将提议的DeNoiser插入即插即用的框架中。通过对HSI超分辨率,压缩感测和内部进行的广泛实验,我们证明了我们的方法经常实现卓越的性能,这与每个任务上的最先进的竞争性或甚至更好任何特定任务的培训。
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电磁(EM)成像广泛用于感应安全性,生物医学,地球物理学和各种行业。这是一个不当的逆问题,其解决方案通常在计算上昂贵。机器学习(ML)技术,尤其是深度学习(DL)在快速准确的成像中显示出潜力。但是,纯粹的数据驱动方法的高性能依赖于构建与实用方案一致的训练集,而在EM成像任务中通常不可能。因此,普遍性成为主要问题。另一方面,物理原理是EM现象的基础,并为当前的成像技术提供了基准。为了从大数据中的先验知识和物理定律的理论约束中受益,物理学嵌入的ML成像方法已成为近期大量工作的重点。本文调查了各种方案,以将物理学纳入基于学习的EM成像中。我们首先介绍有关逆问题的EM成像和基本公式的背景。然后,我们专注于将物理和ML进行线性和非线性成像组合的三种类型的策略,并讨论它们的优势和局限性。最后,我们在这个快速发展的领域中以公开的挑战和可能的前进方式得出结论。我们的目的是促进将有效,可解释和可控制的智能EM成像方法的研究。
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图像恢复仍然是图像处理中有挑战性的任务。许多方法解决这个问题,通常通过最小化非平滑惩罚的共轨似然函数来解决。虽然解决方案很容易以理论保证来解释,但其估计依赖于可能需要时间的优化过程。考虑到图像分类和分割深度学习的研究努力,这类方法提供了一个严重的替代方案来执行图像恢复,但要挑战解决逆问题。在这项工作中,我们设计了一个名为Deeppdnet的深网络,从原始双近迭代构建,与之前的分析有关的标准惩罚可能性,允许我们利用两个世界。我们用固定图层为深度网络进行重构Condat-Vu原始 - 双混梯度(PDHG)算法的特定实例。学习的参数均为PDHG算法阶梯大小和惩罚中涉及的分析线性运算符(包括正则化参数)。允许这些参数从层变为另一个参数。提出了两种不同的学习策略:提出了“全学习”和“部分学习”,第一个是数值最有效的,而第二个是依赖于标准约束确保标准PDHG迭代中的收敛。此外,研究了全局和局部稀疏分析,以寻求更好的特征表示。我们将所提出的方法应用于MNIST和BSD68数据集上的图像恢复以及BSD100和SET14数据集的单个图像超分辨率。广泛的结果表明,建议的DeepPDNET在MNIST和更复杂的BSD68,BSD100和SET14数据集中展示了卓越的性能,用于图像恢复和单图像超分辨率任务。
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已知大气湍流的图像恢复算法对设计比模糊或噪声等传统湍流更具挑战性,因为湍流引起的失真是空间变化的模糊,几何变形,传感器噪声的纠缠。现有的基于CNN的恢复方法建立在具有静态重量的卷积内核上,不足以处理空间动态的大气湍流效果。为了解决这个问题,在本文中,我们提出了一个以物理启发的变压器模型,用于通过大气湍流进行成像。提出的网络利用变压器块的功率共同提取动态湍流失真图并恢复无湍流图像。此外,我们认识到缺乏全面的数据集,我们收集并介绍了两个新的现实世界湍流数据集,这些数据集允许使用经典目标指标(例如PSNR和SSIM)进行评估,并使用文本识别精度进行了新的任务驱动指标。实际测试集和所有相关代码都将公开可用。
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作为一种引起巨大关注的新兴技术,通过分析继电器表面上的漫反射来重建隐藏物体的非视线(NLOS)成像,具有广泛的应用前景,在自主驾驶,医学成像和医学成像领域防御。尽管信噪比低(SNR)和高不良效率的挑战,但近年来,NLOS成像已迅速发展。大多数当前的NLOS成像技术使用传统的物理模型,通过主动或被动照明构建成像模型,并使用重建算法来恢复隐藏场景。此外,NLOS成像的深度学习算法最近也得到了很多关注。本文介绍了常规和深度学习的NLOS成像技术的全面概述。此外,我们还调查了新的拟议的NLOS场景,并讨论了现有技术的挑战和前景。这样的调查可以帮助读者概述不同类型的NLOS成像,从而加速了在角落周围看到的发展。
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将优化算法映射到神经网络中,深度展开的网络(DUNS)在压缩传感(CS)方面取得了令人印象深刻的成功。从优化的角度来看,Duns从迭代步骤中继承了一个明确且可解释的结构。但是,从神经网络设计的角度来看,大多数现有的Dun是基于传统图像域展开而固有地建立的,该图像域的展开将一通道图像作为相邻阶段之间的输入和输出,从而导致信息传输能力不足,并且不可避免地会损失图像。细节。在本文中,为了打破上述瓶颈,我们首先提出了一个广义的双域优化框架,该框架是逆成像的一般性,并将(1)图像域和(2)卷积编码域先验的优点整合到限制解决方案空间中的可行区域。通过将所提出的框架展开到深神经网络中,我们进一步设计了一种新型的双域深卷积编码网络(D3C2-NET),用于CS成像,具有通过所有展开的阶段传输高通量特征级图像表示的能力。关于自然图像和MR图像的实验表明,与其他最先进的艺术相比,我们的D3C2-NET实现更高的性能和更好的准确性权衡权衡。
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在现代诊所中,医学成像至关重要,可以指导疾病的诊断和治疗。医学图像重建是医学成像的最基本和重要组成部分之一,其主要目的是以最低的成本和对患者的风险获取高质量的医学图像来临床使用。医学图像重建中的数学模型或更普遍的计算机视觉中的图像恢复一直在发挥重要作用。较早的数学模型主要是由人类知识或对要重建图像的假设设计的,我们将这些模型称为手工制作的模型。后来,手工制作的以及数据驱动的建模开始出现,这主要基于人类的设计,而从观察到的数据中学到了部分模型。最近,随着更多的数据和计算资源可用,基于深度学习的模型(或深度模型)将数据驱动的建模推向了极端,该模型主要基于以最小的人类设计为基础的学习。手工制作和数据驱动的建模都有自己的优势和缺点。医学成像的主要研究趋势之一是将手工制作的建模与深层建模相结合,以便我们可以从两种方法中享受好处。本文的主要部分是从展开的动态观点对一些有关深层建模的最新作品进行概念回顾。该观点通过优化算法和数值微分方程的灵感来刺激神经网络体系结构的新设计。鉴于深层建模的普及,该领域仍然存在巨大的挑战,以及我们将在本文结尾处讨论的机会。
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斑点波动严重限制了合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的可解释性。因此,散斑减少是跨越至少四十年的众多作品的主题。基于深度神经网络的技术最近在SAR图像恢复质量方面实现了一种新的性能。超出了合适的网络架构的设计或选择足够的损失功能,培训集的构建是最重要的。到目前为止,大多数方法都考虑了监督培训策略:培训网络以产生尽可能靠近斑点的参考图像的输出。无斑点图像通常不可用,这需要采用自然或光学图像或在长时间序列中选择稳定区域,以规避缺乏地面真理。另一方面,自我监督避免使用无斑点图像。我们介绍了一个自我监督的战略,基于单眼复杂的SAR图像的真实和虚构部分的分离,称为Merlin(复杂的自我监督的机除),并表明它提供了一种培训各种深度掠夺的直接途径网络。由于特定于给定传感器和成像模式的SAR传输功能,使用Merlin培训的网络考虑了空间相关性。通过只需要一个图像,并且可能利用大型档案,Merlin将门打开了无忧无虑的机器,以及对机器网络的大规模培训。培训型号的代码是在https://gitlab.telecom-paris.fr/ring/mollin的。
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